松油烯-4-醇及其酯类衍生物对家蝇Na+，K+-ATPase活性的抑制作用

【目的】探讨松油烯-4-醇的杀虫作用机理。【方法】采用点滴法测定了松油烯-4-醇及其6种酯类衍生物乙酸酯（Z1）、丙酸酯（Z2）、丙烯酸酯（Z3）、苯甲酸酯（Z4）、苯磺酸酯（Z5）、对甲苯磺酸酯（Z6）对家蝇成虫的触杀活性及对其体内Na+,K+-ATPase活性的影响。【结果】松油烯-4-醇及其酯类衍生物对家蝇均具有一定的触杀活性,除丙烯酸酯外,其它酯类衍生物的触杀毒力均高于或相当于松油烯-4-醇;活体条件下,7种化合物均对Na+,K+-ATPase具有较强的抑制作用,且随着中毒症状的加剧,对该酶的抑制作用增强;离体条件下,松油烯-4-醇及其乙酸酯、丙酸酯、苯甲酸酯、苯磺酸酯、对甲苯磺酸酯衍生物对家蝇Na+,K+-ATPase的IC50分别为155.89、197.98、96.02、121.36、124.85、153.74μg•ml-1;分析发现松油烯-4-醇及其酯类衍生物对家蝇24 h的触杀LD50与对Na+,K+-ATPase的IC50之间具有显著相关性。【结论】Na+,K+-ATPase可能是松油烯-4-醇类化合物的主要作用靶标。     

Effects of Terpinen-4-ol on Four Metabolic Enzymes and Polyphenol Oxidase （PPO） in Mythimna separta Walker

To study insecticidal mechanism of terpinen-4-ol, a main insecticidal composition in the essential oil of Sabina vulgaris, the 5th instar larvae of Mythimna separta, were investigated with terpinen-4-ol by topical application. The activities of phosphatase, glutathione S-transferase （GSTs）, cytochrome P450 （P450）, and polyphenol oxidase （PPO） of tested insects were determined in all poisoning stages, including exciting stage, convulsing stage, paralysis stage, and recover stage. The result showed that the activities of both acid phosphatase （ACP） and alkaline phosphatase （AKP） in treated insects were induced by terpinen-4-ol, but ACP was inhibited in paralysis stage. The activities of GSTs were inhibited in exciting stage, convulsing stage, and paralysis stage, but gradually recovered in recover stage. O-demethylase activity of cytochrome P450 was inhibited by terpinen-4-ol, and the inhibition rate in all poisoning stages were 26.27, 46.03, 80.24, and 90.22%, respectively. PPO activities were strongly inhibited by terpinen-4-ol both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, the activities of P450, GSTs, and PPO could have relation with toxicity of terpinen-4-ol against larvae of the Mythimna separta, but recover stage of the poisoning insects might be related to GSTs induced. As a new insecticide or synergist, terpinen- 4-ol has a potential value in field of insecticide resistance management.     

Negative Effects of Oxytetracycline on Wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） Growth,Root Activity,Photosynthesis, and Chlorophyll Contents

A solution culture experiment was performed to investigate the effects of oxytetracycline (OTC) on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth,chlorophyll contents,and photosynthesis at five levels of 0,10,20,40,and 80 mmol L-1 OTC.OTC is toxic to wheat.The wheat growth,especially wheat root was significantly decreased.Further OTC also significantly decreased root activity,chlorophyll contents,and photosynthetic parameters except for intercellular CO2 concentrations.The different responses of indicators such as root number,root activity and so on to OTC were also observed.The IC50 values for the tested indicators to OTC ranged from 7.1 to 113.4 mmol L-1 OTC.The order of indicator sensitivity to OTC was root number ＞ stomatal conductance ＞ chlorophyll a ＞ total chlorophyll ＞ photosynthetic rates ＞ total surface area ＞transpiration rate ＞ chlorophyll b ＞ fresh weight of root ＞ dry weight of root ＞ total length ＞ dry weight of shoot =fresh weight of shoot＞ total volume.The root number was more sensitive than other indicators with the ICs0 value of 7.1 mmol L-1 OTC,and could be taken as the sensitive indicator to predict the hazards of OTC to wheat.     

Sub-Lethal Effects of Fenvalerate on the Development,Fecundity, and Juvenile Hormone Esterase Activity of Diamondback Moth,Plutella xylostella （L.）

The toxicities of fenvalerate （20% EC） to the 3rd instar larvae of diamondback moth （DBM）, Plutella xylostella （L.）, reared on three host plants viz., radish, oilseed rape, and cabbage were tested. The LC50 values of fenvalerate to the 3rd instar larvae of DBM varied with host plants, however, there wasn＇t any significant difference among them （P〉 0.05）. Similarly, DBM fed on three host plants had same pupal weight, pupal period, pupation rate, adult emergence rate, female ratio, and fecundity. The activity of juvenile hormone esterase （JHE, EC 3.1.1.1） in the 3rd instar larvae of DMB did not significantly vary with host plants, either. These suggested that DBM had similar fitness on the three host plant species. When fed on the host plants pretreated with fenvalerate at the concentrations equivalent to LC20, LC50 and LC50, the pupation rate, pupal weight, adult emergence rate, female ratio, fecundity, and JHE activity of the tested insects were declined as compared with insects in control treatments fed on the same host plant species. Furthermore, the pupal period of the tested insects was extended after fenvalerate treatment. The decrease in JHE activity after fenvalerate treatment in the tested insects could partly explain the changes in the mentioned growth parameters. Whether the role of fenvalerate in the inhibition of JHE activity could serve as a new way to control DBM needs further investigation.     

Exogenous Nitric Oxide Alleviated the Inhibition of Photosynthesis and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Iron-Deficient Chinese Cabbage （Brassica chinensis L.）

The effects of exogenous nitric oxide （NO） on plant growth, chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters as well as lipid peroxidation and activities of antioxidant enzymes were investigated in Chinese cabbage plants exposed to iron （Fe） deficiency. Iron deficiency led to serious chlorosis in Chinese cabbage leaves, and resulted in significant decrease in plant growth, photosynthetic pigments, net photosynthetic rate, Fv/Fm, Ф ps Ⅱ and activities of antioxidant enzymes, and increase in lipid peroxidation. While treatment with SNP, a NO donor, it could revert the iron deficiency symptoms, increased photosynthetic rate as well as activities of antioxidant enzymes, and protected membrane from lipid peroxidation, as a result, the growth inhibition of Chinese cabbage by Fe deficiency was alleviated.     

Changes in Soil Biota Resulting from Growth of the Invasive Weed,Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.（Compositae）, Enhance Its Success and Reduce Growth of Co-Occurring Plants

Exotic plant invasion presents a serious threat to native ecosystem structure and function. Little is known about the role of soil microbial communities in facilitating or resisting the spread of invasive plants into native communities. The purpose of this research is to understand how the invasive annual plant Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. facilitates its competition capacity through changing the structure and function of soil microbial communities. The soil characteristics of different areas invaded by A. artemisiifolia were examined. Greenhouse experiments were designed to assess the effect of A. artemisiifolia invasion-induced changes of soil biota on co-occurring plant growth, and on the interactions between A. artemisiifolia and three co-occurring plant species. The results showed that the soil organic C content was the highest in heavily invaded sites, the lowest in native plant sites, and intermediate in newly invaded sites. Soil available N, P and K concentrations in heavily invaded site were 2.4, 1.9 and 1.7 times higher than those in native plant soil, respectively. Soil pH decreased as A. artemisiifolia invasion intensity increased, and was lower in invaded sites（heavily invaded and newly invaded） than in native plant sites. The soil microbial community structure was clearly separated in the three types of sites, and A. artemisiifolia invasion increased anaerobe, sulfate-reducing bacteria and actinomycete abundance. Soil biota of invaded sites inhibits growth of co-occurring plants（Galinsoga parvifloraCav., Medicago sativa L. and Setaria plicata（Lam.） T. Cooke.） compared to soil biota from un-invaded sites, but facilitates A. artemisiifolia growth and competition with co-occurring plants. A. artemisiifolia biomass was 50-130% greater when competing with three co-occurring plants, compared to single-species competition only（invasion by A. artemisiifolia alone）, in heavily invaded soil. Results of the present study indicated that A. artemisiifolia invasion alters the soil microbial communit     

松油烯-4-醇对家蝇几种代谢酶及酚氧化酶的影响

    为进一步探讨松油烯-4-醇的作用机理,以点滴法处理家蝇成虫后,测定兴奋期、痉挛期、麻痹期及复苏期4个中毒阶段试虫的4种代谢酶及酚氧化酶(PPO)活性.结果表明:松油烯-4-醇可明显激活羧酸酯酶(CarE);酸性磷酸酯酶(ACP)表现出先被激活后被抑制,在复苏期又被激活的变化过程,而碱性磷酸酯酶(AKP)被明显抑制,各期酶抑制率分别为8.0%、28.0%、45.0%和33.0%;谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)被明显激活,各期酶比活力分别为对照的1.59、1.19、1.26和2.76倍;松油烯-4-醇可显著抑制细胞色素P450O-脱甲基活性,在麻痹期和复苏期的酶抑制率分别为46.91%和60.89%;离体和活体条件下均可显著激活PPO活性.可见,松油烯-4-醇对家蝇代谢酶系的影响与其毒杀作用有关,而中毒试虫的复苏可能与GSTs的激活有关.该化舍物可开发为新型农药或增效剂,在害虫抗性治理中具有潜在的应用价值.     

Spinosyn A对家蝇生长发育及Na~+,K~+-ATPase、Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)-ATPase和AChE的影响

研究了Spinosyn A对家蝇（Musca domestica L.）生长发育及其Na^＋,K^＋-ATPase、Ca^2＋,Mg^2＋-ATPase和AChE的影响。结果表明,Spinosyn A对家蝇有杀卵作用,且其化蛹率显著下降;Spinosyn A在离体时低浓度抑制家蝇头部Na^＋,K^＋-ATPase活性而高浓度酶被激活,活体时在48h内酶活性都受到明显抑制,并随浓度升高而增强;离体时低浓度抑制家蝇Ca^2＋,Mg^2＋-ATPase活性而高浓度时酶被激活;活体时24h后该酶被激活。离体时对家蝇头部AChE有弱的抑制作用,但不同处理浓度之间无差异,而在活体时48h内能显著激活AChE活性。     

3个家蝇(Musca domestica L.)种群及其乙酰胆碱酯酶对杀虫剂的敏感性研究

采用药膜法测定了3个家蝇（Musca domestica L.）种群对12种有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂的敏感性,采用酶动力学方法测定了不同杀虫剂对家蝇乙酰胆碱酯酶（acetylcholinesterase,AChE）的体外抑制作用。结果表明,Org种群对抗蚜威（LC50=18.654mg·L^-1）、速灭威（LC50=17.387mg·L^-1）比FAAS种群（LC50分别为26.011、26.632mg·L^-1）更为敏感,FAAS种群对仲丁威（LC50=8.271mg·L^-1）比Org种群（LC50=12.539mg·L^-1）更为敏感;除了与乙酰甲胺磷无显著差异外,FZ种群对其他供试杀虫剂的敏感性均显著低于Org种群和FAAS种群（95%CI没有重叠）。Org种群AChE对二嗪磷（IC50=0.025mg·L^-1）比FAAS种群AChE（IC50=0.048mg·L^-1）更为敏感,FAAS种群AChE对辛硫磷（IC50=0.021mg·L^-1）比Org种群AChE（IC50=0.026mg·L^-1）更为敏感;FZ种群AChE对所有供试杀虫剂的敏感性均显著低于Org种群和FAAS种群AChE（95%CI没有重叠）。     

喹乙醇对鲤鳃组织Na+、K+-ATP酶活性及血浆生化指标的影响

用含不同喹乙醇剂量的饲料饲喂健康鲤鱼种,研究饲料中不同喹乙醇剂量对鲤体成分含量、血浆生化指标以及鲤鳃组织．Na^ 、K^ -ATP酶活性的影响,探讨喹乙醇对鲤的生化毒性。试验分成6个喹乙醇处理组(0、200、400、800、1600、3200mg／kg),试验期60d。试验结束时分别从各组中采血、取全鱼样和鱼鳃样,进行不同指标测试。结果表明,喹乙醇使鱼体脂肪含量轻度上升,使灰分沉积量显著降低,并呈现剂量一反应关系。与对照组比较,在较高喹乙醇剂量下,谷草转氨酶(AST)、肌酸激酶(CK)活性降幅较大,血浆中葡萄糖(GLU)、胆固醇(CHO)、总胆红素(T-B)、直接胆红素(D-B)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、白蛋白(ALB)、K^ 、Ca^2 、P含量升高,肌酐(CRE)和CO2含量降低,其他测定指标变化不明显。鳃组织中Na^ 、K^ -ATP酶活性随喹乙醇剂量的升高而呈逐渐下降的趋势,呈现剂量效应关系,喹乙醇剂量达1600mg／k以上时,Na^ 、K^ -ATP酶活性显著降低。结论：1600mg／k以上的喹乙醇剂量可以明显干扰鲤的正常生化代谢功能。     

家蝇乙酰胆碱酯酶的纯化、生化性质及其对杀虫剂敏感性的研究

采用CEA亲和层析法对家蝇AChE进行纯化,测定了不同温度、pH值、ATChI浓度、DTNB浓度对AChE活性的影响,并测定了不同杀虫剂对纯酶和粗酶的抑制作用.结果表,CEA纯化倍数为672.36,产率为34.68%;当温度为35℃时,粗酶和纯酶的AChE活性最高;当pH=7.2时,纯化后AChE的活性最高,随后随着pH的升高AChE的活性反呈下降趋势;当pH=7.8时,粗酶AChE活性最高;当底物浓度的2 500 umol·L-1时,纯化AChE活性达到最大值,当底物浓度为l 500 μmol·L-1时,粗酶活性达到最大值;粗酶和纯化的AChE活性的两个波峰出现在DTNB浓度为0.2 mol·L-1和0.4 mol·L-1时;仲丁威、乙酰甲胺磷、速灭威、甲胺磷、毒死蜱、克百威、抗蚜威、灭多威和辛硫磷等9种杀虫剂对粗酶和纯酶AChE的IC50比值都大于6,甲萘威对纯酶和粗酶AChE的IC50比值为4.826,二嗪磷的为1.184,三唑磷的为0.099.     

女贞子提取物对大鼠不同组织Na~+,K~+-ATPase活性的影响

通过女贞子提取物对大强度耐力训练大鼠不同组织Na+,K+-ATPase活性的影响,探讨女贞子提取物对大鼠运动能力的作用机制。以24只SD大鼠随机分为安静对照组、运动对照组和运动+女贞子组,每组8只。运动对照组进行6周大强度跑台训练,运动+女贞子组除大强度跑台训练外,每天灌服2 mL浓度为400 mg.kg-1女贞子提取物。安静对照组和运动对照组灌胃同体积0.5%Tween-80溶液。6周后安静对照组在安静时、运动对照组和运动+女贞子组进行一次力竭性运动后取材,测定不同组织Na+,K+-ATPase活性。结果:运动对照组和运动+女贞子组大鼠各组织Na+,K+-ATPase活性均显著低于安静对照组,运动+女贞子组大鼠不同组织Na+,K+-ATPase活性显著高于运动对照组;运动+女贞子组大鼠力竭运动时间比运动对照组延长23.09%。结论:补充女贞子提取物可以调节大鼠不同组织Na+,K+-ATPase活性,增加Na+,K+-ATPase活性,延长运动至疲劳的时间。     

NaCl胁迫对牡丹花石榴植株体内Na+、K+含量的影响

以2年生牡丹花石榴为供试材料,研究NaCl胁迫对石榴枝、根韧皮部和木质部的Na+、K+含量及K+/Na+值的影响.结果表明:随着土壤中NaCl含量的增加,石榴植株枝、根的Na+含量整体呈增加趋势;K+含量呈先增加后降低趋势,NaCl含量为0.4％时,K+含量最高.相同NaCl处理下石榴枝的Na+、K+含量高于根部,而同一枝、根部位韧皮部的Na+、K+含量高于木质部(NaCl 0.5％、0.6％处理的K+含量除外).低度盐胁迫(NaCl 0～0.4％)下K+/Na+值较大;而高度盐胁迫(NaCl 0.5％、0.6％)下K+/Na+值降低,且小于1.土壤中NaCl含量为0～0.4％时,牡丹花石榴可正常生长,过高则出现叶片黄化、落叶、生长不良的现象.     

Effects of Terpinen-4-ol on Four Metabolic Enzymes and Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO) in Mythimna separta Walker

To study insecticidal mechanism of terpinen-4-ol, a main insecticidal composition in the essential oil of Sabina vulgaris, the 5th instar larvae of Mythimna separta, were investigated with terpinen-4-ol by topical application. The activities of phosphatase, glutathione S-transferase (GSTs), cytochrome P450 (P450), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) of tested insects were determined in all poisoning stages, including exciting stage, convulsing stage, paralysis stage, and recover stage. The result showed that the activities of both acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in treated insects were induced by terpinen-4-ol, but ACP was inhibited in paralysis stage. The activities of GSTs were inhibited in exciting stage, convulsing stage, and paralysis stage, but gradually recovered in recover stage. O-demethylase activity of cytochrome P450 was inhibited by terpinen-4-ol, and the inhibition rate in all poisoning stages were 26.27, 46.03, 80.24, and 90.22%, respectively. PPO activities were strongly inhibited by terpinen-4-ol both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, the activities of P450, GSTs, and PPO could have relation with toxicity of terpinen-4-ol against larvae of the Mythimna separta, but recover stage of the poisoning insects might be related to GSTs induced. As a new insecticide or synergist, terpinen- 4-ol has a potential value in field of insecticide resistance management.     

硝酸钙对盐分胁迫条件下小麦幼苗体内Na~+、K~+和Cl~-含量及其分布的影响

本文以小麦为材料,研究硝酸钙对盐分胁迫条件下小麦（ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍＬ．）幼苗Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋、Ｃｌ－的吸收、分配的影响．结果表明硝酸钙能够在一定程度上限制幼苗对Ｎａ＋的吸收,促进Ｃｌ－在根内的有效富集,降低Ｎａ＋、Ｃｌ－向地上部分运输的数量和速度;提高体内Ｋ＋含量及其向上运输效率;同时降低对Ｎａ＋,Ｋ＋向地上部分运输的选择性（ＳＮａ＋、Ｋ＋）,从而提高小麦幼苗抗盐性和对盐分胁迫的适应性