氟铃脲防治小菜蛾效果好

氟铃脲防治小菜蛾效果好许小龙韩丽娟顾中言王强黄祥麟（江苏省农科院植保所２１００１４）新型酰基脲类杀虫剂氟铃脲，其主要是抑制几丁质合成，阻碍昆虫正常蜕皮生长，毒性很低，特别适用于防治为害经济作物的鳞翅目幼虫。１９９５年和１９９６年，进行了５％氟铃脲乳油...     

两种昆虫生长调节剂对黑腹果蝇和斑翅果蝇的生物活性

为探讨昆虫生长调节剂氟铃脲和虱螨脲对黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster和斑翅果蝇D.suzukii的毒性机制,采用室内生测法测定氟铃脲、虱螨脲对2种果蝇2龄幼虫的毒力,以及其在亚致死浓度LC_(10)、LC_(20)下对2种果蝇体内几丁质酶活性的影响。结果显示,经不同浓度的氟铃脲和虱螨脲处理后,随着时间的延长和浓度的增加,2种果蝇的死亡率均明显增加,氟铃脲处理可使2种果蝇的死亡率最高达到83.33%,明显高于虱螨脲处理后黑腹果蝇(65.00%)和斑翅果蝇(66.66%)的死亡率。亚致死浓度LC_(10)和LC_(20)的虱螨脲处理果蝇2龄幼虫24 h后,黑腹果蝇2龄幼虫体内的几丁质酶活性呈下降趋势,而斑翅果蝇2龄幼虫体内的几丁质酶活性则呈上升趋势。另外,亚致死浓度的氟铃脲可明显抑制黑腹果蝇体内几丁质酶的活性。表明昆虫生长调节剂氟铃脲和虱螨脲对果蝇有较强的毒力,氟铃脲的毒力高于虱螨脲,且果蝇体内几丁质酶的活性与氟铃脲和虱螨脲密切相关。     

灭幼脲Ⅰ号及其类似物对粘虫生长发育的毒性研究

灭幼脲Ⅰ号及其类似物是一类取代苯酰苯基脲类杀虫剂,又称几丁质合成抑制剂。据报道用敌米灵(Dimilin)处理大白菜粉蝶幼虫后,其内表皮中放射性标记酪氨酸的结合受到抑制,从而阻碍了几丁质的合成。多种昆虫组织培养的生物化学研究,也发现     

氟铃脲饵片对台湾乳白蚁巢群的灭杀效果

为推动块状饵剂在白蚁防治中的应用,本研究探究了0.5%氟铃脲饵片对行道树白蚁的灭杀效果。结果表明,台湾乳白蚁工蚁喜欢取食氟铃脲饵片,取食量均超过投饵量的90%。每巢施用40片(1 000 g)时,台湾乳白蚁巢群均在12个月内被全部消灭;部分巢群施用20片(500 g)或30片(750 g)时,巢内个体也可在12个月内全部死亡。0.5%氟铃脲饵片对白蚁具有良好的灭杀效果,建议在白蚁防治工作中应用。     

苯甲酰脲类昆虫几丁质合成抑制剂开发进展

本文概述了苯甲酰脲类昆虫几丁质合成抑制剂的开发进展。介绍了9个昆虫几丁质合成抑制剂新品种，对其生物活性以及该类制剂存在的问题及发展趋势作了简要介绍。     

氟铃脲对水稻纹枯病菌的毒力和作用机制

从现有成熟的昆虫生长抑制剂中寻找和挖掘具有抗真菌活性的药剂,不仅可以扩大该药剂的应用范围,还可以大大减少新药开发及其注册的费用和时间。室内毒力测定和田间药效试验结果表明,杀虫剂氟铃脲对水稻纹枯病菌具有很强的抑制作用,而且在水稻植株体上对水稻纹枯病菌的作用明显大于离体条件下的毒力,前者的EC_(50)是后者的4．1倍。氟铃脲处理水稻后对植株体内抗性相关酶的影响表明,50μg/mL氟铃脲喷洒水稻后,植株体内的β-1,3葡聚糖酶的活性在第7天达到最高,总几丁质酶活性在喷药后第14天增加明显。由此表明,该药剂在水稻植株体上具有诱导产生抗病反应的作用。50μg/mL氟铃脲田间防治水稻纹枯病的效果达到88．6%,为其替代井冈霉素提供了依据。     

苏脲Ⅰ号防治枣步曲及对蜜蜂的安全问题

苏脲Ⅰ号[r(2氯苯甲酰基)-3-(4-氯苯基脲]是一种昆虫几丁质合成酶抑制剂,昆虫食后破坏几丁质,使幼虫在变态过程中因新皮形成受到阻碍而死亡。苏脲Ⅰ号自1976年由江苏师范学院化学系合成以来,经过对蚊、蝇、粘虫、菜青虫等的毒杀与防治试验,证明具有较高的杀虫活性。 1979年起我们应用苏脲Ⅰ号对枣步曲进行了室内和室外毒杀试验,在50ppm时,杀     

双三氟虫脲在白蚁防治中的应用与展望

双三氟虫脲是一种新型的昆虫生长调节剂,主要用于蔬菜、果树防治鳞翅目害虫,对白粉虱有特效,且对人畜、作物、环境和天敌高度安全。简要介绍了双三氟虫脲在国内的应用研究以及在白蚁防治中的应用,并展望了其在白蚁防治中的前景。     

10种杀虫剂防治韭菜迟眼蕈蚊综合药效试验评价

为筛选防治韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的药剂,健全韭蛆防治登记药剂信息,山东省农药检定所组织国内农业院校、科研机构和农药企业成立“特色作物联合试验协作组(山东)”,进行了10种杀虫剂防治迟眼蕈蚊的室内活性、安全性和田间药效试验.结果表明,几丁质合成抑制剂氟铃脲、虱螨脲和氟啶脲对幼虫毒性极高,LC50值为0.333 7~0.468 3 mg/L,新烟碱药剂噻虫嗪、呋虫胺和吡虫啉也有较高毒性,LC50值为3.163 2~4.475 5 mg/L.安全性试验表明供试药剂对韭菜较为安全,仅氟铃脲、虱螨脲和氟啶脲在使用4倍大田推荐量后对韭菜生长有轻微的抑制作用,实际使用过程中严格控制剂量,勿过量使用.田间药效结果表明,噻虫嗪、呋虫胺和吡虫啉的杀虫速效性和持效性优异,药后7d和21d防效分别为65.70%~95.13%和53.70%~88.44%.氟铃脲、虱螨脲、氟啶脲和灭蝇胺杀虫速效性不突出,但持续控制效果显著,药后21d防效为71.33%~97.89%,保株效果为68.52%~96.86%.印楝素和苦参碱对幼虫也有一定控制作用,防效果达到60%~80%.成虫期喷施高效氯氰菊酯,能有效的控制后代幼虫为害,防效为45%~80%.因此,供试的10种药剂可作为韭蛆防治的登记药剂在生产中推广应用.     

几种药剂对台湾乳白蚁的拒食作用研究

以台湾乳白蚁为研究对象,选用11种药剂对其进行拒食作用研究,结果表明,吡虫啉浓度在1000mg/L、毒死蜱在250mg/L以上,白蚁均表现出强烈的拒食作用,适合用作白蚁驱避剂;而氟铃脲,杀铃脲,除虫脲、氟虫胺在所设置的浓度下,白蚁的拒食作用均不明显,适宜用于筛选白蚁诱杀混配药剂.     

Integrated pest management approach for a new pest, Lacanobia subjuncta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in Washington apple orchards

Bioassays of Lacanobia subjuncta (Grote and Robinson) larvae established baseline LC50 values and identified the potential of reduced-risk, organophosphate replacement and naturally derived insecticides (eg chloronicotinyls, spinosyns, oxadiazines, insect growth regulators, microbial insecticides and particle films) to control this pest. The toxicities of these products were compared with those of organophosphate, carbamate, chlorinated cyclodiene and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides used in the management of lepidopteran pests in Washington apple orchards. Field trials were conducted comparing candidate insecticides to conventional alternatives. Several new insecticides (eg spinosad, methoxyfenozide, indoxacarb and an aluminosilicate particle film) proved to be effective for the management of L subjuncta. We summarize the goals and challenges of developing an integrated pest management program for new and resurgent pests as insecticide tools continue to change, and propose a hypothesis for the sudden increase in pest status of L subjuncta based on organophosphate tolerances. The role of novel insecticides with unique modes of action in resistance management and the encouragement of biological control are also discussed.     

United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service research on targeted management of the Formosan subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

The Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki is currently one of the most destructive pests in the USA. It is estimated to cost consumers over US dollars 1 billion annually for preventative and remedial treatment and to repair damage caused by this insect. The mission of the Formosan Subterranean Termite Research Unit of the Agricultural Research Service is to demonstrate the most effective existing termite management technologies, integrate them into effective management systems, and provide fundamental problem-solving research for long-term, safe, effective and environmentally friendly new technologies. This article describes the epidemiology of the pest and highlights the research accomplished by the Agricultural Research Service on area-wide management of the termite and fundamental research on its biology that might provide the basis for future management technologies. Fundamental areas that are receiving attention are termite detection, termite colony development, nutrition and foraging, and the search for biological control agents. Other fertile areas include understanding termite symbionts that may provide an additional target for control. Area-wide management of the termite by using population suppression rather than protection of individual structures has been successful; however, much remains to be done to provide long-term sustainable population control. An educational component of the program has provided reliable information to homeowners and pest-control operators that should help slow the spread of this organism and allow rapid intervention in those areas which it infests.     

昆虫神经肽抑咽侧体素及其类似物的研究进展

抑咽侧体素 (ASTs) 是一类由昆虫脑神经细胞分泌,通过作用于咽侧体进而抑制保幼激素 (JH) 合成与释放的昆虫神经肽。因其具有调控昆虫生长、发育和生殖等生理过程的功能,被认为是一类潜在的害虫控制剂。本文在简介了昆虫神经肽在害虫防治中的应用基础上,综述了昆虫神经肽抑咽侧体素的发现、类别和功能,并结合本研究组的工作,重点介绍抑咽侧体素及其类似物的结构修饰和优化、活性构象及构效关系研究,同时也介绍了抑咽侧体素及其类似物的受体和作用机制研究进展。最后,展望了该领域的未来发展趋势,期望为新的生态友好型农药的研发提供一定的参考作用。     

害虫遗传学控制策略与进展

随着分子生物学和基因工程技术的发展,利用遗传学方法控制害虫种群成为人们研究的热点之一。研究者已经尝试利用基因突变、转基因和雄性不育等遗传学技术,培育遗传改造的害虫品系,释放后来控制自然界害虫的种群密度。但由于这些遗传学方法本身存在局限性,研究者开始探索利用低毒高效的荧光纳米材料基因载体携带外源核酸或农药分子进入昆虫或植物细胞从而干扰害虫的发育或行为的新策略。本文综述了害虫遗传学控制的2大策略种群替代和种群抑制的实现方法及其研究进展,并提出了利用新型荧光纳米粒子传送基因或药物的害虫遗传学控制新策略。     

我国植物害虫生物防治的研究现状及发展策略

植物害虫生物防治是指利用生物或生物代谢产物来控制农业害虫的一种害虫防治方法,具有安全、环境友好和可持续等优点。本文基于我国近年在天敌资源挖掘、天敌控害机制、天敌产业化应用和新方法探索等方面研究现状与存在问题的分析,探讨了我国植物害虫生物防治学科的体系建设及促进学科发展的主要策略。     

Distribution of a juvenogen and its metabolites in a laboratory system during juvenogen-induced caste differentiation in a termite, Reticulitermes santonensis (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

BACKGROUND: Juvenoids and juvenogens have been for many years considered promising candidates for control of pest insect species including termites. Their use as termite pest management agents requires the generation of knowledge concerning their degradation and distribution in time and space. Groups of 40 Reticulitermes santonensis de Feytaud workers were provided with wood impregnated with a juvenogen, ethyl cis-N-{2-[4-(2-butyryloxycyclohexylmethyl)phenoxy]ethyl}carbamate, labelled with tritium in the benzene ring (305 GBq mmol(-1)). After 14 days the radioactivity was determined in all elements of the experimental system. RESULTS: The majority of the input activity was detected in the wood, only about 1% in the bodies of surviving termites and 1% in the substrate. A considerable part of the input activity was probably lost as gaseous termite metabolites. The activity in workers was significantly higher than in presoldiers, which had differentiated under the influence of the labelled juvenogen. A stable value of radioactivity was detected on the body surfaces. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest good stability of the compound in the wooden carrier and low contamination of the environment with non-gaseous residuals, together with the desired biological impact on termite caste differentiation.     

Mode of action of insect growth regulators in lepidopteran tissue culture

Insect growth regulators (IGRs) have been proposed as agents for the control of insect pests. These compounds disrupt the normal development of insects by mimicking juvenile hormone and the molting hormone, 20-hydroxyecdsyone, or by interfering with chitin synthesis. The effectiveness and selectivity of IGRs provide new tools for integrated pest management. The simultaneous advances in the chemistry of IGRs and the ability to study insect tissues in culture, have led to research on the mode of action of IGRs in vitro. Plodia interpunctella and Spodoptera frugiperda have been used to examine the effects of IGRs on wing imaginal discs in organ culture, as well as in hormonally responsive cell lines established from wing imaginal discs of these species. Our research has focused on the action of ecdysteroid mimics, chitin synthesis inhibitors and juvenile hormone mimics. The effects of the IGRs on chitin synthesis, uptake of amino-sugars, and cellular proliferation were studied in tissue culture. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of using organ cultures and hormonally responsive cell lines for investigating IGRs at the cellular and tissue level. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry     

Natural-product-based chromenes as a novel class of potential termiticides

BACKGROUND: Among the termite infestations in the United States, the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), is considered to be the most devastating termite pest. This pest most likely invaded North America as a result of the disembarkation of wooden military cargo at the port of New Orleans that arrived from Asia during and after World War II. It has now spread over other states, including Texas, Florida, South Carolina and California. Devastation caused by C. formosanus in North America has been estimated to cost $ US 1 billion a year. Over the past decades, organochlorines and organophosphates, the two prominent classes of termite control agents, have been banned owing to environmental and human health concerns. At the present time, phenylpyrazoles, pyrethroids, chloronicotinyls and pyrroles are being used as termite control agents. Mammalian toxicity and seeping of these compounds into groundwater are some of the drawbacks associated with these treatments. The instruction for the application of these termiticides indicate ground water advisory. Hence, with the increasing spread of termite infestation there is an increased need to discover effective, environmentally friendly and safe termite control agents with minimal mammalian toxicity. RESULTS: Chromene analogs derived from a natural‐product‐based chromene amide isolated from Amyris texana were tested in a collaborative discovery program for effective, environmentally friendly termite control agents. Several chromene derivatives were synthesized and characterized as a novel class of potential termiticides, followed by bioassays. These compounds exhibited significantly higher mortalities compared with untreated controls in laboratory bioassays. CONCLUSION: Chromene derivatives have been shown to be a potential novel class of termiticides against Formosan subterranean termites. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Ribavirin, a nucleoside with potential insecticidal activity

BACKGROUND: The triazole-based antiviral nucleoside ribavirin exhibited significant in vitro insecticidal effects against Spodoptera litura, a finding that has prompted further investigations into its in vivo insecticidal properties and mode of action against this insect pest. RESULTS: Ribavirin showed delayed insecticidal effects on third-instar larvae of S. litura at a concentration of 1 mg mL⁻¹. When incorporated into an artificial diet, ribavirin caused various effects, depending on the concentration used. Compared with controls, food intake was lower, larval growth was reduced and larval development prolonged. Pupae weight was reduced, and adult morphology was also affected. Relative to the untreated group, treated groups showed higher mortality at larval and pupal stages, which was generally caused by moult disruption. Results of this study with ribavirin resemble those found in treatment with insect growth regulators. CONCLUSION: This work shows that ribavirin merits further study as a lead compound in a novel class of potential insect control agents or for managing field populations of Lepidoptera pests on cruciferous crops. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

A review of subterranean termite control practices and prospects for integrated pest management programmes

Soil insecticide barriers have been the single most important tool for subterranean termite control in the last half century, but limitations with current soil termiticides have provided the impetus to look for alternatives in recent years. One such alternative is the monitoring--baiting programme. Monitoring stations to detect termites are placed in the soil surrounding a structure. Once termites are found in the stations, monitoring devices are replaced with slow-acting baits such as the chitin synthesis inhibitor, hexaflumuron. Field studies have indicated that termite colonies were eliminated using less than 1 g of hexaflumuron. After the elimination, monitoring resumes and bait is applied if new termite activity is detected. The monitoring and baiting procedure form the basis for an ongoing programme to protect structures from subterranean termite infestation. Although the cost--benefit model developed for agricultural integrated pest management cannot be applied directly to termite control, the underlying concept for using a cost-effective approach remains the same. The benefits of the monitoring--baiting programme over conventional soil treatment are a reduction in pesticide applied per unit and the elimination of termite populations near structures, resulting in the reduction of liability and damage potential. It is expected that the data management system when used in conjunction with the monitoring--baiting programme will provide a database to improve its cost-effectiveness continuously.