法夫酵母虾青素提取工艺的优化研究

从破壁方法、浸提溶剂及提取条件等方面对法夫酵母虾青素提取工艺进行了优化研究。用单因子试验对破壁方法及浸提溶剂进行选择，结果表明二甲亚砜(DMSO)法是法夫酵母破壁提取虾青素的最佳方法，丙酮是理想的提取溶剂。用析因试验对破壁提取的条件进行了分析研究，结果表明破壁的温度、破壁的时间、浸提溶剂的添加量及浸提温度等都会对法夫酵母破壁提取虾青素产生显著影响，但以破壁的温度及丙酮的添加量影响最大。通过最速上升和中心组合设计试验，优化得到适宜的提取条件为：二甲亚砜加量25 mL/g(以干菌体计，下同)、破壁温度75.6℃、破壁时间20 min、丙酮添加量77.4 mL/g、浸提温度为40℃，优化后提取液中虾青素的浓度为3.145 μg/mL，比未优化时增加了27.02%。     

猕猴桃皮多酚提取及其对B16细胞黑色素的影响

植物多酚类物质对皮肤增白和美容有着重要的作用,是美容护肤保健品中的主要成分,猕猴桃皮中多酚类物质含量丰富,可成为美容保健品的原料。为了探究猕猴桃皮中多酚类物质的提取及其美白作用,该研究采用深共熔溶剂（Deep-Eutectic Solvents,DESs）提取猕猴桃皮多酚,通过单因素试验和响应面试验确定优化提取工艺,用高效液相色谱分析猕猴桃皮多酚的成分,并研究猕猴桃皮多酚对酪氨酸酶的影响及对B16细胞黑色素的作用机制。结果表明：深共熔溶剂是提取猕猴桃皮多酚的较佳溶剂,提取猕猴桃皮多酚优化工艺为DES-1含水率18%、料液比1:29 g/mL、提取时间22 min、提取温度69 ℃,猕猴桃皮多酚得率55.53 mg/g。猕猴桃皮多酚中的主要成分有(+)-儿茶素、绿原酸、咖啡酸和表儿茶素,并且猕猴桃皮多酚对体外酪氨酸酶活性有抑制作用。此外,当猕猴桃皮多酚浓度为100 μg/mL时对B16细胞内黑色素生成有明显的抑制作用,能使细胞内黑色素相对含量降为75.08%,细胞内酪氨酸酶活性降至69.45%,且优于阳性对照组曲酸（P<0.05）。结果表明,猕猴桃皮多酚可作为一种天然美白剂应用于化妆品及其他保健品中。     

荔枝皮原花青素提取工艺优化

为充分利用作为废弃物的荔枝果皮资源,对荔枝皮原花青素的提取工艺进行了研究,首先用高效液相色谱(HPLC)方法比较了甲醇、乙醇和丙酮3种溶剂在提取荔枝皮原花青素中的效果,其次采用中心组合设计对荔枝皮原花青素提取工艺的提取温度、提取液浓度和提取时间3因子的最优化组合进行了响应面试验,并且采用AB-8填充柱对荔枝皮提取物中原花青素进行纯化,试验研究得出较佳工艺条件为:采用68%的乙醇为提取溶剂,提取温度61℃,提取时间105min。最后采用此优化工艺方法比较了4个品种的荔枝中果皮原花青素的提取效果以及其清除自由基DPPH·的能力,选择桂味品种作为工业化提取原料。     

马兰水溶性粗多糖提取工艺的研究

该文首次报导了马兰水溶性多糖的水提醇沉工艺。采用单因子试验和L₉(3⁴)正交试验设计，研究了料水比、提取时间、提取温度和乙醇浓度对马兰水溶性多糖提取的影响。结果表明，影响多糖得率的主次因素为乙醇浓度、料水比、提取时间及提取温度；马兰水溶性多糖最佳提取工艺条件为：料水比1∶30，提取时间2 h，提取温度100℃，95%乙醇醇析。在此最佳工艺条件下，马兰水溶性多糖的得率为4.12%。     

白首乌中黄酮类化合物提取工艺研究

该试验考察了使用不同浓度的甲醇、乙醇和丙酮在不同水浴温度下对提取白首乌中黄酮类化合物的影响,以及不同溶剂料液比对黄酮类化合物提取量的影响.还研究了不同浓度的乙醇在不同水浴温度、不同提取时间、不同提取次数的情况下对提取黄酮类化合物的影响.结果表明料液比125,乙醇浓度90%,水浴温度70℃,提取时间3h,提取次数2次时提取效果最好.     

双频超声协同强化提取黑米黑色素的试验研究

为进一步提高超声辅助提取黑米黑色素的效果,研究探讨了双频超声协同强化提取的方法。通过对pH值、提取时间、提取温度、液料比、乙醇浓度进行单因素试验,考察各因素对黑色素提取效果的影响,利用正交试验,优化其工艺条件。试验结果表明：各因素对黑米黑色素提取的影响大小依次为：pH＞乙醇浓度＞液料比＞温度＞时间。优化后的提取工艺条件为：pH值为2、超声时间为30?min、提取温度为50℃、液料比为30?mL/g、乙醇浓度为70%。在此条件下,得出平均提取率为6.85%。对比浸渍法、加热回流提取法,超声法提取黑米黑色素具有工艺简单、节省提取时间、溶剂用量少、提取效率高、减少黑色素损失的优点。     

提取方法对核桃青皮多酚提取效果的影响

为研究不同提取方法对核桃青皮多酚提取效果的影响,以乙醇为提取溶剂,分别采用溶剂提取法、微波辅助提取法、超声波辅助提取法、六偏磷酸钠（SHMP）辅助提取法提取核桃青皮多酚。研究结果表明：在试验条件下不同提取方法对核桃青皮的影响效果不同,其中SHMP辅助微波提取法效果最好,得率为4.01?mg/g,高于对照溶剂提取法的73.4%。因此,SHMP辅助微波提取方法是一种新型高效的核桃青皮多酚提取方法。     

甘油水溶液提取米糠多酚绿色工艺优化及多酚种类鉴定

为探究甘油作为绿色溶剂提取米糠多酚的可行性,该文选取提取温度、甘油体积分数、液料比和提取时间4个因素,采用单因素结合响应面试验进行米糠多酚提取工艺优化。同时,分析了甘油提取液的黏度特性,并利用超高效液相色谱串联三重四级杆飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS)方法进行多酚鉴定。结果表明,甘油提取米糠多酚最优条件为提取温度67℃,甘油体积分数19%,液料比33 mL/g,提取时间固定为80 min,获得的最大多酚得率为700.35 mg/(100 g)。甘油对米糠多酚的提取效率和甘油的黏度有显著的负相关性。此外,UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS分析表明,最优条件下甘油提取得到13种米糠多酚,其中酚酸质量分数如下:对羟基苯甲酸48.53μg/g,香草酸69.64μg/g,丁香酸33.63μg/g,4-香豆酸361.18μg/g,阿魏酸392.17μg/g,水杨酸34.67μg/g。研究结果表明,甘油可以作为从米糠中提取多酚的绿色溶剂。     

超声波辅助提取紫丁香叶叶绿素的工艺

以深秋的紫丁香树叶为原料,利用超声波辅助提取其中的叶绿素。首先研究了4种不同溶剂对提取的影响,然后在单因子试验基础上,探讨了料液比、超声波功率、超声波处理时间和超声提取次数4个因素对叶绿素提取的影响,用正交试验法优化了超声波辅助提取叶绿素的条件。最后将超声波法与传统提取法进行了对比。结果表明,紫丁香树叶中叶绿素a和叶绿素b的含量分别为0.37%和0.15%,叶绿素的总含量为0.52%;以乙醇∶丙酮为1∶2之混合溶剂的提取效果最好;优化的叶绿素超声波辅助提取条件为:料液比1∶7.5,超声波功率400W,提取3次,每次处理时间20min,提取率能达到(91.85±0.8)%。室温条件下,超声波辅助提取的提取率高于传统提取法17.13个百分点。     

脉冲超声辅助提取莲房多酚的工艺

为了充分利用莲房资源,利用脉冲超声技术辅助提取其中的多酚类化合物,研究了温度、超声时间、超声功率、料液比对多酚和原花青素得率的影响。试验结果表明,莲房多酚最佳提取工艺条件为:温度55℃,超声功率1000W,超声时间35min,料液比1∶35。在此条件下,莲房多酚和原花青素的得率分别为11.82%和6.60%,比70%丙酮回流提取法分别高2.0倍和2.9倍。并建立了多酚和原花青素得率与温度、超声功率、超声时间、料液比关系的数学模型。脉冲超声辅助提取莲房多酚与常规法相比,具有提取时间短、得率高等优点,有着较为广阔的应用前景。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.