发展养猪业循环经济 实现养猪零污染

目前伴随我国养猪业规模化的不断扩大,养猪生产给环境带来的污染问题也日益突出。然而传统的末端治理模式治标不治本。当前以"减量化"、"再使用"、"再循环"为核心原则的循环经济理念的提出为从根本上解决这一问题提供了新的思路。通过采取一系列的营养调控措施,从源头上控制污染,以及通过废弃物的资源化和发展循环式养殖来确保养猪生产零污染是实现养猪业可持续发展的必然选择。     

余江县养猪粪便污染调查及思考

<正>"经济、环保、生态"是我国农业生产主旋律。近年来,余江县养猪业得到了快速发展,但同时养猪粪便污染问题也日益显现,对周边环境的影响不断加剧。如何防治养猪粪便污染,探索"经济、环保、生态"的养猪业模式已迫在眉睫。     

发酵床养猪法的疾病控制技术

发酵床养猪法也叫自然养猪法、生态养猪法、快乐养猪法或懒汉养猪法.该法遵循低成本、高产出、无污染的原则,从而建立起一套良性循环的生态养猪技术体系.此法从源头上解决了养猪业粪污污染问题,为清洁化生产、健康养殖开辟了一条切实可行的发展道路,为养猪业的可持续发展、产品升级、效益提高创造了一种新的途径.     

养猪新模式——沈阳正大标准化养猪

近年来,养猪业面临着诸多问题:各类猪病频繁发生,养殖污染日趋严重,饲养管理相对落后等等.这些问题的存在严重阻碍着养猪业的健康发展,探索一条适合中国国情的、有中国特色的养猪生产道路,成为政府、企业、养殖者及业内人士所关注的问题.正大集团承担起了自己的企业责任,走出了一条自己的道路--正大标准化养猪模式,为我国的养猪业开辟了一条新的道路,丰富了我国的养猪生产模式.     

对我国发展健康养猪的思考

近年来,随着养猪生产的快速发展,养猪业对环境的污染、猪肉食品的安全性、猪的发病率和死亡率不断上升,已成为制约我国养猪业可持续发展的严峻问题,迫使我们冷静反思我国现代养猪业发展进程中存在的重大问题,探究我国养猪业可持续发展的正确技术路线和发展方向。笔者通过对国内外养猪生产发展的调研,结合长期从事养猪第一线技术工作的一些体会,我国发展健康养猪的几点建议,供同行参考。     

转基因猪在养猪业循环经济发展中的应用

伴随规模化养猪的发展,养猪生产给环境带来的污染问题也日益严重。从循环经济的原理出发．阐述了转基因猪在养猪业循环经济中的应用。随着转基因技术的发展成熟,将生产转基因猪技术与传统的养猪业循环经济模式相结合,将成为当前和将来养猪业污染综合治理的崭新方法。     

利用营养手段降低养猪业对环境的污染

现代化养猪规模大,养猪密度增加,对环境的不利影响日益引起人们关注.人们日益增强的环境保护意识,对养猪生产造成了很大的压力,采取措施缓解养猪业对环境的污染,成为亟待解决的问题.     

推广生态养殖技术破解环保养殖难题

猪为六畜之首,养猪在畜牧业占有重要的地位.中国人素有吃猪肉的习惯.当环境保护与养猪生产矛盾时,如何破解,成为人们普遍关注的问题.注重环境保护而取消养猪业,或注重发展养猪业而不顾环境污染,皆不符合国情.国内外一些地区将养猪区域划定范围,该种方式是否符合中国国情,是否真正不污染空气环境和地下水资源,有待进一步探讨.     

文成县养猪污染治理成效、问题与对策

近几年,文成县养猪业发展迅速,伴随着养猪生产的专业化、集约化、商品化,同时也产生了大量的生猪粪便和污水,这给生态环境保护带来了巨大的压力。特别是文成县处于飞云江上游,是温州市大水缸"珊溪库区"的所在地。如何加强生猪养殖污染治理,保证温州市大水缸"珊溪库区"的水源安全,事关温州市500多万市民的安全吃水问题。因此,近几年文成县养猪污染问题一直深受温州广大市民的热切关注。2011年,文成县养猪污染治理工作被列为"温州市十大民心工程"之一。1文成县养猪污染治理成效1.1文成县养猪污染治理工作于2005年开始启动,2006     

几种养猪方式推广技术浅析

我国畜牧业发展处于快速发展中,取得了较好的成绩.其中,养猪业是不可缺少的一部分,成为经济发展中的重要产业.养猪技术也不断发展,养殖模式对养殖水平具有决定性作用.同时,养殖所产生的粪便、污水等对环境造成污染,成为环保的"公害".在养猪过程中,根据客观情况选择适合养猪模式,既能提高生产效益,也能符合高效、安全、环保的未来养猪业的发展方向.笔者针对当前常见的养猪模式及其特点进行阐述,以期为养猪工作人员提供参考.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein