低酸度酒精阳性乳患牛颈、乳静脉中矿物质含量变化的研究

通过对酒精阳性乳患牛及正常牛颈、乳静脉中8种离子含量的测定与对比分析,发现酒精阳性乳患牛的乳腺分泌上皮细胞选择性吸收钠、钾、钙、镁的功能异常,进而引起乳中的相应含量发生变化;以及患牛乳腺组织利用锌、铜、锰、铁的量发生了变化。这对深入探讨酒精阳性乳症的发生机理以及对患牛乳腺代谢的影响都提供了有力的证据。     

Activation of the DNA replication checkpoint through RNA synthesis by primase

When DNA replication is inhibited during the synthesis (S) phase of the cell cycle, a signaling pathway (checkpoint) is activated that serves to prevent mitosis from initiating before completion of replication. This replication checkpoint acts by down-regulating the activity of the mitotic inducer cdc2-cyclin B. Here, we report the relation between chromatin structure and induction of the replication checkpoint. Chromatin was competent to initiate a checkpoint response only after the DNA was unwound and DNA polymerase alpha had been loaded. Checkpoint induction did not require new DNA synthesis on the unwound template strand but did require RNA primer synthesis by primase. These findings identify the RNA portion of the primer as an important component of the signal that activates the replication checkpoint.     

Reversal of catecholamine refractoriness by inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis

The generation of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) in response to catecholamines in the 2B subclone of RGC6 rat glioma cells previously exposed to norepinephrine and refractory to further norepinephrine addition is substantially increased by addition of inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis. The time course of the effect of these inhibitors on cyclic AMP concentration suggests that rapid protein synthesis and turnover are involved in catecholamine refractoriness. Norepinephrine induction of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase is demonstrable in RGC6 cells but not in the 2B subclone. Thus, catecholamine refractoriness cannot be attributed to induction of phosphodiesterase. This implies that induction of a protein or proteins, important in catecholamine refractoriness, affects the synthesis rather than the degradation of cyclic AMP.     

Involvement of RNA in the synthesis of proteins

We can now have considerable confidence that the broad features of protein synthesis are understood. The involvement of RNA is very much more complicated than was imagined in 1953. There is not one functional RNA. Instead, protein synthesis demands the ordered interaction of three classes of RNA-ribosomal, soluble, and messenger. Many important questions, however, remain unanswered. For instance, there is no theoretical framework for the ribosomal subunits, nor for that matter, do we understand the functional significance of ribosomal RNA. Most satisfying is the realization that all the steps in protein replication will be shown to involve well-understood chemical forces. As yet we do not know all the details. For example, are the DNA base pairs involved in messenger RNA selection of the corresponding amino-acyl-sRNA? With luck, this will soon be known. We can thus have every expectation that future progress in understanding selective protein synthesis (and its consequences for embryology) will have a similarly well-defined and, when understood, easy-to-comprehend chemical basis (62).     

Inhibition of Plant Microtubule Polymerization in vitro by the Phosphoric Amide Herbicide Amiprophos-Methyl

The phosphoric amide herbicide amiprophos-methyl (APM) produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of taxol-induced rose microtubule polymerization in vitro. Parallel studies on taxol-induced assembly of bovine brain microtubules showed no effect of APM at a concentration ten times that required to give complete inhibition of rose microtubule assembly. The data indicate that (i) APM is a specific and potent antimicrotubule drug and (ii) APM directly poisons microtubule dynamics in plant cells, rather than indirectly depolymerizing microtubules through a previously proposed mechanism involving deregulation of intracellular calcium levels.     

Posttranscriptional control in the steroid-mediated induction of hepatic tyrosine transaminase

The purine analog azaguanine does not inhibit the initial induction of hepatic tyrosine transaminase by hydrocortisone. However, the continued induced synthesis of tyrosine transaminase, elicited by repeated doses of hydro-cortisone, is inhibited approximately 64 percent in the presence of the analog after 7 to 8 hours and appears to be almost completely inhibited by 9 to 10 hours; this suggests that the induction cycle involves the activation and renewal of a pool of preexisting messenger RNA.     

High-frequency C-type virus induction by inhibitors of protein synthesis

When inhibitors of protein synthesis are added to BALB/c mouse cells in culture, induction of naturally integrated C-type RNA virus occurs in a high percentage of cells. The action of protein synthesis inhibitors differs from that of halogenated pyrimidines, another class of virus inducers, in their effects on biologically distinguishable viruses. The use of such inhibitors to study integrated virus expression provides a means for studying gene regulation in mammalian cells.     

Cloning of a membrane protein that induces a slow voltage-gated potassium current

A rat kidney messenger RNA that induces a slowly activating, voltage-dependent potassium current on its expression in Xenopus oocytes was identified by combining molecular cloning with an electrophysiological assay. The cloned complementary DNA encodes a novel membrane protein that consists of 130 amino acids with a single putative transmembrane domain. This protein differs from the known ion channel proteins but is involved in the induction of selective permeation of potassium ions by membrane depolarization.     

Protein synthesis: differential stimulation of cell-specific proteins in epithelial cells of chick oviduct

Immunofluorescent and radioautographic studies demonstrate that ovalbumin and avidin are cell-specific proteins synthesized by different epithelial cells in the chick oviduct mucosa. The mechanism of the selective induction of ovalbumin synthesis by estrogen and of avidin synthesis by progesterone may be through stimulation of specific target cells by these hormones.     

Comparison of messenger RNA in photoperiodically induced and noninduced Xanthium buds

In response to the floral stimulus, Xanthium buds synthesize relatively more messenger RNA than do vegetative buds. This is demonstrated by fractionation, on methylated albumin-kieselguhr columns, of a mixture of nucleic acids from vegetative and induced buds, one being labeled with uridine-H(3) and the other with uridine-2-C(14). While floral induction stimulates a small increase in messenger RNA synthesis as revealed by labeling intact plants, this difference can be magnified by labeling excised buds in solution. From experiments with excised buds from Xanthium plants, it is concluded that buds from photoperiodically induced plants contain more messenger RNA than buds from noninduced ones do.     

Histone phosphorylation: stimulation by adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate

Adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate at a concentration of 10-(7)M causes a four-to sixfold increase in the rate of histone phosphorylation catalyzed by a liver enzyme preparation. This observation suggests a mechanism for the induction of RNA synthesis by those hormones that cause increases in the concentration of cyclic AMP.     

Hydroxyurea: suppression of two-stage carcinogensis in mouse skin

Hydroxyurea, a selective cytotoxic agent for cells in DNA synthesis, injected intraperitoneally at 24 and 48 hours after the first painting with 1 percent croton oil, significantly reduced the tumor yield in the two-stage chemical carcinlogenesis in mouse skin. A comparable group of mice receiving hydroxyurea only once at 24 hours had a tumor induction similar to that in controls.     

Rapid synthesis and synaptic insertion of GluR2 for mGluR-LTD in the ventral tegmental area

The activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) leads to long-term depression (mGluR-LTD) at many synapses of the brain. The induction of mGluR-LTD is well characterized, whereas the mechanisms underlying its expression remain largely elusive. mGluR-LTD in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) efficiently reverses cocaine-induced strengthening of excitatory inputs onto dopamine neurons. We show that mGluR-LTD is expressed by an exchange of GluR2-lacking AMPA receptors for GluR2-containing receptors with a lower single-channel conductance. The synaptic insertion of GluR2 depends on de novo protein synthesis via rapid messenger RNA translation of GluR2. Regulated synthesis of GluR2 in the VTA is therefore required to reverse cocaine-induced synaptic plasticity.     

百里杜鹃森林公园杜鹃盛开期大气颗粒物浓度变化特征

为探索百里杜鹃森林公园杜鹃盛开期大气颗粒物浓度变化征,选择3月下旬晴朗天,对百里杜鹃国家森林公园普底景区空旷地、林内游憩地、林缘游憩地3类游憩地8个监测点的大气颗粒物（TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、PM_1.0）浓度、气象因子等数据进行采集分析。研究了园内大气颗粒物浓度日变化规律、不同类型游憩地大气颗粒物浓度变化规律及大气颗粒物浓度变化与气候因子、游客游览行为的相关性。结果表明:1）园内大粒径大气颗粒物（TSP、PM₁₀）浓度日变化规律均为上午和傍晚高中午低,呈“双峰单谷”的“U”字型、“V”字型;小粒径大气颗粒物（PM_2.5和PM_1.0）浓度呈现出早高,午后傍晚低的“L”字形;2）园内8个监测点4种粒径颗粒物日均浓度皆低于Ⅰ级标准,空气质量优;3）园内大气颗粒物浓度从低到高的游憩地类型依次为空旷地、林内游憩地和林缘游憩地,此现象与游客游览行为密切相关;4）数据显示在大气颗粒物浓度低于Ⅰ级标准时,影响大气颗粒物的环境因子有:最大风速、平均风速、温度、风寒、相对湿度、热力指数、露点温度和湿球温度。     

Experimental phenylketonuria: replacement of carboxyl terminal tyrosine by phenylalanine in infant rat brain tubulin

In the brains of newborn rats, about half of the tubulin molecules are modified posttranslationally by the addition of an aromatic amino acid at the carboxyl terminus of the alpha chain. Of the added residues, 96 percent are tyrosine and 4 percent are phenylalanine. After induction of hyperphenylalaninemia, the proportion of tubulin molecules containing carboxyl terminal phenylalanine increases up to eightfold and the pool of tyrosine-containing molecules decreases by an equivalent amount.     

不同饲养密度对棉铃虫蛾寿命和生殖力的影响

测定了不同饲养密度下棉铃虫蛾的寿命和生殖特性。结果表明,棉铃虫成虫的寿命因不同的饲养条件和性别而异。单头饲养时,雌蛾寿命４－３７ｄ,平均１８．９ｄ;雄蛾５－２６ｄ,平均１５．８ｄ;雌雄寿命差异不显著。单对瓶养和每笼１０对饲养蛾雌雄寿命亦无显著差异。但不同饲养密度下雌蛾或雄蛾寿命均呈显著或极显著差异。单对饲养蛾产卵量最高达２５００粒。最低权１粒;单对和１０对饲养蛾平均每雌产卵量分别为９０７粒和９５３     

cdc2 gene expression at the G1 to S transition in human T lymphocytes

The product of the cdc2 gene, designated p34cdc2, is a serine-threonine protein kinase that controls entry of eukaryotic cells into mitosis. Freshly isolated human T lymphocytes (G0 phase) were found to have very low amounts of p34cdc2 and cdc2 messenger RNA. Expression of cdc2 increased 18 to 24 hours after exposure of T cells to phytohemagglutinin, coincident with the G1 to S transition. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides could reduce the increase in cdc2 expression and inhibited DNA synthesis, but had no effect on several early and mid-G1 events, including blastogenesis and expression of interleukin-2 receptors, transferrin receptors, c-myb, and c-myc. Induction of cdc2 required prior induction of c-myb and c-myc. These results suggest that cdc2 induction is part of an orderly sequence of events that occurs at the G1 to S transition in T cells.