新型的刨花板家具角接合方式

新型的刨花板家具角接合方式谭海彦，韩春雷，张晓峰，蔡力平常规的刨花板家具采用两种连接方式：可拆式家具采用连接件连接，不可拆式家具采用圆榫连接。厨房家具由于需具有相当的承载能力和防水性能，所以一般采用圆榫进行不可拆连接。然而，就刨花板材料而言，用圆榫连...     

黄荆木重组材家具结点性能分析

对黄荆木重组材家具结点强度进行测试,选用T型、L型结构,对L型结构进行抗弯强度测试,对T型结构进行抗弯、抗拔强度测试,分析试验结果以及试件在试验中、试验后的情况,探讨自攻螺钉接合、双圆榫接合、三合一连接件接合三种连接方式对黄荆木重组材家具结构的适用性。通过对三种连接方式的抗弯、抗拔强度进行综合分析,结果表明:自攻螺钉接合强度双圆榫接合强度三合一连接件接合强度。若是要使用三合一连接件连接时,要配合其他连接方式进行使用。     

杨木桌腿新型补强结构力学性能分析

以杨木为桌腿和望板材料,采用双圆棒榫涂胶的接合形式制作桌腿部件,配合常用桌腿部框架补强形式,分析其在匀速垂直外力作用下的承载力及破坏形式,在此基础上提出新型补强结构。结果表明:常用结构的强度由大到小依次为:金属连接塞角、平头螺钉连接带槽口木塞角、平头螺钉连接木塞角、木塞角和L型角码;水曲柳木塞角强度大于杨木塞角;新型补强结构强度比常用的形式有显著提升,对提升家具结构强度有效。     

家具结构板件中人造板性能差异探讨

依据家具结构中人造板常见应用形式,通过设计平面弯曲、侧向弯曲、板间剪切、平面剪切和集中载荷应力等5种应力模式实验,分析了胶合板、刨花板、中密度纤维板和定向刨花板等不同板材所产生的应力应变差别。结果表明,受力方式对这几种人造板的力学性能都有显著影响和差异,人造板侧面方向具有比平面方向更高的承受压力的能力,胶合板具有较高的承受侧向弯曲载荷和集中载荷的能力,中密度纤维板具有较高的承受平面弯曲载荷、板间剪切载荷和平面剪切载荷的能力,受力方式对几种板材蠕变特性的影响较大且差异较为显著。相关分析结果可供家具设计特征值参考。     

圆榫与稻秸秆板的接合性能分析

稻秸秆板是一种新型绿色家具板材,同圆榫的接合参数与中密度纤维板和刨花板存在较大的差异。从板材的结构、密度、内结合强度及静曲强度出发,分析了刨花板与3种稻秸秆板在不同预导孔配合参数下对接合强度的影响,得出了不同板材的最佳配合参数。试验还发现,稻秸秆板密度越大对极限抗拔力越有利;在白乳胶的辅助作用下,基材颗粒的特性对极限抗拔力影响也非常明显。     

桉木单板层积材家具角部“L型构件”接合强度研究

以速生桉木单板层积材为基材,榫接合连接、螺钉连接的L型构件为研究对象,通过对桉木层积材家具接合构件进行抗拉和抗弯力学性能试验,观察、分析8种不同榫接合方式对"L型构件"接合强度的影响。研究结果表明,榫接合强度与接合面积有关,接合面积大则接合强度高;桉木单板层积材本身强度对榫接合无影响;采用偏心连接件、倒刺螺母螺杆连接件的接合强度较低,接合部位不够牢固,在家具的使用过程中容易产生松动。     

甲基三甲氧基硅烷浸渍改性刨花板及其性能分析

刨花板是家具制造业的首选板材,在潮湿的环境中使用易出现翘曲变形、膨胀及分层等现象。为改善刨花板防潮性能,提高其尺寸稳定性,将甲基三甲氧基硅烷(MTMS)与0.1mol/L的盐酸以4∶1的体积比混合,将混合溶液置于冰浴中超声水解360 min,然后利用MTMS水解溶液对刨花板进行5 min的浸渍处理。分析了改性前后刨花板的润湿性、抗紫外老化性、粗糙度、表面化学结构及物理力学性能。研究结果表明:经MTMS水解溶液浸渍改性的刨花板具有稳定的拒水、拒油及抗老化性能,尺寸稳定性得到改善,板坯的表面密度增加,力学性能提高。     

竹木复合定向刨花板强度性能研究

本文论述了竹材、意大利杨复合定向刨花板的强度性能,就胶种、刨花厚度、竹材所占比率、板密度、板坯结构、施胶量等诸因子对板材强度性能的影响进行了探讨。结果表明:(1)胶种对竹木复合定向刨花板的强度影响不大;(2)降低刨花厚度或提高板密度均可使板材强度提高;(3)单层结构的复合定向刨花板强度最高;(4)提高板材中竹材的比率可使板子强度明显改善;但竹材比率过高时,板材强重比反而下降,呈开口向下的抛物线型变化;(5)酚醛树脂定向刨花板的强度随原料酸性增大而降低。     

木薯秆刨花板初步工艺试验及性能测定

用木薯秆作原料试制刨花板,并对试制的产品进行性能测试,分析木薯秆的主要成份及物理力学特性对木薯秆刨花板制作过程与产品质量的影响。结果表明,木薯秆可用于制作刨花板,刨花板的静曲强度达到15.95 MPa,弹性模量达到2 166,内结合强度达到1.07 MPa,吸水厚度膨胀率为2.1%,垂直握螺钉力为1 137 N,能够达到国家标准《刨花板第3部分:在干燥状态下使用的家具及室内装修用板要求》(GB/T4897.3—2003)的要求。     

竹材刨花板蠕变性能的研究

结构用刨花板由木质刨花和胶粘剂热压而成,属高分子材料,具有粘弹性。在负荷作用下产生弹性变形,在长期负荷下发生蠕变。试验表明,竹材制成的酚醛胶刨花板,在高湿环境下,比竹材脲醛胶刨花板有较好的抗蠕变能力;如在竹材刨花板上贴上一层竹席,则抗蠕变性能进一步提高。竹材脲醛胶刨花板比木材脲醛胶刨花板有较好的抗蠕变性能。在低湿度环境下,所有板材的蠕变性能差别较小。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.