Husbandry and husbandry-related diseases of ornamental fish.

With the continued popularity of fish as pets, a market can be established for veterinarians with experience with aquatic animals. Fish owners often form a strong and significant emotional, as well as economic, bond with their aquariums or ponds. With proper husbandry, common mistakes made by fish owners can be treated, if not avoided. Diagnosis and treatment of a majority of common fish problems can be facilitated through an understanding of proper saltwater and freshwater fish husbandry.     

Nutrition of ornamental fish.

Because thousands of species comprise the aquarium hobby, ornamental fish nutrition is an art and a science that must be approached systematically and holistically. Examinations of species-specific anatomy and natural history are useful starting points. Food fish research provides fundamental nutritional information, but food fish are not ideal models for all ornamentals. This article briefly addresses freshwater and marine fish issues, including considerations for pond fish and live foods.     

Tropical fish medicine. Parasites associated with ornamental fish

The diagnosis, treatment, and control of parasites and nonparasitic pests of aquarium fish are covered. Figures are provided that should help the clinician make specific diagnoses.     

Mistakes in general husbandry of ornamental fish

Mistakes in general husbandry conditions of ornamental fish can consist in insufficient quality of water, inadequate feeding, equipment and social structure and poor prophylactic measures. Clinical symptoms are generally not specific.     

观赏鱼饲用着色剂研究进展

观赏鱼是指金鱼、锦锂和热带鱼等一些具有观赏价值的、有鲜艳色彩或奇特形状的可供人们欣赏的鱼类。与食用鱼不同,观赏鱼着重于健康、体态与色彩。鱼类的体色主要是由类胡萝卜素决定（黑色素、嘌呤、光彩细胞等也参与形成）,但鱼类自身不能合成类胡萝卜素,只能从食物中吸收、沉淀和转化成自身色素。虽然通过激光照射和药物浸泡也可以使观赏鱼体色鲜艳,但其持续时间比较短,     

Current status of aquatic veterinary services for ornamental fish in Australasia

ABSTRACT

The ornamental fish industry is growing quickly globally. Asia represents 51% of the export market for this industry and in Singapore alone, it has an estimated market value of US$66 million. Despite the economic importance of this industry for Australasia, aquatic veterinary support for the ornamental fish sector is scarce. In many cases, ornamental fish owners do not seek advice from veterinarians. While the reasons behind this are difficult to elucidate, the low perceived value of fish compared to the cost of consulting a veterinarian, and limited knowledge about the availability of veterinary services for aquatic animals may contribute to the lack of interaction with veterinarians. Considering the growing importance of the ornamental fish industry, more education and data are needed about the services offered by veterinarians with aquatic animal health expertise. Knowledge on aquatic veterinary medicine is limited, reinforcing the need for more educational programmes and dissemination of aquatic veterinary services within the Australasian region.     

An immunologist's perspective on nutrition,immunity, and infectious diseases: Introduction and overview

The immune system is a multifaceted arrangement of membranes (skin, epithelial, and mucus), cells, and molecules whose function is to eradicate invading pathogens or cancer cells from a host. Working together, the various components of the immune system perform a balancing act of being lethal enough to kill pathogens or cancer cells yet specific so as not to cause extensive damage to “self” tissues of the host. A functional immune system is a requirement of a healthy life in modern animal production. Yet infectious diseases still represent a serious drain on the economics (reduced production, cost of therapeutics, and vaccines) and welfare of animal agriculture. The interaction involving nutrition and immunity and how the host deals with infectious agents is a strategic determinant in animal health. Almost all nutrients in the diet play a fundamental role in sustaining an optimal immune response, such that deficient and excessive intakes can have negative consequences on immune status and susceptibility to a variety of pathogens. Dietary components can regulate physiological functions of the body; interacting with the immune response is one of the most important functions of nutrients. The pertinent question to be asked and answered in the current era of poultry production is whether the level of nutrients that maximizes production in commercial diets is sufficient to maintain competence of immune status and disease resistance. This question, and how to answer it, is the basis of this overview. Clearly, a better understanding of the interactions between the immune signaling pathways and productivity signaling could provide the basis for the formulation of diets that optimize disease resistance. By understanding the mechanisms of nutritional effects on the immune system, we can study the specific interactions that occur between diet and infections. This mechanism-based framework allows for experiments to be interpreted based on immune function during an infection. Thus, these experiments would provide a “real world” assessment of nutritional modulation of immune protection separating immune changes that have little impact on resistance from those that are truly important. Therefore, a coordinated account of the temporal changes in metabolism and associated gene expression and production of downstream immune molecules during an immune response and how nutrition changes these responses should be the focus of future studies. These studies could be answered using new “-eomics” technologies to describe both the local immune environments and the host-pathogen interface.     

鱼病防治用药有『诀窍』

1．两种药物混合使用应注意药物问的相互作用，而且要分别溶化后混合。两种以卜药物合并使用，或一种药物刚使用，效应未消失，接着使用第二：种药物，可能会出现药效增强或减弱、也可能出现毒副作用增强或减轻，因此必须注意药物的相互，乍用，一般不宜混合使用，     

Fungal diseases of fish.

Fungal diseases of fish have become increasingly important over the past 20 years. The traditional "fungi" are comprised of members from several different taxonomic kingdoms. Saprolegnia and other typical water molds are the "classic" secondary invaders, infecting more superficial areas of the body and requiring compromise of the exterior of the fish, poor water quality, or general immunosuppression. An increasing number of other environmental fungi are being reported from diseased fish, further testament to the opportunistic nature of many fungi. Common procedures such as air bladder deflation for many marine species collected at depth under nonsterile conditions may result in fungal infections of the swim bladder. Some fungi such as Aphanomyces and Fusarium can cause more invasive or systemic disease, often associated with changes in environmental factors such as temperature and salinity. Other fungi such as I. hoferi can be even more insidious and chronic, mimicking mycobacteriosis to a degree. Fungal diseases, in general, are very difficult to control or treat once they have taken hold. Prevention is, as always, the best medicine. Increased knowledge of basic biology will help guide treatment and control methods. Further research on general predisposing factors, species susceptibilities, immune system effects and other protective mechanisms in fish and more effective chemotherapeutics for external and systemic infections are needed.