玉米植保无人机热雾喷施系统设计与雾滴分布特性试验

针对玉米中后期封行后高地隙植保机难以下田、传统植保无人机雾滴穿透性差导致病虫害难以防控等问题,本文将脉冲烟雾机的热力雾化和低量喷雾技术与高效率的植保无人机进行结合,提出了植保无人机搭载热雾喷施系统的植保作业方案,设计了热雾喷施管路与遥控作业系统,并开展了灌浆期玉米植保作业试验。以清水代替农药进行喷雾作业,在试验区域设置水平和垂直采样点,通过水敏试纸收集沉积在各采样点的雾滴,并利用雾滴分析软件测出热雾植保无人机雾滴在不同采样区域的沉积分布结果。试验结果表明：喷雾区域采样范围-2~6m的雾滴粒径和雾滴密度分布差异较为明显,在距喷口0~2m水平位置雾滴较为集中,垂直方向玉米冠层至底层的雾滴粒径和密度依次减小,整个采样区域内雾滴密度均超过20个/cm2。雾滴覆盖率和沉积量总体变化趋势一致,其中,距喷口前方1m位置各垂直采样层叶片正面的雾滴覆盖率均取到最大值,从上层到地表依次为18.02%、13.48%、4.37%和2.11%,冠层叶片正面雾滴沉积量在此区域也达到最大值,为0.36μL/cm2,整体上叶片正面的雾滴覆盖率和雾滴沉积量均大于同位置叶片反面数值。此外,除少数采样点位置因雾滴重叠、黏连导致雾滴谱宽度大于2μm以外,其他采样点的数据均符合低容量喷洒条件下雾滴谱宽度小于等于2.0μm的技术指标。该研究可为热雾植保无人机在玉米等高秆作物中后期植保作业的参数优化和使用提供参考依据。     

地面弥雾机与六旋翼植保无人机在芒果冠层中雾滴沉积性能对比

为解决芒果园传统植保作业中农药用量大、施药不均匀、作业效率低等问题,并构建智慧芒果园,本研究对比了地面弥雾机和六旋翼植保无人机两种果园施药机具在芒果冠层中的药液雾滴沉积性能。将芒果冠层分为上中下层,以柠檬黄为示踪剂,使用高清相纸与滤纸采集药液雾滴,通过图像处理等手段分析雾滴沉积分布均匀性。试验结果表明,植保无人机在芒果树上部冠层叶片表面的雾滴覆盖率显著高于地面弥雾机,在其余冠层部位,两种施药机具在叶片表面药液无显著差异覆盖;植保无人机处理组叶片正反面平均覆盖率均为地面弥雾机的1.5~2倍,对叶片背面的防治优于地面弥雾机。地面弥雾机处理组叶片正面雾滴密度显著高于植保无人机,叶片背面无显著差异,植保无人机处理组正反面均未满足低量喷雾20个/cm2的病虫害防治要求。地面弥雾机药液沉积集中在中下冠层（61.1%）,植保无人机集中在上部冠层（43.0%）,冠层内部沉积比例地面弥雾机（48.6%）＞植保无人机（25.5%）,但地面弥雾机在冠层上部沉积能力不足,沉积占比仅为17%。研究表明,相较于植保无人机,地面弥雾机适用于芒果冠层中下部及内部病虫害防治,同时该机具较高的雾滴覆盖密度在喷洒杀菌剂时也有明显优势,植保无人机适用于针对芒果上部冠层如蓟马、炭疽等易发于外部花絮的病虫害防治。     

航空施药中雾滴沉积传感器系统设计与实验

基于变介电常数电容器原理设计雾滴沉积传感器及检测系统,由此实现对航空施药中雾滴地面沉积量的快速获取。通过实验,分析建立了传感器对电导率487μS/cm、25 mS/cm雾滴的沉积量测量线性回归方程,决定系数R2分别为0.9923和0.9544。利用M-18B型飞机和AU-5000型喷雾机,对系统进行了应用测试,结果表明:与水敏纸图像分析方法对比,2种方法获得的雾滴地面沉积量分布曲线拟合度可达0.914 6,样点单位面积沉积量的相对测量误差分布在10%~50%之间。     

植保无人机作业参数对雾滴在茶树冠层沉积分布影响研究

为获得相对较好的植保无人机喷雾雾滴沉积效果,提高病虫害防治效果,本文采用喷头流量、作业高度、飞行速度的三因素三水平正交试验法,应用小型四旋翼农用植保无人机进行喷雾试验。根据雾滴沉积密度和沉积量及其均匀性数据结果,分析得出影响雾滴沉积密度和均匀性,以及沉积量的因素主次顺序均为飞行速度、喷头流量、作业高度,而影响沉积量均匀性的因素主次顺序则是作业高度、喷头流量、飞行速度;较佳的作业参数组合是喷头流量2.5 L/min、作业高度2.5 m、飞行速度2.0 m/s,此参数组合下,雾滴覆盖率为17.4%,雾滴粒径DV.1、DV.5、DV.9分别为263.39μm、546.33μm、872.67μm,雾滴密度及其变异系数分别为97.30个/cm~2、57.97%,雾滴沉积量及其变异系数分别为1.45μL/cm~2、42.70%。通过优选植保无人机作业参数,不仅可以提高喷雾雾滴沉积效果,还将为获得较好病虫害防治效果奠定基础。     

果园施药机械资源消耗水平评价模型研究

在施药机械满足喷雾质量前提下,为降低果园施药综合成本,需要对果园施药机械资源消耗水平进行评估。本文选择典型地面风送喷雾机、单旋翼和六旋翼植保无人机进行果树施药试验,对比分析冠层雾滴沉积分布、雾滴穿透性、地面雾滴流失等主要喷雾效果指标,结果表明：3种施药机械在树冠纵向各层、横向各层雾滴沉积密度均大于25滴/cm2,能够满足果园植保要求;比较冠层雾滴分布/沉积均匀性,树冠纵向沿送风方向整体呈下降趋势,树冠横向由外到内整体呈下降趋势,变异系数最高分别达63.54%和79.19%;对比雾滴穿透性,风送喷雾机较优,纵向与横向变异系数最大为5.35%,单旋翼植保无人机横向最差,变异系数为35.20%,而六旋翼植保无人机纵向最差,变异系数达40.77%。但单旋翼和六旋翼植保无人机地面雾滴流失量分别是风送喷雾机的2.78%和12.50%,减少了农药浪费。进一步综合施水量、施药量、用工量、作业时长和作业能耗等指标,采用基于变异系数客观赋权法与主观赋权法两种线性加权方法,构建了施药装备资源消耗水平评价模型,验证结果均表明,综合资源消耗由小到大依次为单旋翼植保无人机、六旋翼植保无人机、风送喷雾机;两种评价方法的资源消耗综合评价指标值变异系数分别为110.2%和74.2%,说明基于变异系数客观赋权法的评价模型,综合指标值之间差异更明显、评价效果更符合实际。     

飞行参数对结荚期花生航空施药雾滴沉积特性的影响

花生结荚期是提高花生群体质量、促进产量形成的关键阶段,此时正值高温高湿期,容易遭受病虫害的影响,在这一时期做好病虫害防控对于花生高产具有重要意义。为探究花生结荚期使用植保无人机施药时,飞行参数对雾滴沉积特性的影响,采用三因素五水平的正交试验方法,研究极飞P30植保无人机飞行高度、飞行速度、喷药量对雾滴覆盖率、雾滴沉积密度和雾滴沉积量的影响。极差分析结果表明,飞行高度为2 m、飞行速度为3.5 m/s、喷药量为15 000 mL/hm~2时雾滴覆盖率和雾滴沉积量最优,分别为5.48%、0.448μL;飞行高度为2.5 m、飞行速度为3.5 m/s、喷药量为15 000 mL/hm~2时雾滴沉积密度最优;并得出飞行参数对雾滴沉积影响的主次顺序。使用SPSS对试验结果进行方差分析,结果表明,喷药量对雾滴沉积特性的影响均为极显著。本试验可为花生结荚期进行植保无人机施药作业参数确定提供参考依据。     

丘陵果园自走式小型靶标跟随喷雾机设计与试验

针对丘陵果园传统大型施药装备入园难、施药劳动强度大、作业效率低及药液浪费严重等问题，根据丘陵果园农艺特点和病虫害防治需求，设计一种丘陵果园自走式小型靶标跟随喷雾机，可配合植保无人机作业，提升果树冠层药液覆盖效果。喷雾机上集成靶标探测追踪系统与自主导航系统，靶标跟随喷雾机构采用双喷头联动式设计，喷雾角度与高度的调节范围根据雾滴运动规律进行确定，实现了果园植保自主作业。果园试验结果表明，对靶喷雾时果树冠层不同高度叶片正面的平均雾滴沉积个数变异系数为34.22%，同一高度不同采样点叶片正面的平均雾滴沉积个数变异系数为34.56%，相比于非对靶喷雾，喷施用水量、地面流失量与冠后飘移流失量分别降低26.70%、84.93%和53.50%，在减少药液浪费的同时，有效提高了果树冠层中下部叶片正面的雾滴分布均匀性。     

矮化密植果园喷雾机选型试验研究

为了提升林果生产机械化水平,北京市正大力推广林果矮化密植技术。为此,针对目前市场林果植保机械型号多及喷雾质量参差不齐的问题,开展了适合林果新种植模式下的植保机械选型试验研究,并选取了4种喷雾机。试验结果表明:针对果园篱壁型冠层,3种地面喷雾机在喷量为喷枪常规喷量条件下(施药量108L/6 6 7 m2),冠层雾滴分布平均密度均超过100个/cm2,对靶风送式变量喷雾机在施药量40L/(667m2)条件下,雾滴沉积平均密度达62个/cm2,植保多旋翼无人机在施药量为1L/(667m2)时,雾滴沉积平均密度达67个/cm2,均远超过20个/cm2的行业标准。因此,建议选用风量、施药量可调喷雾机或喷雾机配备不同型号喷头,以实现不同冠层密度变量施药。     

无人机喷雾参数对粳稻冠层沉积量的影响及评估

主要研究了植保无人机在水稻灌浆期喷施磷酸二氢钾(KH2PO4)的作业效果及八旋翼无人机喷雾参数对水稻叶片雾滴沉积分布的影响,测试分析了无人机在水稻灌浆期植保作业时雾滴的沉积效果。研究采用雾滴测试卡接收雾滴,通过调节无人机的作业高度进行雾滴沉积量评估试验。根据作业高度不同,共设计3组试验,高度分别是3、4、5m。结果表明:不同作业高度时,雾滴在水稻冠层和下层具有不同的沉积效果,且分布均匀性的变异系数也不同。作业高度5m时,雾滴在水稻叶片上的总沉积量最少,均匀性最差,冠层和下层的变异系数分别为92.11%、150.29%;作业高度3m时,雾滴在水稻叶片上的总沉积量高于4m和5m时的沉积量,均匀性较好,冠层和下层的变异系数分别为32.94%、49.47%。3组作业高度均显示:雾滴在水稻冠层的沉积量高于下层叶片,叶片正面的沉积量高于反面,叶片反面沉积量可达到正面叶片的1/2以上。本研究对八旋翼无人机高效利用、提高农药喷施作业效率、增加水稻产量具有深远的意义。     

便携式雾滴沉积检测系统的设计与试验

目前,农药喷雾沉积的检测方法,大都无法直接、快速检测雾滴在叶片上的沉积分布参数,对于实时评价植保喷雾机械的作业效果及反馈调整作业参数效率产生了影响。针对此问题,本文基于荧光反应和图像处理,设计了一种叶面雾滴沉积检测系统。试验结果表明:相比于ImageJ对叶面雾滴覆盖率的处理结果,本监测系统的平均误差为4.08%;相比于人工计数,本系统的雾滴沉积粒数计数结果误差为2.46%～4.69%,平均误差为4.01%;使用的荧光试剂可以满足大田工作需求。所设计的检测系统可以实现对叶片雾滴沉积参数的快速无损检测。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。