农田土壤有机碳动态模拟模型的建立

 假定施入土壤的有机物料由易分解与难分解两组分组成 ,这部分外源有机碳与土壤原有有机碳的分解遵循一级动力学反应 ,相应的一级动力学速率常数受土壤环境影响函数的修正 ,导出各组分有机碳分解模型的微分形式 :d Ci/ dt=Ki × f T× f W× f S× Ci ( i =1,2 ,S)。式中 Ci 为第 i种有机碳组分 t时刻的数量 ,i =1,2 ,S分别表示外源有机碳中易分解与难分解组分以及土壤原有有机碳组分 ,Ki 为相应的一级动力学速率常数。f T、f W 及 f S分别为土壤温度、水分及质地对有机碳分解的影响函数 ,它们通过对不同有机物料在实验室控制条件下的培养测定结果得以确定。由有机碳分解模型的微分形式导出相应的积分形式 :Cit=Cio× EXP( Ki × f T × f W× f S× t)。运用非线性技术 ,求得一级动力学参数 K1 、K2 及 KS分别为 0 .0 2 5、0 .0 80× 10 - 2和 0 .0 65× 10 - 3( d- 1 ) ,小麦秸秆、小麦根系、水稻秸秆及水稻根系的易分解比例分别为 0 .5 0、0 .2 5、0 .4 0和 0 .2 0 ,该数值与物料的碳氮比及木质素含量有关     

农田土壤有机碳动态模拟模型的检验与应用

 利用大田填埋试验资料和连续７年的土壤改良定位试验资料对所建模型进行了检验。结果表明,模拟值与测定值之间具有良好的一致性,大田填埋试验的测定值与模拟值间的线性相关系数（ｒ２）为０．９２９１（ｎ＝４８）,土壤改良定位试验的测定值与模拟值间的线性相关系数为０．６４３１（ｎ＝６５）。模型预测结果指出,若仅靠作物自然还田,宜兴市万石镇农田土壤（白土）有机碳的变化将从 １９８４年的 ７．８５ｇ／ｋｇ下降到 ２０１４年的 ６．３０ｇ／ｋｇ;若每年收获的稻麦秸秆有５０％（约６．７５ ｔ／ｈａ）还田,则同期内农田有机碳含量将从７．８５ｇ／ｋｇ提高到１１．４２ｇ／ｋｇ;若要在２０１４年达到１３ｇ／ｋｇ,则每年需要有 ９ ｔ／ｈａ的秸秆还田。每年每增加 １ｔ／ｈａ稻麦秸秆还田,则可增加土壤有机碳 ０．０２５ｇ／ｋｇ。     

Validation and Scenario Analysis of a Soil Organic Carbon Model

A model developed by the authors was validated against independent data sets. The data sets were obtained from field experiments of crop residue decomposition and a 7-year soil improvement in Yixing City, Jiangsu Province. Model validation indicated that soil organic carbon dynamics can be simulated from the weather variables of temperature, sunlight and precipitation, soil clay content and bulk density, grain yield of previous crops, qualities and quantities of the added organic matter. Model simulation in general agreed with the measurements. The comparison between computed and measured resulted in correlation coefficient γ2 values of 0.9291 * * * (n = 48) and 0. 6431 * * (n = 65) for the two experiments, respectively. Model prediction under three scenarios of no additional organic matter input, with an annual incorporation of rice and wheat straw at rates of 6.75t/ha and 9.0t/ha suggested that the soil organic carbon in Wanshi Township of Yixing City would be from an initial value of 7.85g/kg in 1983 to 6.30g/kg, 11.42g/kg and 13g/kg in 2014, respectively. Consequently, total nitrogen content of the soil was predicted to be respectively 0.49g/kg,0.89g/kg and 1.01g/kg under the three scenarios.     

有机物料对土壤有机碳含量的影响

[目的]为了探讨在实际的生产中,有机物料归还量、归还时间对土壤有机碳含量的影响。[方法]采用盆栽试验,研究有机物料施用量对低、中、高有机碳含量土壤的影响。[结果]有机碳含量随着有机物料施用量和培养年限的增加而增加,有机物料转化率随着培育年限的增加而增加,并且低、中有机碳含量土壤的有机物料转化率高于高有机碳含量土壤。[结论]该研究可以为秸秆等有机物料施入土壤培肥提供依据。     

基于模型和GIS的江苏省农田土壤有机碳变化研究

 以土壤基本性状、气候条件、作物产量和耕作措施等为基本输入数据 ,将土壤有机碳分解模型与GIS技术耦合 ,模拟江苏省农田土壤有机碳含量分布的现状及未来变化趋势。对典型农区土壤有机碳测定数据的验证表明 ,所采用的模型能较好地描述土壤有机碳的动态变化。模拟结果指出 ,自第二次土壤普查以来 ,全省 77%的农田土壤有机碳含量有所增加。至 2 0 0 0年 ,苏北和沿海地区土壤有机碳含量增加量为 1.0～ 3.0g·kg-1,苏南太湖地区增加量为 3.5～ 5 .0g·kg-1。但苏中的江淮平原和宁镇丘陵区略有下降 ,仅增加约 0 .5～ 1.5g·kg-1。预测 2 0 10年在不同秸秆还田量条件下 ,江苏省农田土壤有机碳含量将继续增加 ,且有较大的接纳外源有机碳的能力     

Simulation and Prediction of Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics in Jiangsu Province Based on Model and GIS Techniques

Based on the databases of soils, meteorology, crop production, and agricultural management, changes in the soil organic carbon (SOC) of agro-ecosystems in Jiangsu Province were simulated by using a soil organic carbon model with a linkage of GIS. Four data sets of soil organic carbon measured from various field experiments in Jiangsu Province were used to validate the model. It was demonstrated that the model simulation in general agreed with the field measurements. Model simulation indicated that the SOC content in approximately 77% of the agricultural soils in Jiangsu Province has increased since the Second National Soil Survey completed in the early 1980s. Compared with the values in 1985, the SOC content in 2000 was estimated to increase by 1.0-3.0 g kg-1 for the north and the coastal areas of the province, and by 3.5-5.0 g kg-1 for the region of Tai Lake in the south. A slight decrease (about 0.5-1.5 g kg-1 ) was estimated for the central region of Jiangsu Province and the Nanjing-Zhenjiang hilly area. Model prediction for 2010 A.D. under two scena-rios, i.e., with 30 and 50% of the harvested crop straw incorporation, suggested that the SOC in Jiangsu Province would increase, and thus that the agricultural soils would have potential as organic carbon storage. The incorporation of crop straw into soils is of great benefit to increase soil carbon storage, consequently to benefit the control of the rise of atmospheric CO2 concentration and to maintain the sustainable development of agriculture.     

生物质炭对关中水稻土有机碳矿化及CO_2释放的影响

通过模拟淹水土壤环境,向水稻土中施加质量分数为0、2%、5%、8%的生物质炭,分析生物质炭的输入及其不同施炭量对淹水土壤有机碳矿化和CO2释放的影响,以期为全面评价中国农田生态系统碳排放和促进温室气体减排提供科学依据。结果表明:生物质炭的输入提高土壤的稳定性碳库,并显著降低土壤有机碳的矿化速率,施炭量为5%、8%的土壤有机碳矿化量相比对照分别降低10%和6%,不同施炭量对土壤有机碳矿化速率的抑制效果各异;淹水土壤CO2的释放明显受到生物质炭的抑制,随着淹水时间的延长,土壤CO2的释放量呈缓慢增长趋势,然而由于受土壤温度、有机质变化的影响,2%、5%、8%不同施炭量处理之间并无显著性差异(P0.05)。     

基于CENTURY模型模拟研究次生盐碱地枸杞林土壤有机碳的变化

以景泰红跃村典型次生盐碱地枸杞林为研究对象,基于CENTURY模型模拟枸杞生长过程中表层0～20 cm土壤有机碳库的变化.结果表明,次生盐碱地开垦种植枸杞使得土壤总有机碳发生了显著的变化,呈先增后减的倒“V”型变化趋势.枸杞林土壤有机碳在幼苗生长阶段(1～4 a)快速增加,呈“碳汇”趋势,在成熟阶段土壤总有机碳逐渐降低,随着枸杞生长衰老(8 ～ 12 a),土壤有机碳降至开垦前的水平.农田耕作措施、方法决定了土壤有机碳的动态变化.在当前的农田管理措施下,枸杞林地在未来20～30 a内极有可能转变为一个弱的碳排放源.因此,改变农田管理方式、增加有机肥的投入、采用科学灌水设备、及时更新苗木等,对提高枸杞林土壤质量、增加土壤碳储量和减缓温室效应具有重要的现实意义.     

土壤有机碳循环研究进展

阐述了国内外土壤有机碳含量模型、循环机理和影响因素等方面的研究进展和土壤有机碳循环研究中最新的理论成果。     

不同土壤团聚体及其有机碳库的分布特征

通过野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,对山西农业大学校园内的农田、灌木丛、针叶林、阁叶林和草地土壤团聚体及其有机碳库的分布特点进行了研究.结果表明：（1）不同土地利用方式下土壤团聚体的分布均以＞10 mm团聚体为主,总体随着团聚体粒径的减小呈先减小,后增加,再减小,然后增加,最后减小的变化.（2）0～20 cm土层中,不同土地利用方式的分形维数表现为：阔叶林＞针叶林＞农田＞灌木丛＞草地,草地的分形维数与灌木丛、阔叶林、农田、针叶林间差异极显著,在20～40 cm土层中,分形维数表现为：灌木丛＞草地＞阔叶林＞农田＞针叶林,针叶林的分形维数与灌木丛、草地、阔叶林、农田间差异极显著.（3）土壤团聚体有机碳含量随着粒径的减小呈先增加后降低的趋势.（4）不同土地利用方式下,随着土层深度的增加有机碳贮量降低,在0～20 cm、20～40 cm土层,有机碳贮量随着土壤粒径大小的变化趋势与不同粒级土壤团聚体质量百分比的变化趋势相同,主要以＞ 10 mm粒级团聚体最高,且与其余粒级间均呈极显著关系,＞10mm粒级的有机碳贮量表现为农田＞阔叶林＞灌木丛＞针叶林＞草地.     

土壤有机碳的影响因素研究进展

从气候、耕作方式、施肥、轮作和土地利用方式5个方面综述了有关土壤有机碳影响因素的文献,以期为土地可持续利用提供科学依据。     

不同施肥方式下黑土有机碳的变化规律研究

通过长期定位试验研究了施肥对黑土有机碳总量、组成、品质的影响。试验设不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、有机肥与化肥配施(NPKM)和秸秆与化肥配施(NPKS)4个处理。结果表明:施肥有利于土壤有机碳及有机碳各组分含量的增加。各处理有机碳及各组分含量的高低表现为:NPKM>NPKS>NPK>CK。单施化肥使土壤的HA/FA比值降低,胡敏酸的E4/E6比值提高,使各形态碳含量增加,Kos值降低,但变化较小。有机物质与化肥配施能使土壤的HA/FA比值和E4/E6比值都有所提高,显著地增加土壤中活性有机碳的含量,降低土壤有机碳的Kos值,其中NPKM处理效果更好。长期有机肥与化肥配施,对改善土壤腐殖质的腐殖化程度和提高其活性,降低土壤有机碳的抗氧化能力,提高土壤养分供应能力具有良好的作用,是保持土壤肥力的最优施肥方式。     

Modeling Soil Organic Carbon Storage and Its Dynamics in Croplands of China

Soil organic carbon （SOC） is one of the centre issues related to not only soil fertility but also environmental safety. Assessing SOC dynamics in croplands has been a challenge in China for long due to the lack of appropriate methodologies and data sources. As an alternative approach for studying SOC dynamics, process-based models are adopted to meet the needs. In this paper, a process-based model, DeNitrification-DeComposition （DNDC）, was applied to quantify the SOC storage and the spatial distribution in croplands of China in 2003, with the support of a newly compiled county-level soil/ climate/land use database. The simulated results showed that the total SOC storage in the top layer （0-30 cm） of the 1.18 × 10^8 ha croplands of China is 4.7-5.2 Pg C in 2003 with an average value of 4.95 Pg C. The SOC storage in the northeastern provinces （1.3 Pg C） accounts for about 1/4 of the whole national totals due to their dominantly fertile soils with high organic matter content. SOC density ranges from 3.9 to 4.4 kg C m 2, with an average of 4.2 kg C m^-2, a level is much lower than the world average level. The model results also indicated that high rates of SOC losses occurred in the croplands with the most common cropping patterns in China as like single soybean 〉 maize 〉 paddy 〉 cotton 〉 winter wheat and corn rotation. The results reported in this paper showed that there was still a great potential for improving SOC status in most croplands of China by adopting proper farming practices and land-use pattern. Therefore, long-term policy to protect SOC is urgently needed.     

土壤侵蚀对土壤有机碳库去向的影响

土壤有机碳库是陆地生态系统中最重要的碳库。土壤侵蚀是导致陆地碳库衰减的主要动力之一,也是陆地碳汇与海洋碳汇相互作用的重要过程。从不同角度阐述了物理和人为因素对侵蚀区域土壤有机碳迁移蓄积过程的影响,尤其关注了侵蚀过程碳的重新再分配,这一点是准确预测土壤有机碳循环对碳源/汇贡献及准确评估碳收支的关键。针对土壤有机碳循环的特点,提出亟待解决的问题。     

漂白土壤区田间尺度有机碳空间变异研究

[目的]研究名山县城东乡漂白土壤区有机碳田间尺度下受地形因子影响的空间变异规律及其影响因素,从而为土地利用规划、农业生产管理提供科学依据。[方法]运用GIS技术和地统计学的基本原理和方法对名山县城东乡漂白土壤区的44个表层土壤（0～20cm）样点有机碳含量数据进行分析。[结果]研究区域土壤有机碳含量为（24．22±5．55）g／kg,具有较强变异性,变异系数为22．91％,其中最大值为37．77g／kg,最小值为8．47g／kg,平均值为24．22g／kg。[结论]有机碳空间分布与高程呈显著负相关关系,与坡度呈显著负相关关系,与坡向呈正相关关系,但是相关性不是很明显。     

有机物料在植烟土壤中的腐解及活性有机碳氮含量的变化（英文）

采取田间原位尼龙网袋埋土法,研究油籽饼及苕子、油菜、小麦、玉米等有机物料埋土还田后,在植烟土壤中的腐解速率、各期残留物料中的活性有机C、N含量的变化及其与腐解速率的关系。结果表明,油籽饼及苕子等不同有机物料埋土还田后的腐解速率表现为早期快后期慢。不同有机物料腐解速率的大小表现为油籽饼苕子小麦秸秆和油菜秸秆玉米秸秆,腐解速率与全N含量呈极其显著直线正相关,与活性有机C/N比值呈极其显著负相关,而与活性有机C含量之间没有相关性。随着腐解时间推移,油菜、苕子、小麦、玉米等秸秆中活性有机C含量、全N含量呈增加趋势,活性有机C/N比值呈下降趋势,而油籽饼则相反。     

东北三省耕地土壤有机碳储量变化的模拟研究

 利用农业生态系统生物地球化学模型(DNDC)方法,在GIS区域数据库支持下运行模型,研究了东北三省地区土壤有机碳储量状况,及其在现行农田管理措施下的变化特征。结果表明,以1998年为例,东北三省耕地土壤有机碳(SOC)储量(0-30cm土层)约为124 348万t,黑龙江、吉林和辽宁省分别占58.4％、25.5％和16.1％;在目前的农作制度下土壤有机碳库处于严重的负平衡,每年净丢失有机碳3122万t,黑龙江、吉林和辽宁省分别占59.3％、25.9％和14.8％;单位面积耕地SOC年减少量高达2.05 t·     

不同类型土壤有机碳含量的对比研究（摘要）

[目的]研究不同类型土壤有机碳含量及影响因素。[方法]以武夷山不同类型土壤为研究对象,进行土壤有机碳含量及基本理化性质的测定,分析不同类型土壤有机碳含量与土壤基本理化性质、海拔高度、年均气温等因素之间的关系。[结果]武夷山不同类型土壤的有机碳含量在14.91～112.34g/kg;土壤有机碳与速效养分（速效氮、速效磷和速效钾）和全氮呈正相关,与全氮呈正相关关系和土壤有机碳与海拔高度、年均气温呈显著指数关系。[结论]武夷山不同类型土壤有机碳含量受土壤理化性质、海拔高度及年均气温影响显著。     

不同类型土壤有机碳含量比较研究

[目的]研究不同类型土壤有机碳含量及其影响因素。[方法]以武夷山不同类型土壤为研究对象,进行土壤有机碳含量及基本理化性质的测定,分析不同类型土壤有机碳含量与土壤基本理化性质、海拔高度、年均气温等因素之间的关系。[结果]武夷山不同类型土壤的有机碳含量在14.91～112.34 g/kg;土壤有机碳与速效养分（速效氮、速效磷和速效钾）和全氮呈正相关,与海拔高度和年均气温成显著指数关系。[结论]武夷山不同类型土壤有机碳含量受土壤理化性质、海拔高度及年均气温影响显著。     

Studies on the Situation of Soil Organic Carbon Storage in Croplands in Northeast of China

This paper aims to estimate the soil organic carbon (SOC) storage in Northeast of China, identify its balance situation and changing trends under current cropping systems, and finally put forward some strategies to keep the SOC in balance. A biogeochemical model (DNDC) for agro-ecosystem was employed to predict SOC dynamics in agricultural ecosystems at regional scale. Data on climate, soil properties, cropping systems, acreage, and management practices at county scale were collected from various sources and integrated into a GIS database to support the model runs at the regional scale.The model predicted results revealed that (1) Total SOC storage in agricultural lands in Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces in Northeast of China is about 1243.48 × 106 t (0-30cm soil layer), respectively occupying 58.4, 25.5 and 16.1%;(2) Under the current cultivation systems, SOC is in a situation of net loss with carbon losing at a high rate of 31.22 ×106 t a-1 (respectively 59.3, 25.9 and 14.8% in Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces) and 2.05 t ha-1 a-1, the situation is more serious in Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces; and (3) Protective cultivations, such as manuring, returning more residue of crop to the field, adopting no-till, are very useful for the accumulation of SOC in these regions.