Peroxidase- und Superoxiddismutase-Aktivität sowie Prolingehalte von Fichtennadeln nach Belastung mit O3, SO2 und NO2

In long-term experiments the influence of various combinations of O₃, SO₂ and NO₂ on peroxidase activity, superoxide dismutase activity as well as on proline contents of spruce needles was studied. The reactions of these parameters varied depending on the type of pollution and the needle age. Peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity were also influenced by Mg and Ca supply of the plants.     

Peroxidase-Aktivität in Fichtennadeln unter Schadgasbelastung im Freiland und in Expositionskammern

Zusammenfassung Die Gesamt-Peroxidase-Aktivit?t in grünen, optisch gesunden Nadeln der Fichte (Picea abies L.) wurde im Freiland am Standort “Postturm” (Forstamt Farchau/Ratzeburg) in Tages- und Langzeitkinetiken und bei kurzfristigen Schadstoffspitzenwerten von SO₂ und Ozon untersucht. Parallel hierzu wurde der Wasserhaushalt der Nadeln, die Klimabedingungen und Lichtintensit?ten erfa?t. Unter kontrollierten Bedingungen erfolgte eine Behandlung mit Einzelschadgasen sowie eine Kombinationsbegasung von SO₂ und NO₂ auf die POD-Aktivit?t in Nadeln eines Fichtenklons. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, da? die POD-Aktivit?t Schwankungen unterworfen ist, jedoch keine signifikanten Aktivit?ts?nderungen in Abh?ngigkeit von der Schadgasbelastung zeigt. Die Untersuchungen führen zu dem Ergebnis, da? die Gesamt-POD-Aktivit?t im überstand des Gewebehomogenats von Fichtennadeln als Indikator für eine Umweltbelastung mit Schadgasen ungeeignet ist, da die Aktivit?t dieses Enzyms von zu vielen Faktoren abh?ngig ist.

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Activity of peroxidase in spruce needles in presence of gaseous pollutants in the field and under controlled conditions

Summary The activity of soluble peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7.) in green needles of about 100-year-old trees of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) at the location “Postturm” near Ratzeburg, Northern Germany, was studied in relation to transitory increased concentrations of gaseous air pollutants (SO₂ up to 260 ppb in winter, and O₃ up to 130 ppb in summer). Significant changes of POD activity in response to pollution could not be observed. POD activity did not show diurnal variation, but seasonal changes, and changes in response to sunlight (sun needles versus shade needles) and in relation to needle age were observed as well as great variation between individual trees. Moreover, seven-year-old cloned spruce trees were exposed to SO₂, O₃ and NO₂ in growth chambers under simulated climatic outdoor conditions. Consistent with the field studies no changes in POD activity in response to the gaseous pollutants could be observed, although the concentrations applied were higher than in the field. It is, therefore, concluded that the activity of soluble POD is not a suitable indicator for the tested gaseous pollutants.

     

Histometrische Untersuchungen am Holz einer rauchgeschädigten Fichte

Histometrical investigations on the xylem of spruce after SO₂ pollution . The influence of SO₂ pollution on xylem differention in spruce was investigated. Besides such quantitative changes as reduced annual growth, qualitative changes also occur. With pollution, the percentage of latewood increases. Tracheids are shorter, possess more pits and are more frequent per unit area.     

Über die Ursachen und Kriterien der Immissionsresistenz bei Fichte,Picea abies (L.) Karst.

Causes and critcria of resistance to air pollution in Norway spruce. II. Reflexive resistance . The different reactions of stomata of resistant and “normal” spruce grafts were investigated. Resistant grafts were shown to have a more sensitive reaction by measuring water potentials and by analyzing S content in SO₂ fumigated needles or F contents in grafts exposed to polluted air. Other tcsts involving gas permeability of stomata, clecrrical conductivity of needle cxtracts and watcr content of SO₂ fumigated needles were less effective.     

Einfluß niedriger SO2-Konzentrationen auf die Aktivität einiger Glykosidasen der Assimilationsorgane verklonter Waldbäume

Effect of low SO₂-concentrations on the activities of some glycosidases in the foliage of clonal forest trees. The aim was to find an early indicator of latent SO₂ injuries in a beech and a spruce clone. After exposure to 0.0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 ppm for several weeks in outdoor fumigation chambers, the activities of β-glucosidase in the beech and β-galactosidase in the spruce clone and β-l,3-glucanase in both species were significantly raised. As the beech clone was very sensitive to SO₂, an indication of latent injury could be ascertained only in the 0.05 ppm treatment where the rise of the β-glucosidase activity appeared some days before necroses. Contrary to beech, the spruce clone was tolerant to all SO₂-treatments and the enzymatical changes could be used as early indicators of latent injuries.     

Über die Ursachen und Kriterien der Immissionsresistenz bei Fichte,Picea abies (L.) Karst

Causes and criteria of resistancë to air pollution in Norway spruce. 3. Tolerance of toxic materials (“internal” resistance). Comparing relatively resistant and not resistant Norway spruce clones, an attempt was made to find differences by investigating the relation of needle colour and absorption of sulfur, needle pH-value and buffer capacity, sulphur distribution within several of their needle components and within the total plant, the ratio of organically fixed sulfur to total sulfur content of noedles, and content of sulfhydril groups, protein and chlorophyll of needles. Significant differences were shown only in buffer capacity of unfumigated needles, and in thc propornon of organically fixed sulfur before and after SO₂ fumigation.     

Physiologische Reaktionen der Fichte (Picea abies) auf komplexen SO2- und Trockenstreß

Physiological reactions of spruce (Picea abies) on complex SO₂- and drought-induced stress. Part 3. Responses of SO₂-stressed spruces to subsequent drought-induced stress. SO₂-stressed spruces under drought-stress showed less reduced water content, less increased osmotical potential and less restricted photosynthesis compared to spruces without preceding SO₂-stress and thus seemed to be in a better physiological situation. Their ability to retain water (in cut-off twigs) as well as their ability to withstand a quick and strong water-loss in the needle-tissue without cell-damage were reduced. Reasons for the temporarily favourable effect of a pre-going SO₂-stress in surviving a drought-stress are discussed.     

Effects of SO2 on photosynthesis and peroxidase activity in Scots pine needles

Short-term exposure to high concentrations of SO₂ caused a temporary decrease in the photosynthetic rate, while both short-term and long-term exposure to low concentrations of SO₂ increased photo-synthesis after the exposure. Low SO₂ concentrations did not cause any change in peroxidase activity. Thus peroxidase activity does not seem a suitable method in monitoring latent injury caused by low SO₂ concentrations.     

Spruce bark influenced by SO2

Investigations into SO₂ absorption by spruce barks using artificial fumigation have proved that continued immissions of SO₂ alter the properties of bark making them capable of accumulating SO₂ up to amounts never attainable by barks grown in clean air. This can be recognized by the time lapse considering SO₂ absorption and by altered ion exchange as well as buffer capacity. With respect to the availability of the bark extracts for mapping SO₂ immissions in the field it is concluded that both conductance and sulphate content of bark extracts represent an integration covering a considerable preceding period being modified by the actual immissions.     

Über die Ursachen und Kriterien der Immissionsresistenz bei Fichte,Picea abies (L.) Karst1

Causes and criteria of resistance to air pollution in Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst. IV. Recovery of injured needles, connections between forms of resistance and summary of results to date. Water potential measurement of resistant clones of Norway spruce treated with SO₂ showed that they recovered better than control clones or were at least not so permanently affected. From a variety of experiments on fumigation, it was concluded that reflexive and “internal” resistance were associated. The results of the series of papers so far are summarised.     

Response of spruce stands in national parks of southern Poland to air pollution in 1998–2005

The purpose of this study was to describe changes in the deposition of air pollutants and the response of spruce trees in the period of 1998–2005. The investigation was carried out in twelve sites, mainly national parks. Air pollution level, that is, SO₂, NO₂, and O₃ concentrations in the air, as well as throughfall and soil solution chemical composition was analysed. The reaction of trees was described based on a stand health parameter, that is, defoliation. A decrease in the concentration of SO₂ and NO₂ in the investigated period was observed. In most of the analysed sites, ozone concentrations in the growing season exceeded the level regarded as harmful to plants. Annual loads of nitrogen and sulphur reaching the forest soil exceeded 10 kg/ha. The data collected for the analysed period confirmed that the health status of forests at the investigated sites did not show a general tendency towards improvement. Also, no dependency between the air pollution level and defoliation rate was found.     

Eine einfache Methode zur SO2-Begasung von Fichtenpfropflingen im Labor1

A simple method for SO₂ fumigation of Norway spruce grafts in the laboratory. To investigate the resistance mechanism of Norway spruce to SO₂ a simple fumigation chamber was used. The conditions of fumigation gave the desired range of symptom expression.     

The influence of SO2 on CO2 uptake and peroxidase activity

This study confirms that CO₂ uptake of European conifers increases during needle maturation. Extensive investigations with grafts of several species show that this increase may even mask a deleterious effect of a weak SO₂ stress. In plants which are not dependent on air-borne SO₂ for S nutrition CO₂ uptake was not favored by SO₂. Peroxidase activity of tree foliage may be a valuable stress indication, particularly in areas with light air pollution. It is, however, not specific for air pollution and seems to be most suitable for “active” monitoring.     

Cystein und Glutathion in gesunden und SO2-geschädigten Fichtennadeln

Cysteine and glutathione in healthy and SO₂ damaged spruce needles. SO₂ damaged and healthy spruce needles were analysed for water soluble SH groups. Total SH content was mainly due to glutathione with some cysteine. Increased cysteine content was found only in old needles. Total content of SH groups fluctuates seasonally in the same way in both healthy and damaged needles. SO₂ damaged needles, however, always contain more SH-groups than healthy needles except immediately after flushing.     

S-Lokalisation in SO2-begasten Fichtennadeln

Localisation of sulphur in spruce needles treated with SO₂. After exposure to SO₂ the tips of spruce needles arc richer in sulphur compounds than the bases. The accumulation of sulphur compounds results mainly in an increased content of inorganic sulphur. The analytical results explain the local occurrence of injuries at the needle tips.     

Die Leitfähigkeit von Fichtenborken-Extrakten als empfindlicher Indikator für Luftverunreinigungen

The Conductivity of Bark-Extracts from Spruce, a Sensitive Indicator for Air Poilution . Bark of spruce is a useful and sensitive indicator for air pollution. The latter may be determined more precisely by electrolytic conductivity of bark extracts than by pH-value or sulphate level of foliage. By an additional simple sulphate analysis of bark extracts the effects of SO₂ may be distinguished from those of certain components in dust.     

Einfluß von SO2 und HF auf freie Aminosäuren der Fichte (Picea abies [L.] Karsten)

The influence of SO₂ and HF on free amino acids of spruce . The influence of the air pollutants SO₂ and HF on composition and amount of free amino acids was investigated. Distinct differences in the pattern of amino acids are caused, particularly in glutaminic acid and compounds based on it.     

Der Einfluß von kontinuierlichen,niedrigen SO2-Begasungen auf den Phenolgehalt und die Phenoloxidase-Aktivität in Blättern einiger Waldbaumarten

Influence of continuous fumigation by low levels of SO₂ on the phenolic contents and phenoloxidase activities in leaves of forest trees. Potted clonal trees of Norway spruce, black alder and English birch were continuously exposed to low levels of So₂ in fumigation chambers. The phenolic content of the Norway spruce needles was increased consiberably over the controls months before the trees showed any symptoms of damage to the naked eye. Fumigated black alder had a significant higher phenoloxidase activity in the leaves; but this increase only occurred two weeks before the development of necroses. In English birch neither the phenolic content nor the phenoloxidase activity was changed against the unfumigated controls during the course of the experiment.     

Effects of enhanced nitrogen deposition on foliar chemistry and physiological processes of forest trees at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine

Effects of enhanced nitrogen deposition on nutrient foliar concentrations and net photosynthesis of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh) and red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) were evaluated at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM). The BBWM is a paired-watershed forest ecosystem study with one watershed treated since 1989 with bimonthly dry ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂SO₄) additions at a rate of 25.2 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, while the other watershed serves as a reference. The (NH₄)₂SO₄ treatment resulted in significant increases in foliar N concentrations for all three species and significant reductions in foliar Ca, Mg and Zn concentrations for American beech and red spruce. Treatment effects on foliar concentrations of other nutrients were not significant in any species. Despite higher N concentrations in all species, only treated sugar maple showed significantly higher photosynthetic rates. The non-response in net photosynthesis to higher foliar N in American beech and red spruce might be attributed to their low foliar Ca and/or Mg concentrations. Higher net photosynthetic rates in sugar maple might be explained by the higher foliar N and by the ability of this species to maintain an adequate Ca and Mg supply. Results suggested that nutrient imbalances due to inadequate supply of Ca and Mg might have counteracted a potential increase in net photosynthesis induced by higher N concentrations in American beech and red spruce.     

大气SO2和NO2污染及植物的抗性和净化能力研究进展

SO2和NO2为我国大气污染主要污染物,城市森林对SO2和NO2具有一定的抵抗能力和吸收净化能力,利用城市森林对大气污染进行修复具有良好的应用前景.文章概述了我国SO2和NO2气体污染的状况,总结了污染物进入植物体的过程及其损伤机理,并从植物抗性和吸附净化能力两方面总结了城市景观树种与SO2和NO2气体污染的关系研究,并基于研究结论提出今后研究可能发展方向,如SO2、NO2与悬浮颗粒物等复合污染对城市树种生长的影响、树种抗性和吸附能力综合研究等.