杭州西湖文化景观的景观价值要素分析

介绍成功申遗的"中国杭州西湖文化景观"的6大景观要素,即西湖自然山水、三面云山一面城的城湖空间特征、两堤三岛景观格局、西湖十景题名景观、西湖文化史迹和西湖特色植物;在此基础上,分析世界遗产和西湖文化景观遗产的价值及保证申遗成功的关键因素,并以西湖文化景观为例解读"全球突出的普遍价值"。       

新型城镇化背景下的“乡愁型”景观设计研究初探

指出了"乡愁"为新型城镇化注入了深刻的灵魂和内涵,而其本质是如何在新型城镇化过程中创造具有乡愁内涵的景观环境。结合对乡愁文化内涵的解读及乡愁型景观特征的总结,理出了乡愁景观的构成要素及表现形式,以及在乡愁景观的创作中的运用方法。以期对新型城镇化景观设计提供参考。     

景观叙事在展园中的应用研究——以2019北京世园会浙江园为例

叙事是故事的呈现,用时间线索来排列景观的主题与空间,可以使景观的文化呈现更加直观和生动,使空间更具特色。将景观叙事引入到城市展园设计中,对于展园景观的营造、场地记忆的传承和城市形象传播都具有重要意义。本文从叙事主题的确定、叙事空间序列的编排、叙事修辞手法的使用三个方面对展园的景观叙事性策略进行分析,并以2019年中国北京世界园艺博览会浙江园设计为例,对浙江园所运用的景观叙事组织结构、叙事载体和表达策略进行了归纳,以期为景观叙事在展园设计中的应用提供参考。     

园林植物景观空间的构成与特征初探

指出了植物与地形、建筑等园林要素一样,具有构成空间、分隔空间及引导空间变化的作用。植物景观空间主要由形态要素和植物要素构成,形态要素从地面、立面和顶面以及三个因素的不同组合方式形成各种不同的环境空间,而植物的形态、色彩、质地、气味、季相变化以及文化内涵等要素则从相关方面丰富了植物空间的景观效果。与建筑空间相比,植物构筑的空间具有独特的空间特征。     

低成本途径下的城市绿地景观设计

低成本设计是高速城市化背景下城市绿地景观设计的新思路与新途径。在景观价值多元化的趋势下,文章重新解读城市绿地景观低成本设计的内涵与核心价值,并提供支撑低成本设计的几点理论依据。通过分析影响城市绿地景观低成本设计的构成要素,从观念引导层面、设计层面、建造层面、养护管理层面探讨低成本城市绿地景观的设计策略。     

观光农业园景观认知探析

指出了观光农业的内涵,分析了观光农业园景观类型及其构成要素,据此探讨了自然生态的观光农业景观的营造。     

园林气韵空间的合理营造——谈造园空间组织中的“小中见大”

<正>人们常用"小中见大,步移景换"来概括中国园林的空间艺术特色,即园林用地面积虽十分有限,景观内涵却非常丰富,令人于步移间感受到大自然的千丘万壑、清溪碧潭、风花雪月、光景常新。诚如明代造园名家计成《园冶》所言:"咫尺山林,多方胜景。"那么,中国园     

郑东新区CBD景观空间形态设计初探

分析了郑东新区CBD的基本情况,总结出郑东新区CBD景观空间形态的风貌特征主要是区域形象的标志性、功能形式的多样性以及时空延续的动态性,从点、线、面3个方面对其景观空间的形态要素进行了解读,提出了郑东新区CBD景观空间形态设计应从丰富的视觉景观、通达使用性、清晰的识别标志和时空的完整与延续等方面把握设计原则。     

后现代化历史文化景观象征意义解读研究

指出了随着信息全球化、城市化进程的快速发展,资本、权力、社会公平与景观相互交织,共同作用,城市文化景观和历史遗产保护与更新日益受到重视。在这一背景下,对于文化景观象征意义的科学解读,有主力利于明确文化遗产景观保护目标和管理对象。采取文献分析研究法,在后现代化历史文化景观的发展视角下论述文化景观的内涵,从主导文化和非主导文化两个方面的象征意义出发,结合景观自身内部价值,阐明了景观作为文化形成的关键因素的重要性,是联系自然与文化、历史与现今、物质与非物质的媒介,旨在充分解读文化景观内涵的基础上能够积极引导具有文化内涵的空间与景观塑造。     

彩云湖国家湿地公园植物景观空间营造研究

经过大量文献资料的查阅,结合实地考察,对重庆彩云湖国家湿地公园植物景观空间营造所蕴含的一些基本理念和手法进行系统性地分析,阐述植物景观在园林空间构成中的作用及其空间构成的类型,以及湿地公园植物景观空间营造中将园林植物与地形、建筑、园路、水体和小品五个不同要素相结合的植物景观空间分析,指出其景观设计中存在的空间层次单调、缺乏植物色彩空间等问题,并提出增加水生植物多样性,丰富植物季相变化,加强养护管理等改进策略。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.