Changes in soil properties under intermittent water application

Summary A simple laboratory method was developed to measure changes in saturated hydraulic conductivity and bulk density as affected by intermittent saturating and draining of soil columns. Significant changes in soil properties were measured after intermittent wetting and draining. Laboratory experiments showed significant changes in bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil samples during drainage period following saturation of initially dried samples. The rate of changes in soil properties during the drainage period was a function of soil type and degree of desaturation. The effect of intermittent application of water in reducing the soil hydraulic conductivity and subsequently the infiltration rate was verified in the field by measuring the changes in soil intake rate during intermittent (Surge-flow) irrigation.     

地下水浅埋下层状土壤波涌畦灌间歇入渗模型研究

为进一步揭示地下水浅埋下的层状土波涌畦灌间歇入渗机制,通过试验资料分析与理论研究,建立了波涌灌间歇入渗条件下的层状土Brook-Corey和Green-Ampt（BC-GA）改进入渗模型,推导出层状土间歇入渗湿润锋面水吸力与湿润锋运移深度的函数关系,确定了含砂层内部土壤饱和导水率、进气吸力是层状土间歇入渗运移距离变化的主要影响参数。周期数增大,上层土壤饱和导水率减小,饱和含水率减小,进气吸力增大,夹砂层内部仅进气吸力随周期数增加而增大。根据BC-GA模型计算不同埋深的含砂层土壤间歇入渗特性及湿润锋运移特性,对比分析指出,周期数增加,相同含砂层埋深下的累积入渗量减小,湿润锋运移距离增大;含砂层埋深增加,相同供水周期的累积入渗量增大,湿润锋增大;供水周期达到最大时,含砂层埋深对累积入渗量和湿润锋运移距离影响减小。     

地表滴灌条件下土壤湿润体运移量化表征

基于非饱和土壤水分运动的Richards方程,采用HYDRUS-2D/3D模拟软件对11种典型土质(美国制土壤质地分类系统)中滴灌湿润体的运动过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明,湿润体平均含水率的增量与滴灌流量正相关,与饱和导水率负相关;湿润体垂向迁移距离与滴头流量、饱和导水率和时间呈幂函数关系;湿润体径向迁移距离可用滴头流量、平均含水率的增量、垂向迁移距离和时间来定量表征。据此建立了描述不同土质中湿润体动态变化规律的经验公式,通过与数值模拟结果、文献试验数据等进行对比,表明此经验公式对不同土质中湿润体运移规律的预测效果较好,可为农业生产中地表滴灌设计提供简便实用的计算工具。     

土壤水力参数对点源入渗湿润体形状的影响

为探究点源积水入渗的运移机理,以达西定律和质量守恒原理为基础,利用HYDRUS软件对点源积水入渗过程进行数值模拟分析与验证,分析点源积水入渗条件下土壤水平湿润锋与垂直湿润锋的比值(湿润锋比)和土壤水力参数(进气吸力、形状系数以及饱和导水率)之间的关系,并基于土壤饱和扩散率建立水平湿润锋运移模型。结果表明:细质土壤(进气吸力大于11 cm)的湿润体形状近似为以积水中心为椭圆心、以垂直湿润锋和水平湿润锋为长半轴和短半轴的椭圆体,而粗质土壤(进气吸力小于8.7 cm)湿润体的椭圆心位于积水中心下方,从而导致短半轴大于水平湿润锋、长半轴小于垂直湿润锋;细质土壤的湿润锋比随时间变化较小,可近似为常数,土壤湿润锋比与形状系数和饱和导水率之间无显著的函数关系,但与进气吸力呈线性递增关系,决定系数R^2为0.999;湿润锋运移过程可以采用入渗时间的幂函数进行拟合,且幂函数系数和指数可以分别用土壤饱和扩散率的一次多项式和二次多项式进行估计,经验证得到的模型在误差允许范围内具有较好的效果。本研究可为分析点源积水水盐运移等问题提供机理性依据,也为我国北方干旱半干旱地区合理规划设计滴灌系统、提高农业灌溉用水效率提供科学依据。     

不同硝酸钾溶液浓度对垂直一维入渗特性影响研究

通过室内不同浓度溶液的垂直一维入渗试验,分析了不同浓度碳酸钾溶液影响下的湿润锋和累积入渗量的变化规律以及土壤含水量和硝态氮浓度的分布规律,由不同浓度溶液累积入渗量,依据GREEN-AMPT入渗模型,反推出湿润锋面平均吸力和饱和导水率,结果表明增大溶液浓度提高了垂直一维入渗的饱和导水率,但减小了湿润锋面的平均吸力,溶液浓度通过影响湿润体的饱和导水率和湿润锋面的平均吸力来影响入渗量,二者的综合作用是增大了入渗量。     

西南喀斯特地区土壤饱和导水率及其影响因素研究

通过对西南喀斯特地区典型土壤的饱和导水率的分析,研究了喀斯特地区不同植被退化类型下土壤的饱和导水率及其影响因素。结果表明,西南喀斯特地区不同植被退化类型下土壤的饱和导水率存在着明显的差异,原状土表层饱和导水率在27.2×10-4~50.8×10-4cm/s之间,一般未经人为干扰的原始森林土壤饱和导水率>人为干扰形成的灌丛土壤>农业用地;在土壤剖面中自上而下饱和导水率明显降低;扰动土壤表层饱和导水率在0.27×10-4~1.53×10-4cm/s之间,明显低于原状土壤,仅为原状土壤的0.9%~3.0%。喀斯特地区影响土壤饱和导水率的主要因素有土壤容重、土壤孔隙度、土壤有机质含量、土壤质地等。主成分分析结果表明,影响原状土饱和导水率的主要因素为土壤质地和土壤孔性,而土壤孔性是影响扰动土壤导水率的主导因素。     

Watercourse Pollution due to Surface Runoff following Slurry Spreading. Part I: Calibration of the Soil Water Simulation Model SOIL for Fields Prone to Surface Runoff

The Swedish soil water model SOIL has been calibrated for several drained fields in Scotland and Ireland. Drainage efficiency in these fields varies, with inefficient drainage systems leading to saturated profiles and large surface runoff flows. The model has been modified to represent drainflow in typical Scottish and Irish fields in which permeable backfill extending to the surface is present directly above plot drains. When the conductivity of the backfill material is low, surface runoff is shown to be enhanced in specific soil types. Overall, the predictions of the modified model are in reasonably good agreement (as shown by the efficiency factor values) with measured water table levels, drain and surface runoff flows in these fields. These calibrated fields are to be used in subsequent work on pollution from surface runoff following slurry spreading. A useful indicator of potential runoff risk in such systems is the total saturated hydraulic conductivity of the profile, defined here as arising from the combination of the saturated soil and drain conductivities. Fields are classified into high risk if the conductivity of the profile is lower than 6 mm/d, low risk if the conductivity is greater than 18 mm/d, and moderate risk for intermediate conductivities. A sensitivity analysis of the model with regard to drain and surface runoff flows, varying the drain spacing, a backfill resistance term, the soil matrix and macropore saturated hydraulic conductivities, soil porosity and the pore size distribution index, is also presented. This analysis shows that in order of increasing importance, backfill resistance, macropore saturated hydraulic conductivity and drain spacing, have the largest effect on the generation of surface runoff.     

太湖地区主要水稻土的饱和导水率及其影响因素研究

主要研究了太湖地区3种主要水稻土(白土、黄泥土和乌栅土)的原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率,并分析了土壤的有机质含量、土壤质地、土壤容重、土壤团聚度、土壤结构系数等土壤基本性质对土壤饱和导水率的影响。结果表明:原状土的饱和导水率变化于5.16×10-4~11.62×10-4cm/s之间,扰动土饱和导水率变化于0.76×10-4~3.31×10-4cm/s之间;同一水稻土的剖面上的饱和导水率基本呈现由上向下逐渐减小的趋势,且原状土的饱和导水率普遍大于扰动土的饱和导水率。原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率均与土壤的各项主要物理性质之间都存在着一定的相关性。影响原状土饱和导水率的因素主要是土壤容重、团聚度、结构系数和有机质等,而不同类型的土壤饱和导水率之间相差较大。影响扰动土饱和导水率的因素除了容重、团聚度、结构系数和有机质外,还有土壤的质地(即粘粒含量)。为进一步探讨太湖地区土壤水分的合理利用与管理、环境的治理和农业的持续发展提供了参考的依据。     

Determination of the variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth in drained lands and the design of drainage installations

For lands drained by ditches dug to a horizontal impermeable floor, the variation of the soil's hydraulic conductivity with depth may be obtained from the relationship between water-table height and drain-outflow rate. Some relationships obtained on an experimental plot on a clay soil, drained by tile drains with gravel backfill, and on another in the same field which was mole-drained, were analysed to give the variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth by assuming that their performances approximated to that of ditches. For the tile-drained plot, the hydraulic conductivity value increased by three orders of magnitude near the bottom of the plough layer; this was reduced in a subsequent year when the field was uncultivated under grass with consequent higher water tables. The mole-drained soil was more permeable than the tile-drained soil at a lower depth, and its hydraulic conductivity at this lower depth did not change in the subsequent year when the field was uncultivated. An assumed uniform hydraulic conductivity value, calculated using drainage theory and matching at one water-table height, gave relationships between water-table height and drain outflow which did not agree with observations.A general hydraulic approach to drainage design is suggested whereby the drainage from an investigational area may be used to measure the hydraulic conductivity variation with depth and to design the correct drainage scheme for a predicted stress period of rainfall. Even if the drainage rate from an area is not measured, the water-table recession alone in an area drained by ditches may give sufficient information to design a drainage system on a rational physical basis.     

南北方粘质土壤密度对土壤水分特征van Genuchten模型的影响研究

以南北方典型粘质土壤红壤和塿土为试验土样,通过水平入渗试验进行了土壤密度变化对土壤水分特征van Genuchten模型参数的影响研究。研究结果表明,特征湿润长度、吸力、饱和含水量、滞留含水量、饱和导水率均随土壤密度增加而减小;土壤水分特征van Genuchten模型参数n随着土壤密度的增加而递增,而参数α随着土壤密度的增加而减小,与土壤密度成反比;参数n和参数α随土壤密度变化关系可用幂函数来描述。为建立吸力、土壤密度、质量含水率三变量的土壤水分特征曲面提供新的途径,有助于完善土壤水动力学理论。     

Numerical simulations of steady-state subsurface drainage with vertically decreasing hydraulic conductivity

Most subsurface drainage equations assume either homogeneous, two-layer or three-layer soil conditions. Finite difference simulations were performed to quantify the effect of gradually decreasing hydraulic conductivity on watertable depths for steady-state subsurface drainage. For vertically decreasing hydraulic conductivity, and for cases where drain spacing was based on effective hydraulic conductivity of the 0.5 to 2.0 m layer, mid-spacing watertable depth ranged from 0.282 to 0.900 m. The average value was 0.718 m, which is considerably shallower than the 0.9 m design value used for determining drain spacing. These higher watertables may have detrimental effects on crop yield, especially in arid areas where soil salinity is a problem. The importance of the difference between actual and design watertable depths was mostly related to the type of hydraulic conductivity decrease function, drain depth, and drainage rate. These differences are explained by the position of the drain within the soil profile and the effect of the spacing on the equivalent depth of flow. Using effective hydraulic conductivity of the 0.5 to 3.0 m layer for determining drain spacing reduced the error. For an effective hydraulic conductivity value of 0.3 m/d, the average watertable depth increased from 0.748 m for the 2.0 m auger hole to 0.829 m for the 3.0 m hole. The results presented can be used to estimate the error on watertable depth resulting from ignoring the vertical variations of hydraulic conductivity.     

红壤地区典型农田土壤饱和导水率及其影响因素研究

研究了湖南祁阳红壤地区旱地、水田的原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率,并分析了土壤的有机质含量、土壤质地、土壤容重等土壤基本性质对土壤饱和导水率的影响状况。结果表明:原状土的饱和导水率变化于44.8×10-4~1.94×10-4cm/s之间,扰动土的饱和导水率变化于2.59×10-4~1.09×10-4cm/s之间;同一水稻土剖面上的饱和导水率基本呈现由上向下逐渐减小的趋势,且原状土的饱和导水率普遍大于扰动土的饱和导水率。原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率与土壤的主要物理性质之间存在着一定的相关性。通过SPSS统计软件分析显示,土壤容重是影响饱和导水率的最主要因素,而其它如有机质含量和粘粒含量等因素也有着一定的影响。     

围垦年限和土壤容重对海涂土壤水分运动参数的影响

为探讨围垦年限和土壤容重双因素对海涂土壤水分运动参数的影响,在室内试验的基础上结合理论计算,对海涂4个年限围垦区土壤2个不同容重下土壤导水率、水分特征曲线和扩散率的变化进行了研究。结果表明:围垦年限对土壤颗粒组成、结构及钠盐含量等影响显著,土壤饱和导水率随围垦年限的增长而减小;持水能力、土壤水分扩散率随围垦年限的增长而增大。土壤饱和导水率、吸渗率、土壤水分扩散率及相同土壤吸力下的含水率均随容重的增大而减小,随着围垦年限的增长,土壤容重对水分运动参数的影响更明显。     

Hydraulic properties and water balance of a clay soil cropped with cotton

A field study was carried out in the Cukurova Region, Southern Turkey to investigate the magnitude of the components of water balance, and the water uptake by cotton roots in relation to hydraulic properties of a clay soil. A plot cropped with cotton and with bare soil only were equipped with tensiometers, gypsum blocks, and access tubes for neutron probe to monitor soil water potential and water content.The hydraulic conductivity values, evaporation and drainage rates, and water withdrawal of roots were determined from field data with numerical calculations based on water flow equations.Results showed that the evaporation from bare soil was generally high during the three month period May to July varying between 4.5 and 1.0 mm/day. However, when soil water potential at 10 cm depth had decreased to -0.065 and -0.070 MPa in the drying phase, the evaporation from the soil decreased to 0.4 mm/day. The drainage rates were influenced by rainfall.The highest values of capillary flux toward the surface layer, and drainage rate from the cropped soil, were 2.0 and 1.8 mm/day respectively. Rates of water uptake by roots from the soil profile, not including the 0–10 cm layer, were high when compared with drainage and upward fluxes, changing between 7.7 and 1.4 mm/day during the experimental period. A good agreement between root length densities and water uptake was found; up to 80% of all roots were in the top 50 cm of the soil and 78% of the total water uptake was extracted from the same layer. Evapotranspiration was found to decline as a cubic function of the available water content of the top 120 cm of the soil profile.     

氮肥溶液磁化灌溉下土壤入渗特征和水氮迁移规律研究

为探明不同浓度氮肥溶液磁化前后土壤入渗特征和水氮迁移规律,采用恒定磁场强度300 mT对质量浓度分别为0、0.4、0.7、1.1 g/L的硝酸钾溶液进行磁化处理,以未磁化处理为对照,测定各处理溶液的电导率、pH值、溶氧量、表面张力、累积入渗量、湿润锋运移距离和入渗后不同土壤剖面水氮迁移分布。试验结果表明：磁化处理溶液溶氧量显著提高,电导率和表面张力显著减小,并随溶液浓度变化有显著影响,但对pH值无显著影响。氮肥溶液磁化入渗增大了相同入渗时间内的湿润锋运移距离和累积入渗量,Philip、Green-Ampt、一维代数入渗模型拟合所得参数土壤吸渗率S、饱和导水率K_s以及有效土壤水扩散率■均增大,湿润峰处的土壤水吸力S_f、土壤水分特征曲线和非饱和导水率综合形状系数m均减小,增渗效果随氮肥溶液浓度增大而增大。磁化氮肥溶液可提高土壤持水能力,且随溶液浓度增大持水能力增强,一维代数入渗公式可较好描述不同磁场强度下各浓度溶液土壤入渗结束时的土壤含水率分布情况。氮肥溶液和磁化作用对土壤硝态氮含量的影响呈显著正相关关系,二者共同作用下,磁化高浓度溶液硝态氮含量...     

宁夏黄灌区灌淤土水力参数研究

对宁夏黄灌区灌淤土水力参数进行了较为系统的研究.研究结果表明,原状土与扰动土饱和导水率变化范围分别为10～100 cm/d和3～50 cm/d.原状土饱和导水率随土壤剖面变化规律与扰动土一致:随着土壤深度的增加,饱和导水率呈现高低往复变化.原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率受粘粒含量、密度、孔隙度影响较大,受有机质含量影响较小...     

施加生物质炭对盐渍土土壤结构和水力特性的影响

以江苏省沿海围垦区盐渍土为研究对象,基于Micro-CT图像扫描技术,分析施加生物质炭后改良盐渍土土壤孔隙度、土壤水分特征曲线以及非饱和导水率等土壤特性的变化,并建立分形模型预测土壤水力性质,以此揭示施用生物质炭对于海涂围垦区盐渍土土壤结构和水力特性的影响。试验设置0、2%、5%(与表层0～20 cm土壤质量比) 3个生物质炭添加水平,重复3次。结果表明:施加5%生物质炭显著降低盐渍土土壤容重,增加土壤总孔隙度和大孔隙度;大于0. 25 mm水稳性团聚体质量分数显著增加,增加土壤孔隙分形维数;提高土壤饱和含水率和饱和导水率;结合Micro-CT图像扫描技术和孔隙分形理论预测改良盐渍土土壤水分特征曲线和非饱和导水率,预测效果精度高,能够用于实际问题的研究。     

Numerical investigation of the influence of texture,surface drip emitter discharge rate and initial soil moisture condition on wetting pattern size

Knowledge of the dimensions of the wetted zone formed under point source surface drip irrigation is essential to the design of cost-effective and efficient irrigation systems. Numerical simulations were carried out with Hydrus-2D/3D to investigate the influence of emitter discharge rates and initial soil moisture conditions on the wetting pattern dimensions of a series of soils with varying textures. Numerical simulations of simple 2D soil tank irrigation experiments were also conducted on two soil types. Based on the simulation results, the parameters of the Schwartzman and Zur model were refined. The results showed a small influence of discharge rates >1 L h^?1 on the size of the wetting pattern. The only major difference was observed for the rates lower than 0.5 L h^?1, where the largest wetting patterns were observed. Higher initial soil water content caused larger wetting pattern sizes in all directions. When compared to the 2D tank experimental results, Hydrus-2D/3D predicted the wetting pattern dimensions with a relatively small root mean square error not exceeding 2.6 cm. The numerical data obtained for a wide range of textures provided the opportunity to refine the parameters of the Schwartzman and Zur model, which, when compared to experimental data from the literature, provided good estimates of wetting pattern dimensions. This suggests that this simple model, for which the only soil parameter required is the saturated hydraulic conductivity, could provide a valuable and practical tool for irrigation design.     

基于DRAINMOD模型的不同灌排模式稻田水氮运移模拟

【目的】研究不同灌排模式稻田水氮动态变化,为南方稻作区节水减排提供科学依据。【方法】基于实测的田间灌排水量及氮素变化数据,采用Morris方法检测DRAINMOD模型水氮运移相关参数的灵敏度,并利用DRAINMOD模型对传统灌排模式和控制灌排模式下稻田水氮动态进行模拟。【结果】20~40 cm土层侧向饱和导水率对稻田水分运移模拟结果影响最大,弥散系数、反硝化参数、硝化反应参数、有机质适宜分解温度对稻田氮素运移模拟结果影响较大;DRAINMOD模型能够较好地模拟不同灌排模式稻田水氮动态变化、灌排水量、氮素径流总负荷模拟值与实际值差别小于11%;与传统灌排模式相比,控制灌排模式排水量减少33.0%~72.6%,灌水量减少9.7%~37.1%,铵态氮径流负荷减少43.6%~45.0%,硝态氮径流负荷分别减少29.8%~53.1%。【结论】控制灌排模式稻田节水减排效果较好,利用DRAINMOD模型进行不同灌排模式稻田水氮动态模拟可行有效。     

Hydro-physical characteristics of selected media used for containerized agriculture systems

Containerized plant production represents an extremely intensive agricultural practice with large amounts of moisture and fertilizer application. Hydro-physical characteristics such as water infiltration, texture and structure, particle size distribution affect the quality of the media used in containerized agricultural systems and the water availability to plants. Water retention characteristics depend on particle size distribution as well as the composition of the media used. Materials with coarser particles allow faster percolation of water and also retain relatively higher amounts moisture per unit weight due to higher porosity, while draining faster due to smaller surface area per unit weight. Faster drainage can result into airflow through coarser materials causing the media to dry. The objectives of this study were to characterize the selected hydro-physical properties of plant growth media that are commonly used by nurseries in South Florida. Characterization of the plant growing media can allow modeling of soil-water interactions and development of best management practices for more efficient use of water and agrochemicals by nurseries. Experimental analyses were performed to characterize the plant growth mixtures in terms of particle size distribution and hydraulic conductivity using three different methods (i.e., constant head permeability, falling head permeability test, and tension infiltrometer test). The saturated hydraulic conductivity of the mixtures measured by constant head method ranged from 0.029 to 0.042 cm/s (104-151 cm/h) and by falling head method ranged from 0.078 to 0.112 cm/s (281-403 cm/h). The saturated hydraulic conductivity of the mixtures measured by tension infiltrometer ranged from 0.02 to 0.34 cm/h. Understanding water retention and permeation characteristics of the plant growing media could assist development of best management practices (BMP) for containerized agricultural systems for efficient management of irrigation water and agrochemical use.