不同空间分辨率DEM提取坡度不确定性研究

运用信息论与统计学一些指标及比较分析的方法,以1∶1万DEM为研究对象。定性地分析了在黄土丘陵沟壑区DEM空间分辨率对所提取的坡度信息的不确定性影响,并建立了定量的计算公式。研究提出了不同分辨率提取坡度面积的误差评价指标,并找到了一个经验公式,该公式可以根据现有误差计算所需要的分辨率大小,这可以在保证坡度信息精度条件下减小数据量,节约成本。     

不同栅格分辨率数字坡度模型转换图谱研究

以陕北绥德县韭园沟流域为试验样区，采用1：1万比例尺、5m分辨率DEM所提取的坡度为准值，研究该地区在同一比例尺、不同水平分辨率条件下DEM提取坡度因子的精度特征。该研究获得不同栅格分辨率DEM所提取地面坡度统计值的转换图谱。该成果对于正确估算DEM提取坡度等地形因子的精度与应用适用性，对于其它若干应用标准的制定，提供了重要的依据。     

DEM分辨率对地形因子提取精度的影响

为揭示DEM分辨率对地形因子(LS)提取精度的影响,本研究将30 m分辨率DEM数据进行重采样,分别计算30、60、90、120、250、500和1 000m 7个不同分辨率下我国黑土区、黄土区和红壤区的LS因子值,分析3个土壤类型区LS因子随着DEM分辨率变化的特点,并进一步研究LS因子与坡度和坡长的相关性及其空间分布情况.结果表明:黑土区LS因子值最小、黄土区次之,红壤区LS因子值最大;坡度因子比坡长因子对DEM分辨率的变化更为敏感,随着分辨率的降低,L因子值整体变化不大,有轻微先增大后减小趋势,S因子值和LS因子标准差均呈现降低态势;随着DEM分辨率降低,3个土壤类型区的LS因子值均逐渐减小,当分辨率由30 m下降到1 000 m时,LS因子值可降至原来的1/6 ～ 1/3;DEM分辨率为30 m时,LS与坡度的相关系数在0.78～0.86之间(P＜0.05),与坡长的相关系数在0.34 ～0.46之间(P＜0.05),随着DEM分辨率的降低,LS因子与坡长和坡度的相关系数均有明显的降低趋势.在应用土壤流失模型过程中,DEM分辨率对LS因子值的影响不可忽视,研究结果对于大中尺度研究中DEM分辨率选取和参数修正具有一定的参考和借鉴价值.     

基于计曲线的DEM生成与地形分析——以在黄土高原的试验为例

数字高程模型(DEM)是水土流失监测与水土保持中地形分析不可缺少的空间数据，但是，目前国家测绘部门1：1万比例尺DEM的完成尚待时日。提出了利用计曲线快速生成DEM的技术方法，并以黄土丘陵区为试验样区，评定其精度特征与应用适宜性。实验结果表明，该方法生成的DEM同首曲线数字化生成的DEM相比，建立的效率大为提高，精度有保证，能够满足黄土高原地区一般地形分析的需要，不失为一种快速、简洁、有效的技术方法。     

DEM栅格分辨率对丘陵山地区定量土壤-景观模型的影响

基于数字高程模型（Digital Elevation Model,DEM）的定量土壤-景观模型的精度依赖于DEM栅格分辨率,而DEM栅格分辨率如何影响土壤-景观模型及其预测精度目前研究较少。以西南丘陵山地区一典型汇水盆地为研究对象,以该区2.5、5、10、20和30 m DEM为基础,利用逐步线性回归方法建立起研究区不同分辨率下的定量土壤-景观模型,并应用这些模型预测研究区内土壤表层碱解氮含量的空间分布,进而比较DEM不同分辨率下土壤-景观模型及其预测精度。结果表明,随着DEM栅格分辨率的降低,比汇水面积、地形湿度指数的均值逐渐增加;平均坡度逐渐降低;曲率变化的范围逐渐减小。地形指数的这一变化规律对土壤-景观模型及其预测结果产生显著影响,模型的校正决定系数、平均绝对误差和均方根误差都以5 m栅格分辨率为转折点,分辨率低于5 m,模型的校正决定系数显著减小,平均绝对误差和均方根误差显著增加。     

三维激光扫描提取DEM的地形及流域特征研究

以三维激光扫描系统为工具,建立黄土高原丘陵沟壑区绥德县桥沟小流域高精度DEM。在ArcGIS中将高精度DEM和该流域1:1万 DEM分别生成6种栅格大小不同的DEM图像。用2种精度、6种不同水平分辨率的DEM提取研究区的地形及流域特征,进行对比分析。结果表明:与1:1万 DEM相比,高精度DEM提取出的研究区流域面积变小,平均坡度、平均高度、沟壑密度增大,河网密度、河道坡度增大,能够更加详细、准确地描述研究区的地形及流域特征,对流域水文过程分析以及水土保持研究起到积极作用。     

基于全数字摄影测量数据建立DEM时分辨率的确定

分辨率是栅格DEM的基本参数之一,其大小直接影响到DEM的数据质量和地形分析的精度。采用多大的分辨率是建立和应用DEM时需解决的基本问题。利用全数字航空摄影测量方法,获取了位于陕北丘陵沟壑区的实验样区的高精度地形特征点、线数据,在此基础上,生成了9种不同数据密度的点数据集。然后利用ANUDEM和TIN方法,建立具有不同格网尺寸的2种DEM数据系列,并提取坡度均方差,平均坡度和高程中误差。根据坡度均方差、平均坡度和高程中误差随格网尺寸变化的规律,确定了建立DEM时合适的分辨率大小。研究结果表明,在利用全数字摄影测量方法建立1:10000比例尺的DEM时,应采用的分辨率约为2.5m。     

宁南山区雨水集蓄利用模式与技术集成研究

在GIS技术的支持下应用SCS模型，以黄河下游支流洛河卢氏水文站以上流域为研究区，基于1：250000DEM和1：1000000DEM对1992—2000年的流域径流量进行了模拟，研究了径流模拟对DEM分辨率的敏感性，结果表明1：250000DEM的模拟值比1：1000000DEM为高。由不同分辨率的DEM得到流域面积、河网结构、高程等空间参数相差较小，而坡度相关的变化较大。根据SCS模型敏感参数Cn，从坡度参数变化角度分析了不同分辨率的DEM对流域径流量影响。     

DEM内插算法对坡度坡向的影响

虽然DEM的应用越来越广泛,但是在实际研究运用中获取DEM的方式主要是利用各种矢量高程信息通过插值而来,不同的插值算法必然会影响DEM分析的结果;以南方丘陵地区为研究区域,利用样区的1∶10000的矢量地形图为数据源,通过对不同算法生成不同分辨率的DEM坡度、坡向的对比研究发现:在坡度小于30°时,不同的算法对坡度具有显著的影响,而大于30°时分辨率和算法均不会对坡度产生显著影响;研究表明:在具有大量平坦区域的地区,尽管ANUDEM算法生成的DEM总体上的精度最高,但是不会产生平坦区域,所以并不适合于这类地区的地形分析。     

从GTOPO30到SRTM DEM精度研究——以西藏为例

地形数据对于我们了解全球气候变化、土地构成、大气变化，开展区域水土流失研究非常重要。最近，NASA发布了覆盖全球80％陆地面积的90m分辨率的SRTMDEM数据。在SRTMDEM之前，可以免费获得的精度最高的全球DEM数据是GTOPO30（1km）。由于SRTMDEM数据发布不久，对其实际精度缺乏客观了解，因此有必要对其精度开展研究。以广泛应用的GTOPO30为比较对象，对2种DEM的标称精度、生产方法作了介绍，并以西藏地区为例，利用图形和统计方法，分析、比较了2种DEM数据在1km分辨率下的精度。总的来说，SRTMDEM精度高于GTOPO30，研究对于SRTMDEM在其它地区的应用具有重要参考价值。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.