Department of Animal Production and Rangeland Management,Awassa College of Agriculture,P.O. Box 5, Awassa,Sidamo, Ethiopia

Samples were collected from clinically infected carthorses in Awassa. Fungus species affecting the carthorses were identified. Eight genera of fungal groups were isolated from swabs and skin scrapes taken from symptomatic horses. These included Aspergillus spp., Histoplasma spp., Penicillinum spp., Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp., yeast cells of Candida spp., Cryptococcus spp. and Geotrichum spp. The most frequent isolates were from the genera Aspergillus (48 %), Penicillium (39.2 %) and Trichophyton (31.6 %). Clinical findings are reported, the economic, zoonotic and pathogenetic importance of fungi causing dermatomycoses is discussed, and further studies are recommended.     

Epidemiology of equine histoplasmosis (epizootic lymphangitis) in carthorses in Ethiopia

A study was conducted between January 2003 and June 2004 on 19,082 carthorses in 28 towns in Ethiopia to investigate the epidemiology of equine histoplasmosis (EH). Clinical and microscopic examinations were used and an overall prevalence of 18.8% (3579/19082) was recorded. Statistically significant (P<0.001) differences was observed in the average prevalence with high, medium, and low prevalence categories. The highest prevalence (39%) was recorded at Mojo while the lowest (0.0%) was recorded at five towns, namely, Agaro, Bokoji, Debre Berhan, Dinsho, and Sagure. The prevalence of EH was not associated (R=0.08, F=0.15, P=0.71) with the mean annual rainfall but was associated (R=0.64, F=11.5, P<0.01) with the average annual temperature. Statistically significant (R=0.57, F=12.34, P<0.01) association was observed between the altitude of the study towns and the prevalence of EH. Moreover, the number of cases of EH increased significantly (R=0.88, F=90.9, P<0.001) with the horse population in the towns. In general, EH was prevalent in hot and humid towns with an altitude ranging from 1500m above sea level (asl) to 2300masl but was nil or low in cold and in dry and windy towns. It was concluded that EH is prevalent in Ethiopia and warrants the initiation of a control strategy.     

Bovine cysticercosis in cattle slaughtered at Awassa municipal abattoir, Ethiopia: prevalence, cyst viability, distribution and its public health implication

A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2005 to April 2006 on bovine cysticercosis in cattle slaughtered at Awassa municipal abattoir with the objective of determining the prevalence of Taenia saginata cysticercosis, cyst viability, distribution and its public health implication. Questionnaire survey involving 120 respondents was also conducted on human taeniasis. A total of 400 carcasses were examined during the study period, of which 105 (26.25%) were infected with T. saginata metacestodes. From a total of 3200 samples inspected, 500 cysticerci were detected in 141 samples, of which 221 (44.2%) were alive. The anatomical distribution of cysticerci were 65 (29.2%) heart, 56 (25.3%) shoulder muscle, 59 (26.7%) masseter, 23 (10.4%) tongue, 12 (5.4%) diaphragm, three (1.4%) liver, two (0.9%) lung and one (0.5%) kidney samples. The prevalence varied significantly between local and crossbred animals (OR = 3.15, P < 0.05), but not varied between sex, age groups and origin of the animals. T. saginata taeniasis was a widespread public health problem in the town with an overall prevalence of 64.2% (77 of 120). The potential risk factors for disease contraction were raw meat consumption, religion and occupational risks. In conclusion, the study revealed high prevalence of T. saginata metacestodes throughout the edible organs together with existence of deep-rooted tradition of raw meat consumption. This may magnify the public health hazards of T. saginata in the study area. As a result, the disease deserves due attention to safeguard the public health and further promote beef industry in the country.     

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Salmonella Isolates from Apparently Healthy Slaughtered Cattle in Ethiopia

The prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella isolates was determined from apparently healthy slaughtered cattle at Debre Zeit (Ethiopia). A total of 323 cattle were examined for the presence of Salmonella in faeces, mesenteric lymph nodes, abdominal and diaphragmatic muscles. Salmonellae were cultured from 23 (7.1%) of the animals. Salmonellae were isolated from 2 (3.1%) and 3 (4.5%) of 65 pooled faecal and mesenteric lymph node samples, respectively. Nine (2.8%) abdominal muscle and 10 (3.1%) diaphragmatic muscle samples (n = 323 of each) were contaminated by Salmonella. About 60% of the serovars identified in the abdominal and diaphragmatic muscles were also detected from faeces and mesenteric lymph node samples. The five different serovars isolated were Salmonella mishmarhaemek (48%), S. typhimurium (20%), S. enteritidis (12%), S. guildford (12%) and S. dublin (48%). The antimicrobial resistance profiles of 25 of the Salmonella isolates with 17 antimicrobials showed that 52% (13/25) of them were resistant to three or more antimicrobials. Both strains of Salmonella (S. mishmarhaemek and S. typhimurium) showed multiple resistance to ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole and ticarcillin. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Gastrointestinal nematodes in dogs from Debre Zeit, Ethiopia

The study was conducted during the period between January 2005 and June 2006 to determine the frequency of gastrointestinal (GI) nematode infections of dogs in and around Debre Zeit, using qualitative and quantitative coprological (N = 100) and postmortem examinations (N = 20). By coproscopy 51% dogs were positive for different types of nematodal eggs, out of which 23.5% were with mixed infections. On necropsy 95% animals were found positive for adult parasites, of which 31.6% were showing more than one species of adult nematodes. The coproscopical examination revealed 32% infection with Ancylostoma caninum followed by Toxocara canis (21%), Spirocerca lupi (7%) and Trichuris vulpis (3%), while postmortem examination showed 70, 45, 23.5 and 5% infection, respectively. The study further indicated significant difference (P < 0.05) in overall frequency of GI nematode infections among different age groups but no difference (P > 0.05) between sexes.     

Eradication of Rinderpest from Ethiopia

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Antigenic Characterization of Rabies Virus Isolates from Vaccinated Dogs in Plateau State,Nigeria

Rabies isolates (genotype 1 lyssaviruses) from vaccinated dogs that died of rabies infection in the Plateau area of Nigeria were characterized using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). The isolates were examined for rabies (genotype 1) and rabies-related (genotypes 2, 3 and 4) viruses by the indirect fluorescent antibody test carried out with MAb 502-2, which recognizes the nucleocapsid protein of all known lyssaviruses, and with MAb 422-5, which identifies only rabies-related viruses. All three isolates showed positive immunofluorescence with MAb 502-2 and were negative with MAb 422-5, indicating that they were all rabies (genotype 1) viruses.Characterization with a panel of 36 anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies showed that all three isolates reacted positively with 35 of the anti-nucleocapsid MAbs, including MAb 102-27 and MAb 377-7. Characterization using a panel of 44 anti-glycoprotein MAbs differentiated the isolates sharply from LEP Flury and PM vaccine viruses. The pattern of anti-glycoprotein reactivity of the isolates showed them to belong to one distinct viral subtype, except for a minor variation in one isolate that was not neutralized by MAb 1101-3. None of the three isolates was identified as the Flury low egg passage (LEP) vaccine strain used for vaccinating dogs in Nigeria. In fact, all the three isolates had the typical pattern of reactivity of isolates from unvaccinated dogs, including MASS 83, a rabies virus isolated in Nigeria and characterized at the Wister Institute before this study.     

动物源性链球菌红霉素耐药基因的分布

致病性链球菌可导致人和动物的各种化脓性疾病、肺炎、乳腺炎、败血症等，且部分致病性链球菌是重要的人畜共患病病原，对人畜健康均造成极大危害，已引起高度重视。大环内酯类抗生素作为青霉素药物的替代药物是治疗致病性链球菌感染的有效药物。国内外对人医重要的链球菌诸如肺炎球菌、化脓性链球菌的研究表明，临床分离株对大环内酯类抗生素的耐药率较高，     

Foot-and-mouth disease in Ethiopia from 1988 to 1991

Summary During the period 1988 to 1991 samples from 16 foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Ethiopia were examined at the National Veterinary Institute, Ethiopia, and at the FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, UK. Typing of the virus responsible was possible in 13 of these outbreaks representing 10 separate disease events; 8 of these were caused by serotype O and 2 by serotype SAT2. This is the first record of the presence of serotype SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease virus in Ethiopia. In contrast to earlier studies serotypes A and C were not detected.

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La Fiebre Aftosa En Etiopia De 1988 A 1991

Resumen Durante el periodo 1988 a 1991, muestras de 16 brotes de fiebre aftosa fueron examinanos en el Instituto Nacional Veterinario Etíope y el Laboratoria de Referencia de la FAO para Fiebre Aftosa en el Reino Unido. La tipificación del virus responsable fue posible en trece de los brotes, representando diez eventos separados; ocho de éstos fueron causados por el serotipo O y dos por el serotipo SAT2. Este es el primer informe de la presencia de serotipo SAT2 de fiebre aftosa en Etiopía. En contraste con estudios previos, no se encontraron los serotipos A y C.

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La Fievre Aphteuse En Ethiopie De 1988 A 1991

Résumé De 1988 à 1991, des prélèvements provenant de 16 cas de fièvre aphteuse ont été examinés à l'Institut National Vétérinaire en Ethiopie et au Laboratoire de référence mondiale de la FAO pour la fièvre aphteuse, au Royaume Uni. Le typage du virus responsable a été possible dans 13 des cas représentant 10 foyers séparés de la maladie, huit d'entre eux étaient causés par le sérotype O et 2 par le sérotype SAT2. Il s'agit de la première observation de la présence du sérotype SAT2 du virus de la fièvre aphteuse en Ethiopie. Contrairement aux études précédentes, les sérotypes A et C n'ont pas été mis en évidence.

     

First-time detection of mycobacterium species from goats in Ethiopia

Tuberculosis (TB) is an important zoonosis affecting a wide range of hosts. An abattoir study was conducted on 1,536 randomly selected male goats slaughtered at Modjo Modern Export Abattoir to determine the prevalence of tuberculosis in slaughtered goats. Carcasses and organs of all the study animals were first examined by routine meat inspection followed by detailed meat inspection. Samples from tuberculous lesions were cultured for mycobacterial isolation and identification. Histopathology was done on 31 samples with tuberculous lesions. Detailed meat inspection detected 65 (4.2%; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.3–5.4%) tuberculous lesions. From these, 20 (30.8%) samples were confirmed mycobacterium positive on culture, out of which 18 were Mycobacterium bovis and two were Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Routine meat inspection failed to detect tuberculous lesions in 23% of carcasses with TB lesions detected by detailed examination. However, no statistically significant difference was observed between both methods in detecting tuberculous lesions (Kappa = 0.87). Origin and age of the goats did not statistically affect the disease prevalence (P > 0.05). Histopathologic lesions were observed in 21 samples (68%; 95% CI = 50.1–81.4%) out of the 31 carcasses with gross tuberculous lesions examined by histopathology. Eighteen (58%) tuberculous samples positive for histopathology were also culture positive. The sensitivity and specificity of histopathology were 90% (95% CI = 76.9–100%) and 72.7% (95% CI = 46.4–99%), respectively, using culture as a reference test. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of caprine tuberculosis from Ethiopia. Further studies are required at the farm level to determine the prevalence of tuberculosis in the general goat population.     

猪源沙门菌分离鉴定与耐药性分析

2015年9月和2016年10月,河南省两猪场暴发保育仔猪的急性死亡,为了弄清原因,采集心血、肺脏和肝脏病料,通过常规分离、PCR鉴定、生化试验,分离到2株沙门菌,分别命名为HenanSep1、HenanSq2N。小鼠致病性试验结果显示,每只小鼠接种0.2mL菌液,其浓度为5×10~8 CFU/mL,均导致小鼠发病,但是无死亡。选取21种药物,采用K-B法对2个分离株进行药物敏感性测定。药敏试验结果表明,2株沙门菌对头孢噻呋、氨苄西林、磺胺甲恶唑/甲氧苄啶、磺胺异恶唑、氯霉素、恩诺沙星耐药,对美罗培南、亚胺培南、氨曲南、多黏菌素B、土霉素敏感,对其他药物敏感性不同。研究结果为猪沙门菌病临床诊断与防治提供了重要依据。     

Characterization of Isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae from Diseased Farmed and Wild Marine Fish from the U.S. Gulf Coast,Latin America,and Thailand

We examined Lancefield serogroup B Streptococcus isolates recovered from diseased, cultured hybrid Striped Bass (Striped Bass Morone saxatilis × White Bass M. chrysops) and wild and cultured Gulf Killifish Fundulus grandis from coastal waters of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico (Gulf coast) and compared those isolates to strains from tilapias Oreochromis spp. reared in Mississippi, Thailand, Ecuador, and Honduras and to the original Gulf coast strain identified by Plumb et al. (1974 Plumb, J.A., J.H. Schachte, J.L. Gaines, W. Peltier, and B. Carroll. 1974. Streptococcus sp. from marine fishes along the Alabama and northwest Florida coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 103:358–361.[Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). The isolates were subjected to phylogenetic, biochemical, and antibiotic susceptibility analyses. Genetic analysis was performed using partial sequence comparison of (1) the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene; (2) the sipA gene, which encodes a surface immunogenic protein; (3) the cspA gene, which encodes a cell surface-associated protein; and (4) the secY gene, which encodes components of a general protein secretion pathway. Phylogenies inferred from sipA, secY, and cspA gene sequence comparisons were more discriminating than that inferred from the 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison. The U.S. Gulf coast strains showed a high degree of similarity to strains from South America and Central America and belonged to a unique group that can be distinguished from other group B streptococci. In agreement with the molecular findings, biochemical and antimicrobial resistance analyses demonstrated that the isolates recovered from the U.S. Gulf coast and Latin America were more similar to each other than to isolates from Thailand. Three laboratory challenge methods for inducing streptococcosis in Gulf Killifish were evaluated—intraperitoneal (IP) injection, immersion (IMM), and immersion plus abrasion (IMMA)—using serial dilutions of S. agalactiae isolate LADL 97-151, a representative U.S. Gulf coast strain. The dose that was lethal to 50% of test fish by 14 d postchallenge was approximately 2 CFU/fish via IP injection. In contrast, the fish that were challenged via IMM or IMMA presented cumulative mortality less than 40% by 14 d postchallenge.

Received July 31, 2014; accepted March 11, 2015     

野猪源奇异变形杆菌的分离鉴定及致病性分析

为探究贵州省野猪携带病原菌情况,本试验对无菌采集自全省6个地区15头野猪肝脏样本的分离菌株进行培养观察、革兰染色、生化鉴定、16S rRNA基因序列分析、药敏试验和小鼠致病性试验及病理组织切片,同时根据已报道的基因序列合成奇异变形杆菌的mrpA、rsbA、ureC、zapA、rsmA、hpmA、FIiL、ucaA、pm...     

Study on skin diseases in sheep from northern Ethiopia

A study was conducted to determine the cause and prevalence of skin diseases in local sheep from northern Ethiopia. Of 520 sheep examined 174 (33%) had skin diseases of different causes. The identified causes were lice infestation due to Damalina ovis and Linognatus africanus (21%), sheep pox (8%), sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptic Scab. var. ovis) (4%), dermatophilosis due to Dermatophilus congolensis (3%), and orf (contagious ecthyma) (3%). There was no statistically significant (P > 0.05) association of any of the skin diseases with age and sex of the sheep examined. The occurrence and spread of the diseases were associated with poor management, climatic factors, feed scarcity and inadequate veterinary services. The increasing threat of skin diseases to the development of sheep production warranting an urgent control intervention is indicated.     

巨蜥源嗜水气单胞菌分离株的病原特性分析

从 3批均以呼吸道症状和出血性胃肠炎为主要特征的死亡巨蜥中获得 3株嗜水气单胞菌。其培养性状及生化特性基本一致 ,均可产生β-溶血环。分离株对小鼠有较强的致病性 ,对PG、COS、VAN、CIP、NOR、CAR耐药。 3个菌株具有相同的菌体 (O)抗原血清型 ,该血清型与嗜水气单胞菌参考菌株 J1不同。应用丁胺卡那霉素和火焰消毒笼舍可有效防治上述菌株所导致的巨蜥疾病