Patterns of distribution and behaviour of flocks of seaducks wintering at Leith and Musselburgh,Scotland

The numbers, distribution and behaviour of flocks of seaducks in the Firth of Forth off Edinburgh are described for six winters. Whilst flocks of goldeneye and scaup were concentrated near sewer outfalls where they fed on invertebrates benefiting from the sewage and on items (grain) in the effluent, eiders were found around beds of mussels and other bivalves.It is argued that for goldeneye and scaup, feeding on items in the effluent was of secondary importance to feeding on sewer-enriched populations of invertebrates and that, whilst these species showed a close link with sewers, eiders and other marine seaduck species were at most only tenuously so linked.     

再生水短期灌溉对土壤-作物中重金属分布影响的试验研究

再生水是农业灌溉的重要水资源。该文在田间小区开展了为期4年的再生水灌溉试验，研究了重金属在土壤-作物系统中的转化与分布规律。结果表明：短期内重金属在土壤中的累积不明显，且土壤和作物籽粒中的重金属含量都远低于国家标准规定的允许值，再生水短期灌溉对土壤环境和作物均不会造成污染影响；同时，不同再生水灌溉水量条件下，土壤中重金属含量无显著差异，再生水灌溉带入土壤中的重金属量小于作物收获所带走的重金属量，带出量和带入量对土壤中重金属平衡的影响较小。     

珠江三角洲污灌区土壤中重金属含量特征

通过现场采样及室内测试方法,分析了珠江三角洲污灌区土壤中9种重金属Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Mn、Ni、As、Cr、Se的含量分布特征。结果表明,污灌区土壤9种重金属的全量平均含量均已超出广东省土壤背景值,其中Cd的污染程度最重,Se的污染程度最轻;污灌区土壤以Cd元素的有效系数最高,Ni元素的有效系数最低。Zn、Pb、Cu以及Cd元素随采样深度的增加其全量逐渐减少,Cr、Ni、As以及Se元素随采样深度的增加其全量呈上下波动状态或几乎不变,而Mn元素则是随采样深度的增加其全量先略有减少而后骤升。Cu、Cd、Zn等3种元素全量与有效态含量以及这3种元素全量间均呈显著或极显著的正相关关系。     

太原市污灌区土壤有效态铜锌和锰含量评价

为了研究太原市污水灌溉对土壤有效态元素铜、锌和锰含量的影响,对太原市污水灌溉区（小店区、尖草坪区、晋源区和清徐县）150个土壤样品有效态微量元素铜、锌和锰的含量和分布进行了测定和分析。结果表明,长期污水灌溉导致该区土壤铜、锌和锰的含量均高于文献测定值。有效铜含量晋源区〉小店区〉清徐县〉尖草坪区,分级评价结果均以中等级含量为主;有效锌含量小店区〉晋源区〉清徐县〉尖草坪区,除小店区以低、中级含量为主外,其他3个污灌区均以低等级含量为主;有效锰含量晋源区〉清徐县〉尖草坪区〉小店区,其分级分布情况变异最大,除小店区以低等级含量为主外,其他研究区域有效态锰均以高等级和极高等级含量为主。整体来看,研究区整体缺锌,有效铜含量适中,有效锰含量较高。     

农村生活污水生态处理工艺研究与应用

农村生活污染源成为影响水环境的重要因素,特别在水源地、库区对尤其明显.通过分析城市污水处理和乡村污水处理的不同之处,将生物方法与生态工程有机结合,研究开发既节省成本和运行费用,又能达到稳定的除磷脱氮效果的农村污水处理新工艺是非常必要的.该文以实际工程为依托,研究建立了“五环”式(ACGMP, anaerobic, constructed wetlands, genetic engineering of rice, microorganism, pond)生态高效农村生活污水处理工程系统,该系统在进行自然村污水各户连接的基础上,建设污水厌氧反应器、人工湿地,种植高吸附主要污染因子的水生植物,投入高效污水分解专用微生物,利用天然池塘等5个环节,整个工程系统无电力,实现完全自流动,处理后的污水达到国家规定的排放标准.该系统在三峡库区应用,取得了明显的效果,pH值、化学需氧量COD、总磷、总氮、氨氮、活性污泥浓度、六价铬、等10个指标,都达到了国家排放标准.对于农村污水处理,特别在水源地和水库水质保护方面是非常重要和成功的工程化措施,具有广阔的应用推广前景.     

Detection of Enteroviruses,Adenoviruses and Hepatitis A Viruses in Raw Sewage and Treated Effluents by Nested-PCR

To determine the good working condition of the biological treatment plant of the University Hospital of Patras, Greece, twenty-four raw sewage samples and twenty-four effluent samples were analyzed for the presence of enteroviruses, adenoviruses and Hepatitis A virus (HAV), during the period of March 1995 to March 1996. We used a nested-PRC approach, to increase the sensitivity of the detection. Enteroviruses and adenoviruses were detected in twelve samples (50%) and fourteen samples (58.3%) of raw sewage, respectively. HAV was not detected in any of the raw sewage samples. The more frequent isolation of adenoviruses in raw sewage, indicates their stability as virological indicators of the pollution of the environment. In addition, a seasonal distribution of the detection of enteroviruses and adenoviruses was observed. The absence of HAV is in agreement with the lack of HAV infections in the hospital during that period of time. In contrast with the raw sewage, we were unable to detect the presence of enteroviruses, adenoviruses in samples collected after the biological treatment plant. This fact indicates the effective treatment of sewage by the local biological purification plant.     

Changes in Copper Speciation and Geochemical Fate in Freshwaters Following Sewage Discharges

The main factors determining the geochemical fate of copper in urban freshwaters affected by raw sewage discharges were investigated in this work. Water samples from the Iraí and Iguaçu rivers were collected monthly during a 1-year period at two points located upstream and downstream from the city of Curitiba, in Brazil. Results revealed that raw sewage discharges from the heavily urbanized area caused an enhancement of humic-coated suspended solids in the Iguaçu River. In these waters copper is predominantly associated with the humic-coated particles whereas in the Iraí River copper was found primarily in the aqueous phase. The transfer of copper from the aqueous to the solid phase changed its physical speciation along the watercourse. Thus, aspects related to the overall transport of trace metals in watercourses become an important issue to be considered in further studies concerning the effect of sewage discharges on the geochemical speciation and fate of trace metals in urban rivers.     

Characterization of Phosphorus in Sewage Sludge from Different Sources by 31Phosphorus Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

To investigate the distribution and dynamics of phosphorus (P) in soils for environmental protection and agronomical usage, ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (³¹P NMR) was used to characterize the contents and chemical properties of P in sewage sludge from 13 wastewater treatment plants in Shanghai. The samples were extracted with 0.25 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) / 0.05 M sodium ethylenediamietetraacetic acid (Na₂EDTA) in ratio of 1:20 (w/v). Total P recovery in the extract ranged from 91 to 116% when compared to traditional chemical methods. The dominant forms of P in all samples were inorganic orthophosphates and orthophosphates monoesters. Orthophosphate diesters and pyrophosphates were present in only two and four samples, respectively. This study provides detailed information on the distribution, contents, and chemical properties of P in sewage sludge that may be of value in the utilization of sewage sludge for agronomic purposes.     

单次污水灌溉后长期污灌土壤镉的垂向分布特征

以河南省新乡市娘娘庙污灌区一块约328 m2的田块为研究区,采用均值、变异系数、半方差函数及分维数等相结合的方法,分析一次污水灌溉前后10 d内东西向剖面A、B、C和D(南北向每相距10.5 m设置1个剖面,由北至南依次编号为A、B、C和D)的土壤有效镉的垂向空间变异及其分布特征,为田块土壤中有效态镉分布与土壤植物修复相结合的研究思路提供基础性探讨。结果表明:灌水后,土壤有效镉含量在剖面A、B、C和D的均值分别减少0.06 mg?kg?1、0.11 mg?kg?1、0.14 mg?kg?1和0.23 mg?kg?1,呈现中等离散程度;在0.393~1.308 m变程范围内,块基比C0/(C0+C)25%,土壤有效镉剖面总体表现出由随机性引发的变异较小,空间相关性较强;剖面A、C和D土壤有效态镉的分维数降低,空间变异程度减弱。Kriging插值结果表明该区有效镉呈条带状分布格局,且在0~15 cm土层呈现累积现象;沿灌水方向,土壤有效镉含量剖面等值线分布由密集到稀疏。相关分析表明,土壤有效镉含量与土壤有机质含量呈正相关,与土壤含水率呈中等程度相关,与p H呈现强负相关,表现为土壤有机质含量越高土壤有效镉含量越大,p H越高土壤有效镉含量越小;污水灌溉对土壤有效镉、土壤含水率、土壤p H和土壤有机质的影响显著,同时会削弱有效镉与各影响因子间的相关关系。伴随着污水灌溉动态的有效镉分布和变异特征可以为应用植物吸附进行土壤重金属污染修复方面的研究提供基础数据。     

基于PSR模型的滇池流域农村生活污水空间分布特征和控制研究

农村生活污水已成为滇池水污染的主要原因之一,准确掌握农村生活污水污染空间分布特征是污染治理的基本条件。基于农村面源污染普查数据,分析滇池流域农村生活污水污染物排放量,通过基于压力-状态-响应（PSR）模型的系统分析,提出滇池流域农村生活污水的系统控制方案。结果表明,生活污水污染物排放量大小为西山区〉官渡区〉晋宁县〉呈贡县〉盘龙区〉五华区〉嵩明县,湖滨平原区〉山地丘陵区;采用ArcGIS9.2软件,分析污染物空间分布特征和城市污水处理厂、集镇污水处理站纳污处理范围的空间关系,提出分散式农村生活污水处理设施空间布局与建设方案。     

Distribution and background levels of mercury in sediment cores from selected wisconsin lakes

The vertical distribution of Hg in sediment cores from a range of hard- and soft-water lakes in Wisconsin was evaluated in terms of potential sources of Hg during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. For the Madison lakes, the trends in Hg distribution were related to variations in sewage inputs during the last 80 yr. It is unlikely that either inputs of sewage or erosional products are responsible for the observed accumulation of Hg in the most recent sediments from three lakes in northeastern Wisconsin. Background levels varied from 0.01 to 0.24 ppm of Hg (intact sediment basis) in precultural sediments from the Wisconsin lakes investigated. There was no consistent relationship between the concentration of Hg and other sediment components of potential importance in the retention of Hg.     

池塘系统在农村面源污染防治中的应用

 农村生活污水是农村面源污染的重要来源。通过为期1年的农村污水水质监测,研究松花坝水源区建立池塘系统对农村污水的净化效果。结果表明:1)池塘系统对铵氮、总氮、总磷的输出具有较好的控制效果,最高去除速率分别为3.78、4.20、1.06g/(m2.d),最大去除率分别为88.35%、79.28%、86.49%;2)由于硝化和反硝化作用同时存在,硝态氮的含量变化不能准确地反映池塘对硝态氮的去除效果;3)池塘系统对污染物的去除效果与污染物的输入速率呈负相关关系。研究结果可为松华坝水源区农村面源污染治理提供一定的理论依据。     

Effects of Urban Sewage on Dissolved Oxygen,Dissolved Inorganic and Organic Carbon,and Electrical Conductivity of Small Streams along a Gradient of Urbanization in the Piracicaba River Basin

In Brazil most of the urban sewage is dumped without treatment into rivers. Because of this, it is extremely important to evaluate the consequences of organic matter rich sewage on the structure and functioning of river ecosystems. In this study we investigated the effects of urban sewage on the dissolved oxygen (O₂), dissolved inorganic (DIC) and organic carbon (DOC), and electrical conductivity (EC) in 10 small streams of the Piracicaba River basin, southeast region of Brazil. In the Piracicaba River basin, which is one of the most developed regions of the country, only 16% of the total sewage load generated is treated. These streams were classified into two groups, one with heavy influence of urban sewage and another with less influence. Both concentrations and seasonal variability were distinct between the two groups. The streams that received sewage effluent had a combination of low O₂ with high DIC, DOC, and EC. In the polluted streams, concentrations of dissolved carbon forms and EC were higher and O₂ concentration lower during the low water period. In the less polluted streams seasonal variations in concentrations were small. We also investigated the efficiency of a sewage treatment plant installed two years ago in the catchment of one of these streams. It was observed an increase in the O₂ concentration after the beginning of the treatment, and a decrease of DIC and DOC concentrations especially during the low water period. However, no significant change was observed in the EC, suggesting that the concentrations of major ions is still unaltered, and that a secondary treatment is necessary in order to reduce ion load into the stream.     

白银市污灌区土壤-小麦系统镉赋存特征及其健康风险评价

为探明白银市有色冶炼污灌区土壤镉(Cd)形态、空间分布特征及小麦中Cd含量对人体健康的影响,采用连续分级提取法和地理信息系统(ArcGIS)空间插值方法,研究污灌区表层土壤和不同污染程度典型土壤剖面Cd赋存形态及其空间分布差异,阐明污灌区Cd在不同生育期春小麦不同器官中分布和富集特征,并利用健康风险模型计算Cd的健康风险水平并进行空间区划。结果表明,表层土壤Cd不同形态平均含量依次为碳酸盐结合态>可交换离子态>铁锰氧化物结合态>残渣态>有机结合态,占全量比例依次为碳酸盐结合态>残渣态>可交换离子态>铁锰氧化物结合态>有机结合态,其空间分布与Cd总量分布相似。Cd的五种形态均与pH呈显著负相关,与土壤有机质(SOM)呈显著正相关。除残渣态外,其他四种Cd形态和阳离子交换量(CEC)呈显著正相关。0~60 cm土壤剖面Cd形态以碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主,可交换离子态随污染程度降低而降低,残渣态随污染程度降低而增加。春小麦不同器官的Cd含量随春小麦生长总体表现为根>叶>茎>籽粒。Cd健康风险分布与土壤Cd总量、土壤可交换离子态和碳酸盐结合态Cd的空间分布一致。不同区域居民食用小麦对成人的健康风险指数(HQ)范围在1.2~5.6之间,均大于1,已存在非致癌健康风险。本研究结果为白银市土壤重金属Cd污染综合防控提供了科学依据。     

Sorption and Fractionation of Copper in Soil at a Sewage Irrigation Farm in Australia

Abstract

Copper (Cu) is an important heavy metal to be considered in soil contamination, because high concentrations of copper in soil produce toxic effects and may accumulate in plant tissues. In Australia's oldest sewage irrigation farm, located in Werribee, Victoria, soil in the land filtration area is contaminated by Cu. However, Cu content in herbage tissues is in the normal range and has been trending downward since 1979. Therefore, studies on the sorption capacity and sequential extraction of Cu in soil at the Werribee Farm is of significance, not only for better understanding the mechanism of transport, chemical processes, and plant uptake of Cu, but also in providing information for the practical management of sewage farm soils. Methods of combining sorption isotherms with sequential extraction procedures were adopted, and the results showed that the soil in the land filtration area at Werribee Farm has a high sorption capacity for Cu, and distribution coefficients, K_f of Cu, were 629 L kg^?1 in surface soils (0–20 cm) and 335 L kg^?1 in subsurface soils (20–40 cm). The sequential extraction fractions demonstrate that exchangeable and carbonate fractions are very low, only comprising 3.49 to 5.49% of total copper. The other fractions are also discussed. This characteristic of Cu in soil is related to the low concentration of Cu in plant tissues.     

The determination of heavy metals in domestic sewage treatment plant wastes

Atomic absorption spectroscopy procedures are outlined for the determination of some important heavy metals in sewage treatment plant solids and liquids. Problems associated with sample preparation and sample solution interferences are described. It is recommended that reference standards and internal laboratory control samples be used to allow some assessment of the validity of results. Sewage treatment plant products both liquid and solid were analyzed and results given for samples representing a wide range of sewage input patterns.     

Effect of a sewage plant in the distribution of organochlorine residues in the Diyala River,Iraq

As a continuation of the National Pesticide Monitoring Program in Iraq, this work was carried out to study the distribution of organochlorine insecticide residues in sediments and water from the lower part of Diyala river, Iraq, where a large sewage treatment plant is located. Sediment and water samples were analyzed by gas chromatography and found to contain different levels of lindane, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, chlordane and isomers and metabolites of DDT. High levels of these compounds were detected in water samples taken in April. No corelation with time was noticed in sediment samples. The highest and most frequet values were those of chlordane and DDT in sediment and water samples. It was difficult to assess the effect of the sewage treatment plant on water pollution with organochlorine residues.     

Effects of long-term sewage irrigation on agricultural soil microbial structural and functional characterizations in Shandong,China

Soil samples taken from a sewage irrigation area, a partial sewage irrigation area and a ground water irrigation area (control area) were studied with the methods of Biolog and FAME. It was found that the microbial utilization of carbon sources in sewage irrigation areas was much higher than that of control area (P < 0.05). With the increasing of the amount of sewage irrigation, microbial functional diversity slightly increased by the Biolog analysis; however, the amount of epiphyte decreased by the FAME analysis. The results also showed that the Cr, Zn contents were positively correlated with the values of AWCD and the microbial diversity, while Hg content showed negative correlation with the microbial parameters (AWCD of 72 h and Shannon index). Our studies suggested that sewage irrigation resulted in an obvious increase of heavy metals content in soil (P < 0.05), although the maximum heavy metals concentrations were much lower than the current standard of China. Other soil basic characteristics such as cation exchange capacity (CEC), total nitrogen (N_t) and organic matter in sewage irrigation areas obviously increased (P < 0.05). Therefore, it is demonstrated that long-term sewage irrigation had influenced soil microorganisms and soil quality in the studied soils. As a result, it is important to monitor the changes in agricultural soils. Furthermore, our results also confirmed that the methods of Biolog and FAME are effective tools for the assessment of soil microbial structure/function and soil health.     

生活污水净化沼气工程在新农村建设中的作用与发展对策

生活污水净化沼气工程具有投资分散、易于建造、不专门占用土地、运行不耗能和具有较好的社会效益等特点,已在全国不少地区得到推广应用,获得较为满意的卫生效果和良好的环保效果,是现今适合我国国情的一条分散处理中小城镇居民生活污水的有效途径,必将在新农村建设中发挥巨大作用。但该工程在产业化发展过程中,仍遇到很多制约因素和障碍。本文从生活污水净化沼气工程的技术特点和在新农村建设中的作用,通过对影响其产业化发展的主要障碍的分析研究,提出几点对策和措施。     

High Performance Size Exclusion Chromatography of Water Extract from Sewage Sludge-Soil Mixture

In order to investigate the degradation or synthetic process of organic matter in soil, some instrumental analyses on the water extract from soil have been recently performed. SCHAUMBERG et al. (1) who observed the changes in the chemical nature of water-soluble components of sewage sludge-soil mixtures by using infrared spectroscopy, supplied valuable information on the fate of sludge organic components in soil. The authors reported (2, 3) that the stabilization process of sewage sludge in soil can be monitored by the conventional gel chromatography method with Sephadex G-15 in water extracts from sewage sludge-soil mixtures.

The previous works (2, 3) showed that macromolecular compounds which cannot be separated by Sephadex G-15 gel were present in the water extracts from sewage sludge-soil mixtures. High performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) offers the possibility to estimate the molecular size distribution of such macromolecules, because HPSEC allows rapid size separation and high resolution. In the size separation of water-soluble compounds by HPSEC, however, the charge exclusion and the hydrophobic interaction between solutes and the stationary phase of the column caused accelerated or retarded transportation of water-soluble compounds through the column, leading to the erroneous estimation of the molecular size (4).

In this study, the authors applied HPSEC to water extracts from sewage sludgesoil mixtures during their process of decomposition in soil to observe the change of the molecular size distribution of the components.