松滋市2021-2022年小麦赤霉病防控试验示范初析

为筛选出防治小麦赤霉病有效、安全的药剂,本研究对麦田喜、劲兴、麦甜+麦甜伴侣、福满美等4种农药对小麦赤霉病的防治效果进行了测定。结果表明,2021年,供试4种农药对小麦赤霉病的病指防效在44.6%～71.6%,最高防效为麦甜+麦甜伴侣处理区;施药区小麦产量在290.9 kg～342.7 kg之间,均高于对照区,其中最高产量是麦甜+麦甜伴侣处理区。2022年,不同药剂对小麦赤霉病的防效均在97%以上,小麦产量在350.2 kg～410.9 kg之间,最好防效和最高产量均来自劲兴药剂处理区。两年试验示范显示,以上4种药剂对小麦赤霉病的防治效果理想且田间表现稳定,对小麦生长安全,并有增产作用,具有推广使用的价值。     

不同药剂组合对小麦赤霉病防控效果及效益评价

为促进农业绿色发展,保障小麦生产和质量安全,笔者开展了不同药剂组合对小麦赤霉病防控效果和效益示范。结果表明,示范区各处理对小麦赤霉病防治效果显著,防效均达到了86%以上,防效最好的是麦甜+麦甜伴侣,防效高达94.6%,其次是轮换用药的麦田喜+麦甜,防效达92.7%,纯单一药剂中防效最好的是乐麦宝,防效为91.4%;乐麦宝、麦田喜、麦甜、麦甜+麦甜伴侣、麦田喜+劲兴、麦田喜+麦甜、麦甜+福满美防效显著,增产增收提质效果明显。     

4种药剂组合防治小麦赤霉病田间药效试验

小麦赤霉病是松滋市小麦常发病害,为筛选对小麦赤霉病防治效果较好的化学药剂,确保小麦稳产保质保收,本试验采用48%丙硫菌唑SC等4种药剂组合开展田间药效试验,明确了4种药剂组合对小麦赤霉病的防效。结果表明,在小麦抽穗扬花期间隔7 d施用2次药剂后,48%丙硫菌唑SC、48%丙硫菌唑+30%肟菌酯·戊唑醇SC、48%丙硫菌唑+12.5%氟环唑SC、28%丙硫菌唑·多菌灵SC的防治效果依次是99.19%、98.84%、98.95%、97.80%,防治效果均较理想,有推广防治大田小麦赤霉病的良好潜力。     

不同杀菌剂对小麦纹枯病和赤霉病的防治效果

为明确不同杀菌剂对小麦纹枯病、赤霉病的防治效果,在大田条件下以‘开麦21’为试验材料研究了12种杀菌剂对小麦纹枯病、11种杀菌剂对赤霉病的防治效果及对小麦产量的影响。结果表明:30%己唑醇悬浮剂76.5g/hm2、75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂168.75g/hm2处理对小麦纹枯病的防效较好,拔节期病指防效(乳熟期枯白穗防效)分别为62.77%(56.21%)和60.58%(53.45%),小麦产量较对照分别增加27.65%和21.30%;48%氰烯·戊唑醇悬浮剂432g/hm2、25%氰烯菌酯悬浮剂750g/hm2处理对小麦赤霉病的防效较好,病指防效(病穗防效)分别为70.78%(56.57%)和68.84%(46.86%),小麦产量较对照分别增加25.44%和24.40%。综合分析,以上药剂可做田间大面积推广应用。     

植保飞防对小麦赤霉病的防治效果

为了筛选植保飞防对口药剂,验证植保飞防对小麦赤霉病的防治效果、作业效率,2017年在钟祥市石牌镇开展小麦赤霉病飞防试验。结果表明,400g/L戊唑·咪鲜胺EW、45%戊唑醇·咪鲜胺EW、25%咪鲜胺EW、吡虫啉+功夫+苯醚甲环唑+嘧菌酯SE、25%氰烯菌酯SC均适合作为小麦赤霉病植保飞防药剂。从防效和增产效果综合来看,25%氰烯菌酯SC是预防小麦赤霉病最佳药剂。植保飞防P20无人植保机日作业面积可达20hm~2~33.33hm~2,是农户精防作业的20倍~33倍,是常规自防作业的12倍~20倍。植保飞防与农户精防在防病增产效果方面没有区别,赤霉病飞防效率为66.76%~77.04%,较农户自防提高15.78%~26.06%,产量提高5.3%~21.3%。     

不同杀菌剂不同施用次数对小麦赤霉病的防效

在种植小麦赤霉病高感品种襄麦1321的田间进行施药试验。调查5种药剂:50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂、25%氰烯菌酯悬浮剂、25%咪鲜胺乳油、70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂、30%福美双可湿性粉剂分别喷施1~4次处理对小麦赤霉病的防治效果。结果表明,施药24h内降雨对氰烯菌酯的防效影响最大;咪鲜胺防效相对较差,不同施用次数的病指防效为42.51%~64.55%;多菌灵、甲基硫菌灵和氰烯菌酯施用3~4次的处理防效较高,病指防效均达70%以上;福美双的防效随施用次数增多而提高,施用4次的处理防效也达70%以上。     

不同药剂对小麦赤霉病的飞防效果比较

赤霉病严重影响小麦产量和品质。为及时有效防控赤霉病,2021年分别在两地不同生育期小麦上开展了赤霉病药剂飞防试验。结果显示,飞防可以快速有效防治小麦赤霉病,扬花初期飞防的效果好于破口期抽穗期;赤霉病重发年份飞防2次的防效好于飞防1次;48%氰烯·戊唑醇50 mL/667m²飞防2次的防效在80%以上,15%丙唑·戊唑醇75 mL/667m²飞防2次防效在73%左右,43%戊唑醇20 mL/667m²飞防2次防效在70%以上,20%丙三醇飞防助剂10 mL/667m²可以有效提高药剂防效。     

助剂对小麦赤霉病大田飞防效果的影响

近几年,天门市小麦赤霉病发生严重。本文采用15%丙唑·戊唑醇SC(麦田喜)和25%氰烯菌酯SC(劲护)等药剂,使用农用无人机防治小麦赤霉病,并研究添加助剂麦霸与天飞沉降剂对飞防效果的影响以及减药作用。试验结果表明：15%丙唑·戊唑醇SC、25%氰烯菌酯SC的防效最高分别达51.42%和58.22%,以上两种药剂添加助剂麦霸与天飞沉降剂后防效最高分别达61.13%和68.04%,说明添加助剂有助于提高飞防效果;添加助剂并降低30%的农药量后,防治效果未显著下降。相同配比用量的农药,每667 m²兑水3 L的喷施防治效果要优于兑水1 L的喷施防治效果。     

酸性氧化电解水防治小麦赤霉病田间试验

为探索酸性氧化电解水(以下简称电解水)防治小麦赤霉病田间效果,2018年在光山县开展电解水防治小麦赤霉病田间试验结果表明:电解水对小麦赤霉病的防效为60.19%;用电解水稀释2/3常规用药量20g/667m2的25%戊唑醇防效为71.05%比用清水稀释25%戊唑醇30g/667m2(全量)防效为67.60%高。方差分析,电解水与25%戊唑醇对小麦赤霉病的防治效果没有显著差异。电解水既可以替代化学农药也可以减量化学农药防治小麦赤霉病。     

25%氰烯菌酯悬浮剂防治小麦赤霉病试验

试验结果表明,供试药剂25%氰烯菌酯悬浮剂对小麦赤霉病的防效较好。在发病初期连施两次药基本能控制小麦赤霉病的为害,其内吸性较好,持效期较长。在试验剂量范围内对小麦生长发育无不良影响,是防治小麦赤霉病较理想的药剂。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Transgene herbizidresistente Kulturen

Zusammenfassung Herbizidresistente Kulturpflanzen nehmen unter den derzeit weltweit angebauten gentechnisch veränderten Ackerbaukulturen Sojabohne, Baumwolle, Raps und Mais den weit überwiegenden Anteil ein. Als Ursachen für die rasche Zunahme der Anbauflächen herbizidresistenter Sorten sind unter anderem die Unzulänglichkeiten der für diese Kulturen bestehenden Herbizidlösungen sowie die Zunahme der pfluglosen Bestellverfahren zu sehen. Im Gegenzug hat die Minimalbodenbearbeitung aufgrund der Einführung der Herbizidresistenztechnologie, insbesondere in Sojabohne, ein ausgeprägtes Flächenwachstum erfahren.Als Entscheidungskriterien für die Wahl des Unkrautbekämpfungssystems unter Einbezug des Anbaus herbizidresistenter oder konventioneller Sorten lassen sich aus den Erfahrungen der vergangenen 8 Jahre anführen: Sortenleistung, erhöhte Kulturverträglichkeit und zeitliche Anwendungsflexibilität, Wirkungssicherheit einer Nachauflaufbehandlung in Trockenregionen, Wirkungsbreite, Wirkungsdauer und Bekämpfung resistenter Unkrautbiotypen. Aufgrund fehlender Zulassungen und Kennzeichnungsvorschriften in wichtigen Exportmärkten sind für den Anbau transgener Sorten in Übersee auch Vermarktungseinschränkungen sowie für den Anbau in Europa Haftungs- und Koexistenzregeln wichtige einzelbetriebliche Entscheidungsparameter.Fortschritte erfährt die Herbizidresistenztechnologie kurz- und mittelfristig in der Weiterentwicklung bereits praktizierter Spritzfolgen und Tankmischungen zu Fertigformulierungen der Komplementärherbizide mit residualen Partnern. Zur Bekämpfung und Vorbeugung der Ausbreitung neuer herbizidresistenter Biotypen werden die Komplementärherbizide mit Partnern anderer Wirkungsmechanismen kombiniert. Weitere Entwicklungen sind die Kombination verschiedener transgener Merkmale mit der Herbizidresistenz sowie die Ausweitung von den derzeit dominierenden Kulturen auf weltweit weniger bedeutsame Kulturen, in denen die Entwicklung neuer konventioneller Herbizidwirkstoffe bisher wenig erfolgreich war oder im Verhältnis zum Aufwand nur bedingt attraktiv ist. Für die langfristige Entwicklung könnte die Plastidentransformation zur Verhinderung einer unerwünschten Ausbreitung transgener Merkmale Bedeutung erlangen.     

Pathogenic fungi involved in root rot of peas in the Netherlands and their physiological specialization

Research on root rot pathogens of peas in the Netherlands has confirmed the prevalence ofFusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Pythium spp.,Mycosphaerella pinodes andPhoma medicaginis var.pinodella. Aphanomyces euteiches andThielaviopsis basicola were identified for the first time as pea pathogens in the Netherlands. Other pathogens such asRhizoctonia solani andCylindrocarpon destructans were also found on diseased parts of roots. F. solani existed in different degrees of pathogenicity, and was sometimes highly specific to pea, dwarf bean of field bean, depending on the cropping history of the field.A. euteiches was specific to peas, whereasT. basicola showed some degree of physiological specialization.     

Surveys of cereal diseases and pests in the Netherlands. 3. Monographella nivalis and Fusarium spp. in winter wheat fields and seed lots

Data from surveys of winter wheat fields in the period 1974–1986 and of seed lots in the period 1962–1986 and identifications of diseases on plant samples were compiled to describe the occurrence of snow mould (Monographella nivalis) andFusarium spp. On average,M. nivalis dominated overFusarium spp. The complex ofFusarium spp. constituted mainly ofF. culmorum, followed byF. avenaceum andF. graminearum. M. nivalis was dominant in May on stem-bases and in July on leaves and leaf sheaths. On seedsM. nivalis predominated only in years with low temperatures in July and August.Average brown footrot infection in the field was 4% tillers in May and 5% culms in July. Brown footrot intensity in July was high in cropping seasons with high precipitation in October and with low temperatures in October, November and December. In July during the early eighties, an average of 8% of leaves and 6% of flag leaf sheaths were infected byM. nivalis. Average ear blight incidence was 1.2% glumes infected. Seed contamination by these pathogens averaged 16% in the years 1962–1986. The contamination was high in years with high precipitation in June, July and August. Aspects of cv. resistance and yield loss are illustrated.