北方及温带森林的持续发展问题：—CSCE北方及温带森林持续发展专家研讨会情

作者综述了有关北方及温带森林持续发展问题的高层次专家研讨会的情况；介绍了对可持续性概念的认识和有关术语的应用，以及用于检验森林持续经营的指标体系的讨论情况；概述了温带及北方森林的增减情况。     

北方及温带森林持续发展的标准及指标

北方及温带森林持续发展的标准及指标（１９９３年９月蒙特利尔森林持续发展研讨会汇总意见）１森林持续发展的社会经济标准（无级别及优先度，应作为整体）１．１对全部森林功能及用途的认可指标：——森林的功能及防护作用——森林作为独特生命系统的保存——多样的、稳...     

地球变暖与热带林、温带林、北方林

分析了热带林、温带林、北方林的自然特征及地球变暖对热带林、温带林、北方林的影响 ,提出了温带林、北方林的经营管理技术。     

长白山 北半球幸存的温带森林

正吉林长白山国家级自然保护区是东北亚的一座高山花园。生长在海拔2500-4000米地带的高山杜鹃,主要分布在东北大兴安岭、长白山及内蒙古一带,花色乳白或淡黄,娇嫩艳丽,晶莹欲滴。高山杜鹃不仅是长白山海拔最高的高山花卉,而且开放时间最早,铺满整个坡谷。摄影/宗玉柱全球最丰富的温带森林生物多样性长白山森林以温带针叶阔叶混交林为主要植被类型。温带针阔混交林曾经一度覆盖中国东北、西伯利亚沿海、朝鲜南部和日本中部等地。如今,大部分针阔混交     

蒙古栎林在温带落叶阔叶林群落分级中的地位

为清楚阐明蒙古栎林的群落分级及其在温带落叶阔叶林群落分级中的地位，我们收集了东北亚201个蒙古栎林和日本的153个栎林的资料．将其综合于一个简表中．并应用Braun—Blanquet方法对这些森林植被进行了比较。结果表明：在温带落叶阔叶林的群落分级系统中。蒙古栎林与水青冈纲占据着同等重要的地位，它们共同构成温带落叶阔叶林纲群(Class-group)。不同生境下的蒙古栎的20个群集或群落被归纳成为2个目、3个群团和3个亚群团。     

长白山的温带森林动物

正红松林,浓缩温带到极地的生物类型长白山森林以温带针叶阔叶混交林为主。在地球上,针阔叶混交林有互不相连的3大块,分布在北美的东北部、欧洲和亚洲东部。它们各有不同的分布特色、气候特点和植被组成。三片相比较,东亚这片针阔叶混交林是最有特色的。它不仅在群落结构上最复杂,而且具有过渡性和特     

《温带林业研究》期刊编委会正式成立

正近日,由国家林业局哈尔滨林业机械研究所(简称"哈尔滨林机所")主办的《温带林业研究》期刊编委会成立会议在黑河召开。《温带林业研究》期刊顾问、中国工程院院士、中国林科院院长张守攻,期刊主编、副院长孟平以及科技司综合处副处长唐红英等出席编委会成立大会。会议由中国林科院副院长李岩泉主持。会上宣读了国家新闻出版广电总局《关于同意〈林业劳动安全〉更名为〈温带林业研究〉及变更出版单位     

老岭自然保护区森林植被的基本特征及生态学意义

老岭自然保护区地处东北、华北两个植物区系的过渡带，其森林植被区系组成，具有多样性和过渡性特征。它为研究温带中低山区原生植被破坏后，次生植被的演替规律和次生杂木林群落，建群种的生态、生物学特性及分布规律提供了科学依据。对次生林的生长、改造和利用途径；对保护自然环境和物种的多样性；对秦皇岛市水利资源的开发利用，在理论上和实践中都具有重要的社会、经济和生态学意义。     

长白山 温带森林中的杀手

正随着生境的变化大中型捕食者陆续退出了长白山温带森林顶级捕食者行列取而代之的是体型较小的鼬科动物长白山的森林经常被大雪覆盖,雪被厚达50厘米或更深,这给森林中许多动物的活动和获取食物带来难度。此时,小型啮齿类动物紫貂会潜入雪下,捕食在地面活动的鼠类或鼩鼱类小动物。紫貂是国家一级重点保护动物,在我国仅分布于新疆东北部、东北长白山和大小兴安岭地区。摄影/朴正吉     

森林的持续发展

森林的持续发展森林的持续发展在其具体的实施过程中需要造林技术的提高和完善以及适宜的生态、社会和经济条件。１作为全球问题的森林全世界的森林资源由于热带地区的过渡采伐收获和林地利用方式的变更以及温带地区受大气污染的影响而不断减少，但随全球人口的增长却日益...     

复关:林业面临的挑战、机遇与对策

“复关”将给中国林业带来巨大的挑战和前所未有的机遇。森林相对不足，林产工业水平低下，决定了中国林业尚参与国际竞争的实力；贸易环境的急剧变化，市场保护能力的降低，以及双重加的市场推动，将对林业的发展造成冲击，前景不容乐。但与此同时，林业也将获得稳定的贸易环境以及调整产业结构和增强竞争实力的动力和条件。面对挑战和机遇，我们必须改变思维，在关贸总协定的框架内寻求对策，制定措施。     

Sustainable Forestry in Turkey

Sustainable forestry is considered as one of the most important focal points for sustainable development, as it is part of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio in 1992 which followed the completion of “Our Common Future.” To this end, many studies have been carried out on implementing of sustainable forestry at the global level.

Geographically, Turkey can be seen as part of Pan-European and Near East sustainable forestry initiatives. Forest organizations have carried out many studies to implement the decisions made with these initiatives in line with their own needs in forest management. While conducting studies in the framework of the National Forestry Program prepared within this context, people have been confronted with various problems due to insufficient infrastructure and implementation difficulties. This article provides information on sustainable forestry leading to observations and suggestions relevant for Turkey.     

浙江新安江开发总公司国有林场森林可持续经营能力评价

以浙江淳安县新安江开发总公司国有林场为研究对象,从资源、经济、社会、生态协调发展角度,采用层次分析法赋予权重,初步构建了简易、具可操作性的森林可持续经营能力的指标体系,对该国有林场的可持续经营能力进行了定量评价。结果表明,淳安县新安江开发总公司国有林场为弱可持续经营型,但已接近可持续值。     

森林旅游业的发展与新经济增长点的培育

从森林旅游资源的功能特点和价值评价出发,分析森林旅游需求是一种可持续发展的需求。在考察森林旅游业成为世界旅游业的新潮和发展方向的同时,考察林业内在的三大产业的转换趋势,以跨世纪的眼光,提出森林旅游业成为林业21世纪的主导产业的未来趋向,把森林旅游经济培育为新的经济增长点。有利于社区林业的形成、发展和开拓;有利于林区职工的分流、转产和再就业;有利于提高人民的生活质量水平;实现我国的可持续发展战略。     

对可持续森林经营方案一些问题的思考

编制可持续森林经营方案是实现林业可持续发展的重要保障。研究了可持续森林经营需要的相关信息与传统森林资源调查之间的差距,分析了可持续森林经营方案在林业行业管理中的地位、作用以及现阶段编制可持续森林经营方案存在的问题,并提出了相关建议。     

The shrinking profitability of small-scale forestry in Japan and some recent policy initiatives to reverse the trend

About 80% of annual wood fiber consumption in Japan is imported. Even though most of the land surface is covered by forests in Japan, the domestic forestry and forest industry are threatened by such imports flooding the local market. Fragmented land ownership, steep terrain, rapid growth of weeds, and high labor costs have all contributed to the decline of domestic forestry. Further, the purchasing power of the Japanese Yen has become very strong in recent years, and the decreasing prices of imported timber have depressed the prices of domestic timber, eroding profitability and discouraging small-scale forestry. In spite of these difficult circumstances, there are several interesting new developments in Japanese forestry. One is the revision of the Basic Forestry Law of 1964, through which the Japanese government is steering forest policy from timber production towards environmental services. Because of this change, new ways to assist rural forestry activities will become available in the near future. Another change is the certification movement, where recent examples of Japanese companies acquiring ISO 14001 and Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) forest certifications provide hope to depressed domestic forestry activities. In particular, FSC group certification is useful in motivating small-scale forest owners to implement and maintain sustainable forestry practices. This paper is based on the presentation at IUFRO Group 3.08.00 Symposium at Joensuu, Finland 2001. The original article, ‘The economic situation of small-scale forestry in Japan’, is in Niskanen and Vayrynen (2001).     

Occupational safety, health and living conditions of forestry workers in indonesia

In Indonesia, working and living conditions of forestry workers are quite unfavorable because of very severe thermal conditions at the workplace and because forestry work is heavy, dirty and dangerous, requiring a poor working posture and exposure to noise and vibration. In addition, forestry workers often live under conditions where housing, infrastructure and hygiene are poor compared with those of other industrial workers. The objective of this study is to improve these unfavorable conditions by clarifying the working and living conditions of forestry workers and identifying factors affecting their job satisfaction. Our results showed that many of the forestry workers had low back pain and that attention should be paid to muscular exertion, especially while lifting heavy objects such as chainsaws or logs. Several accidents and near-miss incidents happened while driving and engaging in forestry work. To prevent such accidents, it is important to supply forestry workers with more personal protective equipment and to establish traffic rules on forest roads. The results also showed that most forestry workers were dissatisfied with their salary. In addition, the analysis of potential factors affecting job satisfaction showed that younger workers, chainsaw operators, manual workers and office workers were dissatisfied. It should be noted that many respondents thought that sustainable forest management was essential. To enhance their satisfaction levels, their working and living conditions, and, in particular, salary should be improved, and forest resources should be monitored to prevent over-cutting or forest fires.     

森林生态与资源信息共享系统的建立与应用

林业生产活动和科学研究过程中积累了大量基础数据、统计数据和图件,随着社会对森林生态环境的关注,迫切希望这些长期获得保存的信息能够为更多的人共享.森林生态与资源信息共享的服务领域涉及公众服务、科学研究、政府决策,也是国家可持续发展信息共享平台不可或缺的组成部分.本文运用近年兴起并得到广泛应用的网络数据库技术、WebGIS技术,实现基于Internet的森林生态与资源信息共享系统.虽然,网络数据库技术和WebGIS技术已经很成熟,但是用于国家宏观林业资源信息与生态信息的整合、共享与发布,还是不多见的(张旭等,2001).     

从世界林业发展趋势看中国的林业产业政策

８０年代以来，世界林业发展趋势是：由传统林业向生态化林业转变；由传统的永续利用向持续发展转变；由单纯开发天然林向培育人工速生林转变；由生产锯材和胶合板向生产各种纸产品和非单板型人造板转变；由传统经营模式向持续经营转变。据此，作者提出在制定我国林业产业政策时，应优先考虑扩大森林资源；实行林工结合、优化结构、内引外联、行业管理；国家大力扶持；依靠科技进步，实现优质、高产、高效和持续发展；保持林业管理机构和政策的长期稳定。     

辽宁抚顺县森林可持续经营能力评价

结合抚顺县森林资源经营状况,采用目标法和专家咨询法构建其森林可持续经营评价标准指标体系,运用层次分析法(APH)对其进行可持续性经营评价分析。结果为:森林可持续经营综合评价指数为0.814,处于中等偏强的可持续经营状态。