色素万寿菊W217橙红色花色遗传性状研究

采用W217×W203组合的P1、P2、F1、B1、B2和F2共6个世代的花色色调值,利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型多世代联合分析方法进行遗传分析.结果表明,色素万寿菊橙红色花性状最优遗传模型为两对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传模型,以主基因遗传效应为主,多基因效应为辅.主基因加性效应、显性效应和上位性效应作用很大,主基因遗传力受环境影响较小.在F2群体中主基因遗传率为49.13％,多基因遗传率为48.25％；在B1群体中主基因遗传率为84.23％；在B2群体中主基因遗传率为74.41％,多基因遗传率为18.24％.     

甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)抗倒伏性状的主基因+多基因遗传分析

应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型多世代联合分析方法,研究了甘蓝型油菜浙平1号×04Pb11(I)和宁1243×04Pb11(II)的P1、P2、F1、B1、B2和F2 6个世代初花期单株抗压力的遗传。结果表明：抗倒伏性状的遗传在组合I受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因控制,在组合II受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制;2个组合中的2对主基因都以加性效应为主,都表现抗倒对易倒部分显性或完全显性,2对主基因间存在明显的基因互作效应;2个组合中,F2群体主基因遗传率平均为54.71%,而多基因遗传率只在B1群体中检测到,平均为10.56%,表明2个组合的抗倒伏性状是以主基因遗传为主,应在早期世代进行选择;2个组合各群体中,遗传变异平均占表型变异的53.43%,而环境变异平均占表型变异的46.57%,表明环境对油菜抗倒伏性状的影响比较大。     

玉米新选自交系2个组合6个世代穗行数和行粒数的遗传分析

江苏省沿江地区农科所新选玉米自交系间穗行数和行粒数一般配合力差异较大,分析这些自交系间有利等位基因的分布,有助于自交系的持续改良.本研究选用其中3个自交系组配成2个组合的P1、P2、F1、B1、B2、F2 6个世代,运用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型和6个世代联合分析的方法,对穗行数和行粒数2个性状进行了遗传分析.玉米穗行数性状在S1×S3组合中表现为1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传,以多基因遗传为主;在S3×S7组合中表现为2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因混合遗传,以主基因遗传为主.行粒数性状在2个组合中均表现为1对加性主基因+加性-显性多基因混合遗传,主基因遗传为主;多基因位点显性总效应大于加性总效应.研究结果暗示通过有利等位基因聚合改良这些自交系的穗行数比行粒数更有效.     

樱桃番茄果形主基因-多基因混合遗传分析

以樱桃番茄圆形自交系W403（P1）和梨形自交系W405（P2）为双亲,构建P1,F1,P2,B1,B2和R6个家系世代群体,应用植物数量性状主基因＋多基因混合遗传模型和经典遗传学方法对该6个世代群体果形指数进行多世代联合分析,结果显示：W403×W405果形遗传符合2对完全显性主基因＋加性-显性多基因模型。B2,B2和F2群体主基因遗传率分别为14．99％,79．05％和79．70％,多基因遗传率分别为5．34％,7．31％和4．89％,说明F2果形表现出较高的主基因遗传率。对W403×W405组合果形性状的改良要以主基因为主,同时注意环境的影响。     

甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)抗倒伏性状的主基因+多基因遗传分析

应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型多世代联合分析方法,研究了甘蓝型油菜浙平1号×04Pb11(I)和宁1243×04Pb11(II)的P1、P2、F1、B1、B2和F2 6个世代初花期单株抗压力的遗传。结果表明：抗倒伏性状的遗传在组合I受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因控制,在组合II受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制;2个组合中的2对主基因都以加性效应为主,都表现抗倒对易倒部分显性或完全显性,2对主基因间存在明显的基因互作效应;2个组合中,F2群体主基因遗传率平均为54.71%,而多基因遗传率只在B1群体中检测到,平均为10.56%,表明2个组合的抗倒伏性状是以主基因遗传为主,应在早期世代进行选择;2个组合各群体中,遗传变异平均占表型变异的53.43%,而环境变异平均占表型变异的46.57%,表明环境对油菜抗倒伏性状的影响比较大。     

黄瓜黄色线与瓜长比的主基因+多基因的遗传分析

选用2个性状稳定的自交系黄瓜,配成正反2个组合,测定结果表明,正反交组合黄色线与瓜长比的差异不大,表明黄色线遗传受核基因控制。应用主基因 多基因混合模型分析方法对黄瓜组合(M25×M67)的6个家系世代(P1,P2,F1,B1,B2,F2)的黄色线和瓜长比进行遗传分析。结果表明:黄色线比例遗传受1对加性-显性主基因 加性-显性多基因(D模型)控制。分离世代中,B1,B2,F2世代的主基因遗传率(h2mg)为95.8%,93.39%和14.99%;多基因遗传率(h2pg)在1.36%~54.04%。主基因加性效应(d)和显性效应(h)值分别为-41.78和-35.96。黄色线的遗传可能是受1对加性-显性主基因 加性-显性多基因控制。     

春小麦穗部性状的主基因+多基因遗传分析

穗部性状直接影响着作物的经济产量,研究春小麦穗部性状的遗传组成,为遗传育种中通过进一步改良穗部性状提高产量提供参考和策略。以‘宁春4号’和‘Drysdale’及其构建的F2群体为材料,采用P1、P2、F1、F2四世代联合分离分析法研究了春小麦几个穗部性状:穗长、结实小穗数、不实小穗数、穗粒数的遗传模型。结果表明:穗长符合加性-显性-上位性多基因混合遗传模型,无主基因存在;结实小穗数由2对等加性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制;不实小穗数符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因混合遗传模型;穗粒数符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因混合遗传模型。     

粳稻丽江新团黑谷近等基因系孕穗期耐冷性指标性状的遗传分析

在阿子营低温冷害条件下,以十和田×(十和田和丽江新团黑谷BC3 F9)配制的BC4F1、BC4F2及亲本为材料,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型,对粳稻丽江新团黑谷作耐冷基因供体培育的近等基因系孕穗期耐冷性8个指标性状进行遗传研究.结果表明,结实率和穗颈长均属于2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因遗传,主基因遗传率分别为80.11％和75.06％;株高为2对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性多基因遗传,主基因遗传率为44.39％;穗下节长属于2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传,主基因遗传率为57.36％;穗长为2对主基因加性-显性-上位性遗传;每穗实粒数为2对主基因加性-显性遗传;每穗秕粒数为2对加性主基因+加性-显性多基因遗传;总粒数为1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传.     

甘蓝型油菜角果长度的主基因+多基因混合遗传模型

角果是油菜产量构成要素中重要的组成部分。本文以长角果品种中双11和短角果材料10D130为亲本配制杂交组合,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析方法对该组合6世代遗传群体(P1、P2、F1、BCP1、BCP2和F2)的果身长、角果长和果喙长进行遗传分析。结果表明,该组合的3个角果性状均呈连续分布,其中,果身长最适遗传模型为E-0(2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因模型),2对主基因加性效应值分别是1.75和–0.06,显性效应值分别是–0.59和–0.86,主基因遗传率在BCP1、BCP2和F2中分别是51.10%、74.23%和66.93%,多基因遗传率分别为29.16%、17.11%和23.96%。角果长的最适遗传模型为E-1(2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型),其中,第1对主基因加性效应为0.34,显性效应为–0.81,第2对主基因加性效应为0.34,显性效应为–0.47,主基因遗传率在BCP1、BCP2和F2中分别是47.63%、68.51%和79.45%,多基因遗传率分别为29.40%、20.89%和12.47%。果喙长的最适遗传模型为E-3模型(2对加性主基因+加-显多基因遗传模型),2对主基因加性效应值分别是0.2和–0.2,主基因遗传率在BCP1、BCP2和F2中分别是33.71%、72.75%和52.25%,多基因遗传率分别为40.08%、5.37%和27.60%。     

玉米穗轴粗性状的主基因+多基因遗传分析

穗轴粗性状是影响果穗籽粒脱水速率的一个重要因素，当前对穗轴粗性状的数量遗传规律研究较少。以经典玉米自交系PHB1M/丹340（组合Ⅰ），PH4CV/丹598（组合Ⅱ）构成的P1、F1、P2、B1、B2和F2 6世代群体为材料，运用主基因与多基因混合遗传模型分析方法，研究玉米穗轴粗性状遗传规律。结果表明：玉米穗轴粗性状在2组合的F1代呈现中亲遗传。组合Ⅰ中穗轴粗性状最佳模型符合C-0，表现为加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传；组合Ⅱ穗轴粗遗传符合D-2，表现为一对加性主基因+加性-显性多基因遗传，其中多基因起主要作用。穂轴粗性状在B2世代多基因遗传率最大，育种中可以在遗传率较高的世代通过轮回选择或聚合回交等方法累积增效基因，进而选育出穂轴粗细适宜的材料，培育出高产、优质、适宜机收的优良玉米品种。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.