利用RAPD和SSR分析36个贵州主要玉米种质的比较研究

利用RAPD和SSR两种标记方法研究了36个玉米自交系的遗传多样性,并对这两种分子标记系统进行了比较.利用筛选出的22条RAPD引物,检测到了148条有多态性的带;利用筛选出的34对SSR引物,检测到158个等位基因.RAPD和SSR分子标记均有很高的多态性,RAPD多态性带比例为95.95%,SSR位点检测出的平均等位基因数位4.65.RAPD分子标记结果将36个玉米自交系划分为6大类,SSR分子标记将其划分为5大类.与系谱分析基本一致,两种分子标记划分的结果也相似.研究认为,RAPD、SSR两种分子标记系统均适合于玉米种质的遗传多样性研究,但SSR更可取.     

中国金针菇工厂化生产用种SSR和AFLP遗传多样性分析

探讨SSR、AFLP分子遗传标记技术在金针菇遗传变异分析和菌种鉴定上的应用。用SSR和AFLP分子标记技术比较分析了中国市场上20个主要的工厂化生产金针菇用种的遗传多样性。29对SSR引物和60对AFLP引物分别检测到37个及206个多态位点;遗传相似系数分别为0.56~1.00、0.54~0.97。AFLP标记的多态性比SSR高。2种标记的聚类分析结果均揭示出中国市场上工厂化金针菇用种遗传多样性相对较小,亲缘关系十分接近。     

利用TRAP标记分析玉米遗传多样性的研究

本研究利用24对TRAP引物对16个玉米自交系进行了遗传多样性分析,目的是探讨利用TRAP标记进行玉米种质资源遗传多样性分析和杂种优势群划分的价值及可行性.结果共扩增出475条具多态性的谱带,平均多态性信息量为0.9044,平均多态性比率为84.8%.通过聚类分析将16个自交系分为5个类群,其划分结果与系谱分析结果基本一致.表明TRAP标记是一种适合于玉米种质遗传多样性研究的分子标记.     

SRAP和SSR标记对马铃薯遗传多样性的差异分析

掌握宁夏地区主要马铃薯品种的遗传多样性,了解其遗传背景,明确各品种间的亲缘关系为马铃薯育种提供理论依据。利用SSR和SRAP 2种分子标记对47份马铃薯种质材料进行遗传多样性分析,并对2种分子标记结果进行比较。12对多态性SRAP标记共检测到180个多态性位点,平均每对引物检测到15个多态性位点,每个SRAP位点的PIC值为0.2~0.43,平均值为0.34;47份马铃薯种质资源遗传相似性系数为0.57~0.83。15对多态性SSR标记检测到80条多态性位点,平均每对引物检测到 5.3个多态性位点,每个SSR位点的PIC值为0.37~0.72,平均值为0.51;马铃薯种质材料遗传相似性系数为0.60~0.97。根据系谱资料分析发现,SRAP标记更适用于遗传关系较近材料的遗传多样性分析。宁夏地区主要的马铃薯品种遗传相似度较低,亲缘关系较远。     

利用SRAP标记分析玉米遗传多样性

相关序列扩增多态性(SRAP)是一种基于PCR的新型分子标记技术.本研究的目的在于探讨利用该标记进行玉米种质资源遗传多样性分析和杂种优势群划分的价值及可行性.利用22对SRAP引物对16个玉米自交系进行了遗传多样性分析,共扩增出197条具多态性的条带,平均多态性信息量为0.8847,平均多态性比率为59.8%.通过聚类分析将16个自交系分为5个群,其划分结果与系谱分析基本一致.该结果表明SRAP标记是一种适合于玉米种质遗传多样性研究的分子标记.     

豇豆种质资源遗传多样性和亲缘关系的SRAP和SSR分析

为从分子水平上揭示豇豆种质资源间的亲缘关系,为其种质资源搜集、鉴定、利用和遗传改良提供一定的理论基础,利用SRAP和SSR分子标记对41 份来自中国和马来西亚的豇豆种质资源进行遗传多样性研究。从65 对SRAP引物和10 对SSR引物中分别筛选获得稳定清晰且多态性强的31 对SRAP引物和5 对SSR引物,对41 份栽培豇豆资源的DNA进行SRAP-PCR和SSR-PCR扩增。2 种PCR扩增共获230 条扩增条带,其中SRAP检测到196 条扩增条带,平均每对引物扩增等位基因数为6.3 条,多态性 片段为161 条,多态性比例为82.14%;SSR检测到34 条带,平均每对引物扩增等位基因数6.8 条,多肽性片段为25 条,多态性比例为73.53%,表明本研究搜集的豇豆种质间的遗传多样性比较丰富。基于SRAP 和SSR 标记的结果,利用UPGMA 构建了41 份豇豆资源的聚类树状图,其遗传相似系数为0.1667~0.9516,大多在0.674 以上。结果表明,SRAP和SSR分子标记能有效地将41 份豇豆资源分开,且部分种质间的遗传距离较远,这为豇豆资源的开发利用及新品种的选育提供科学依据。     

利用SSR标记对126份玉米自交系种质类群划分的初探

利用SSR分子标记分析了126份玉米自交系的遗传多样性,初步进行了种质类群的划分.从230对SSR引物中筛选出70对扩增条带清晰稳定具有多态性的引物.结果表明,70对引物在供试材料中共检测出278个等位基因变异,每对引物检测出2～7个等位基因,平均4个.每对引物的多态性信息量(PIC)变化范围为0.444 ～0.835,平均0.682.126个自交系之间的遗传相似系数变化范围为0.576～0.978.利用UPGMA聚类分析方法将126份供试自交系可以划分为A、B两大类群,共6个亚群.     

苏子种质资源的遗传多样性分析

为明确苏子种质资源亲缘关系,本研究以收集的44份苏子种质资源为材料,采用SSR、AFLP和SRAP分子标记对其进行遗传多样性和聚类分析.结果 表明,SSR、SRAP和AFLP引物的平均多态性分别为63.6％、85.2％和92.6％,44份种质间的遗传相似系数为0.717～0.967(平均为0.864);在遗传相似系数0...     

采用AFLP和SSR标记对扁蓿豆遗传多样性进行比较分析（英文）

为了筛选出优异的扁蓿豆育种新材料,本研究采用AFLP和SSR分子标记技术对来自于中国7个省市自治区的15份扁蓿豆种质资源进行遗传多样性的比较分析,结果表明:18对SSR引物扩增出109个多态位点,8个AFLP引物组合扩增出640条带,其中472条多态带。AFLP标记的平均Nei's遗传多样性指数、Shannon多样性指数和遗传分化系数均高于SSR标记。15份扁蓿豆种质的遗传距离和遗传相似系数与地理类群很接近。AFLP和SSR数据的聚类分析显示:15份扁蓿豆种质分为4大类,但是聚类结果与地理类群不完全相符,主成分结果与聚类结果相似,Mantel检测表明:AFLP和SSR数据有较高的显著相关性,AFLP和SSR标记能够有效地对扁蓿豆进行遗传多样性分析,其结果为扁蓿豆育种和资源保护具有指导意义。     

采用AFLP和SSR标记对扁蓿豆遗传多样性进行比较分析

为了筛选出优异的扁蓿豆育种新材料,本研究采用AFLP和SSR分子标记技术对来自于中国7个省市自治区的15份扁蓿豆种质资源进行遗传多样性的比较分析,结果表明:18对SSR引物扩增出109个多态位点,8个AFLP引物组合扩增出640条带,其中472条多态带.AFLP标记的平均Nei′s遗传多样性指数、Shannon多样性指数和遗传分化系数均高于SSR标记.15份扁蓿豆种质的遗传距离和遗传相似系数与地理类群很接近.AFLP和SSR数据的聚类分析显示:15份扁蓿豆种质分为4大类,但是聚类结果与地理类群不完全相符,主成分结果与聚类结果相似,Mantel 检测表明:AFLP和SSR数据有较高的显著相关性,AFLP和SSR标记能够有效地对扁蓿豆进行遗传多样性分析,其结果为扁蓿豆育种和资源保护具有指导意义.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.