鸡与鹌鹑染色体核型比较研究

采用外周血淋巴细胞培养法制备染色体标本,对鸡与鹌鹑染色体核型进行研究。结果显示:鸡和鹌鹑染色体数目均为2n=78,但染色体形态存在差异,主要表现在No.1、No.4、No.6、No.8和W染色体上。No.1染色体,鸡为m型,鹌鹑为sm型;No.4染色体鸡为sm型,鹌鹑为st型;No.6、No.8和W染色体,鸡分别为sm、m、m型,鹌鹑全为t型。     

经营田鼠染色体核型与G带分析

采用骨髓法制备经营田鼠染色体标本片,并对其染色体核型和G带进行分析。结果表明,经营田鼠体细胞染色体数为2n=38,雄性染色体核型由18对常染色体和1对异配型性染色体XY组成,雌性为18对常染色体和1对同配型性染色体XX组成。1～9号为端着丝粒（t）染色体（包括Y染色体）,10号为近端着丝粒（st）染色体,11～18号为中央着丝粒（m）染色体（包括X色体）。19对染色体共分布有370条G带（雄性365条）,其中深带190条,浅带180条。因此,经营田鼠的染色体数目、G带具有明显种的特征,与其他鼠类不同。     

河南斗鸡染色体核型及G带的研究

运用外周血淋巴细胞培养法 空气干燥法制备染色体标本，对河南斗鸡的核型、G带进行了研究。核型研究结果表明：河南斗鸡染色体数目2n=78，1号和Z染色体为中央着丝粒(m)染色体，2、7、W染色体为亚中央着丝粒（sm）染色体，3、6、8、9、10号染色体为端着丝粒（t）染色体，4号染色体为亚端着丝粒（st）染色体。G带研究结果表明：前10对大型染色体可分为25个区，152条深带和浅带。     

达乌尔黄鼠染色体组型和G带分析

本文研究了达乌尔黄鼠东北亚种的骨髓细胞染色体组型和Ｇ－带带型。确定其染色体数为２ｎ＝３６，各染色体有其特有Ｇ－带带型。     

固始鸡核型、G带的研究

采用外周血淋巴细胞培养法对固始鸡染色体核型和G带进行了研究。结果表明:固始鸡体细胞染色体数目2n=78,染色体基本臂数为NF=88,No.1、Z和W染色体为中央着丝粒(m)染色体,No.2、No.4、No.7染色体为亚中央着丝粒(sm)染色体,No.3、No.6、No.8、No.9、No.10为端着丝粒(t)染色体。G带研究表明:前10对大染色体(包括Z、W染色体)共可分为34个区,138条深带核和带。     

四川黄牛的分类地位与染色体G带核型研究

为了进一步研究四川黄牛的遗传特性及分类地位,本文以瘤牛(印度辛地红牛,我国海南牛)和普通牛(西门塔尔牛、成都黑白花牛)为对照,采用GTG技术进行四川黄牛G带核型研究。结果表明,四川黄牛G带核型与瘤牛相似,与普通牛不同。主要表现在Y染色体的形态和结构顺序上,四川黄牛和瘤牛Y=AG带带型:近端区至少2条暗带,远端为较宽明带,末端为狭窄暗带。普通牛Y=SM,长臂至少2条暗带、短臂为较宽明带,末端狭窄暗带,短臂G带分布与前两种牛长臂远端一致,可能是臂间倒位的结果。G带研究支持前文认为四川黄牛分类应属Bos indicus的研究结果。     

藏鸡和茶花鸡染色体G带比较

运用改进的鸡外周血淋巴细胞培养-空气干燥法,分析了藏鸡和茶花鸡染色体G带。G带研究结果表明：2个地方鸡种的染色体G带带纹存在一定差异,主要体现在带纹数目的差异和带纹宽度的差异,藏鸡前10对大型染色体可分为33个区,共149条带,而茶花鸡可分为34个区,共146条带;同时对2个地方鸡种G带带型特征进行详细比较,并绘制了G带模式图。     

中间偃麦草染色体核型及C-带带型的分析比较

为比较确定偃麦草属植物种质材料间的亲缘关系和进化程度,以3份不同来源的中间偃麦草(Elytrigia in-termedia(Host)Nevski)种质材料为研究对象,分别进行染色体核型及C-带带型的分析。结果表明:3份中间偃麦草种质材料均为四倍体,其中EI015的细胞染色体核型公式为2n=4x=28=2M+10m+16sm,但不显带;EI021的染色体核型公式为2n=4x=28=4M+22m(SAT)+2sm,而带型公式为2n=4x=28=5C+2CT₊+2CT⁺+4T⁺+2T₊+1CS₊+12;EI038的染色体核型公式为2n=4x=28=4M+12m+12sm(SAT),带型公式为2n=4x=28=2S₊+4T₊+1CT₊+1T⁺+20,3份种质材料染色体不对称性均属2A型。综合比较染色体核型及带型变化,EI021染色体核型特征与EI015、EI038相差明显,EI015与EI038染色体核型比较相近,但EI015与EI038在带型特征上存在明显差异,说明各种质材料间亲缘关系较远,并且染色体带型分析能够更加客观地反映染色体变化。     

草原红牛染色体核型与C带分析

采用外周血淋巴细胞短期培养及常规染色体标本制备技术,研究了草原红牛染色体核型及C显带,并着重分析了Y染色体的形态。结果表明:草原红牛二倍体细胞的染色体数目为2n=60,公牛为XY,母牛为XX,常染色体为端着丝粒染色体,X染色体为亚中部着丝粒染色体,Y染色体为中部着丝粒染色体。草原红牛C带带型特征与已报道的普通牛C带特征相一致:所有常染色体着丝粒区深染,常染色体臂和整个X染色体为浅染,Y染色体为半深染。     

猪(Svs scrofa domastica L)染色体高分辨G带带型

利用加入氨甲喋呤和胸苷使细胞分裂同步化并结合胰酶G带技术,分析了猪前中期染色体高分辨G带。单套染色体的G带数目,包括x和y染色体,前中期为503条,中期为300条。绘制了前中期和中期G带带型图。     

Seasonal Morphology of the Domestic Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) Testis

A histological study was conducted on the testes of adult domestic quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) over a year. The results revealed a clear variation of testicular weight, seminiferous tubule diameter, and the thickness and composition of the germinal epithelium over the year. The highest testicular weights were detected at the end of the autumn and during the winter (short-day period), reaching a maximum, together with spermatogenic activity, in September (long-day period in the southern hemisphere). In contrast, both testicular weight and spermatogenic activity were markedly decreased at the end of spring and during summer (long-day periods in the southern hemisphere).     

The Annual Testicular Cycle of the Domestic Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

A morphometric study was conducted on the testis of the domestic quail Coturnix coturnix japonica to determine testicular kinetics. We investigated the variability along the year of testicular parameters such as seminiferous tubule diameter, germinal epithelium height and amount of meiotic figures of maturing spermatids in the seminiferous epithelium and of sperm in the tubular lumen. The results of morphometric analysis showed the occurrence of an annual testicular cycle defined by four distinct phases: a resting phase (at the end of summer), a recrudescence phase (in the fall), a proliferative phase (at the end of winter and beginning of spring), and a regression phase (spring and summer). We also observed that the testes of adult quails present elevated and maximal spermatogenic activity in fall-winter (short-day period) and at the beginning of spring, respectively, and lower values in spring and summer (long-day periods), with minimum values at the end of summer.     

野生日本鸣鹑与家鹌鹑及其杂交后代的行为规律研究

将微山湖野生日本鸣鹑与家鹌鹑杂交F2代按1公∶5母进行分组,采用秒表单位记时法观察鹌鹑的行为,并引用同期亲本和F1代的相同资料,对鸣叫、打斗和交配行为频次进行比较。结果表明:①杂交F2代鹌鹑鸣叫行为比家鹑低,除10∶00～11∶00外,其余时间段均存在显著差异(P<0.05);在14∶00～15∶00与野生日本鸣鹑存在显著差异(P<0.05);在14∶00～16∶00杂交F1代有显著差异(P<0.05);②杂交F2代鹌鹑打斗行为除16∶00～17∶00外与家鹑及杂交F1代无显著差异;③杂交F2代鹌鹑交配行为除16∶00～18∶00外与家鹑及杂交F1代均有显著差异(P<0.05)。     

An Immunohistochemical Study of the Oviduct in the Domestic Fowl (Gallus domesticus)

This study describes the distribution of vimentin, desmin, smooth muscle actin (SMA) and laminin in the oviduct of the laying domestic fowl. Vimentin immunostaining was localised in the luminal epithelium of the infundibulum, magnum, magnum–isthmus junction and isthmus. The luminal epithelium of the shell gland regions displayed weak vimentin immunostaining. Vimentin immunostaining was demonstrated in the glandular grooves of the tubular infundibular region. In contrast, gland cells in the magnum, isthmus and shell gland regions were vimentin immunonegative. Fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells in the lamina propria of the oviductal regions studied exhibited vimentin immunostaining. Strong desmin and SMA immunostaining were present in the smooth muscle cells of the tunica muscularis and vascular tunica media. In this study, basement membranes underlying the luminal and glandular epithelia were immunopositive for laminin. In addition, basement membranes associated with smooth muscle cells exhibited laminin immunostaining. The results of the study indicate that the immunolocalisation of desmin, SMA and laminin in the oviduct of the domestic fowl is similar to that in the mammalian uterus. The immunolocalisation of vimentin in the domestic fowl varies depending on the oviductal region.     

家鹑与野生日本鸣鹑群体微卫星DNA标记的遗传学分析

选择10个微卫星标记位点，合成引物对微山湖野生日本鸣鹑和家鹌鹑各40只进行PCR扩增，变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测分型，并对其品种内和品种间的遗传变异进行群体遗传学分析，从分子水平上揭示这两个鹌鹁群体的遗传结构关系、亲缘关系和遗传分化程度，为鹌鹑的遗传资源研究提供新资料。     

Macrophages in the Excurrent Ducts of the Testes of Normal Domestic Fowl (Gallus domesticus)

The purpose was to study the occurrence and fine structure of macrophages in the ex-current ducts of the testis in normal fowls. The material was taken from six young adult cockerels, which were fixed by vascular perfusion. The macrophages were studied by light and electron microscopy. The occurrence and fine structure of the macrophages were described. The origin and fate of the macrophages were discussed.     

Regularities and Irregularities in the Structure of the Seminiferous Epithelium in the Domestic Fowl (Gallus domesticus)

A cellular association demarcated by two perpendiculars which were drawn between adjacent bundles of elongate spermatids from the tubular lumen to the basement membrane, was made the unit of histometrical observation in this study (provisionally called a “column”). Cell counting revealed that the average numbers per column of various types of germ cells do not show any significant differences among 5 fowls and between paired testes. The frequency of spermiogenic steps (numbered 1–8) was investigated in each column. A definite and common pattern was found in the frequency distribution in the 5 fowls observed. A relationship between spermiation and younger spermatid steps was also investigated in each column. The spermiation was found at different steps, but most frequently at step 2 (30.6 %). Based on these observations and referring to other author's information, an average time interval between two successive spermiations was calculated roughly at 3.3 ± 1.2 days. Theoretically, this value is equal to an average length of one epithelial cycle. Such a variable cycle may have caused irregular cellular associations in this species.     

A Growth Performance and Nonlinear Growth Curve Functions of Large- and Normal-Sized Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica)

This study aimed to evaluate the differences between the growth patterns of large- and normal-sized Japanese quail strains and their F₁ progeny, by fitting their growth parameter values to five nonlinear regression growth models (Weibull, Logistic, Gompertz, Richards, and Brody). The Richards model presented the best fit for both sexes of the large-sized quail strain, whereas the Gompertz model presented the best fit for both sexes of the normal-sized quail strain, based on goodness-of-fit criteria (higher adjusted R² and lower Akaike and Bayesian information criteria). Both sexes of F₁ birds derived from the cross between normal-sized females and large-sized males were best fitted by the Richards model. In contrast, growth parameters of the F₁ birds derived from the cross between large-sized females and normal-sized males were best fitted to the Gompertz model. The data could be fitted nearly as well to the Weibull and Logistic models as to the Richards and Gompertz models. The Brody model presented the poorest fit for the growth parameter values. The results indicated that the Richards and Gompertz models could best describe the growth characteristics of both large- and normal-sized quails. Moreover, the observed growth pattern of the F₁ birds was likely inherited from the male parental strain. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study comparing the growth curves of the reciprocal F₁ generations with their parental strains in quails.     

The Influencing Factor of In Vitro Fertilization and Embryonic Transfer in the Domestic Fowl (Gallus domesticus)

This study was conducted to explore the influencing factors of ova in vitro fertilization (IVF) and transfer of the fertilized ova into the oviduct of recipient hens. The efficiency of fertilization was compared using three aspects: (i) the different time of ova collection and transfer, (ii) egg‐laying period of recipient hen; and (iii) semen volume. The following results are observed: 72%, 40% and 0% of ova were found in ovarian sac in 30～40 min, 50～60 min and more than 90 min post‐oviposition, respectively; 20%, 18%, 14% and 5.8% of ova were fertilized with 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 ml semen, respectively; and 33% and 100% of healthy chickens were hatched from fertile ova with 0.1 and 0.5 ml of semen, respectively. All oocytes obtained from ovary and mid‐oviduct were unfertilized. Embryos were transferred into recipient hens 30 min ± 10 min post‐oviposition, and 70% of shelled eggs were produced. There were no eggs produced in the other transfer times. This demonstrated that live chicken can be obtained by IVF of ova collected shortly after oviposition. It was important that the ovum was transferred into the oviduct infundibulum of recipient hens immediately or shortly after oviposition.