Analysis of mitochondrial DNA protein-coding region in the Yeso Sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis)

In the present study, mitochondrial DNA sequences of the Yeso Sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) were studied. Specifically, protein‐coding genes as mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunits (ND1, ND2, ND3, ND4L, ND4, ND5 and ND6), cytochrome c oxidase subunits (CO I and CO III), ATP synthase subunits (ATPase8 and ATPase6) and cytochrome b. Also, phylogenetic analyses on eight mammalian species were performed, including the Muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi). The rate of amino‐acid substitution was lowest (3.74%) between Yeso Sika deer and Muntjac deer, and the values between Yeso Sika deer and other species (sheep, cattle, horse, pig, mouse, human and chimpanzee) were 6.63%, 7.30%, 12.55%, 13.03%, 23.59%, 24.82% and 25.04%, respectively. Among them, the highest value of divergence was recognized in ATPase8, and the second structure of ATPase8 showed a difference between the Yeso Sika deer and Muntjac deer as a result of the substitution of 34His→Tyr and 49Thr→Ile. In addition, we identified a substitution of an amino‐acid sequence (19Thr→Ala) between the Yeso Sika deer and Yakushima Sika deer (C. n. yakushimae). From these results, ATPase8 was also a variable region in Cervidae.     

Sarcocystosis in a Barasingha deer (Cervus duvauceli branderi).

An adult female hard-ground swamp deer (Barasingha), Cervus duvauceli branderi, was found dead of unknown cause in Kanha National Park. A necropsy of this animal failed to reveal any significant gross lesions. However, histopathologic examination revealed mature sarcocysts of Sarcocystis in the cardiac muscles. The morphology of the sarcocysts was similar to that of different species of Sarcocystis from wild and domestic animals. Final identification of Sarcocystis in this case could not be made. This is the first recorded case of Sarcocystis infection in hard-ground Barasingha deer.     

梅花鹿三种保定药物对比实验

本文通过用静松灵、司可林、眠乃宁三种保定药物保定梅花鹿对比实验，得出：①静松灵一次性给药剂量较大，生产中操作不方便。②司可林一次给药剂量虽小，但有效剂量与致死剂量十分接近，剂量误差易导致鹿死亡。③静松灵和司可林均无有效拮抗药物，且后遗性影响较大。④眠乃宁注射剂量适中，剂量误差不会导致鹿死亡，无后遗性影响。拮抗药物苏醒灵拮抗效果优良，使眠乃宁的应用更安全。     

Detection of nucleolar organizer regions on chromosomes by flourescence in situ hybridization with human 28S rRNA gene and cloning of 28S rRNA gene in Sika deer

The number and loci of nucleolar organizer regions (NOR) on chromosomes in Sika deer (Cervus nippon centralis) were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization with a human 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene as a probe. Sika deer that live in Nikko National Park and its neighboring areas (Asio and Seta) in Japan were used. All of the analyzed metaphases had three or four NOR at the end of the first and second longest telocentric autosomes. Nucleolar organizer region association, which is associated specifically on parts of NOR between chromosomes, was also observed clearly. A Sika deer 28S rRNA gene was produced by a polymerase chain reaction method. The nucleotide sequence of a Sika deer 28S rRNA gene determined by an automatic sequencer was 97 bp, and showed homogeneity of 88% for the human sequence.     

基于SRY基因分析梅花鹿的遗传多样性及父系类型

试验旨在研究梅花鹿SRY基因的遗传多样性及其父系类型。选取东北亚种、北海道亚种、本州亚种、指名亚种、屋久岛亚种5个亚种的144个个体,利用试剂盒和传统酚/仿(1∶1)法进行DNA的提取,采用PCR扩增和直接测序法分析梅花鹿的核苷酸多样性(Pi)、单倍型多样性(Hd)、遗传距离及系统进化关系。结果显示,试验所获序列长度为1 613bp,在第47、62、602、1 148、1 569、1 604bp处共检测到6个SNPs多态位点,占核苷酸总数的0.3%,碱基替换以碱基转换为主。通过6个SNPs多态位点确立了6种单倍型:Hap-1、Hap-2、Hap-3、Hap-4、Hap-5和Hap-6,其中Hap-4、Hap-5和Hap-6为新发现单倍型。遗传多样性由高至低依次为:指名亚种、屋久岛亚种、东北亚种、本州亚种、北海道亚种。各亚种间遗传距离最小为北海道亚种与本州亚种的距离(0.000056),最大为东北亚种与指名亚种的距离(0.001733)。基于单倍型利用邻接法构建系统进化树,结果显示,与日本梅花鹿相比,东北亚种与马鹿关系更近,东北亚种存在两大分支,日本梅花鹿各亚种间无明显分支,其他单倍型均是由Hap-3进化而来,单倍型最小跨度网络图与系统进化树一致。结果表明,东北梅花鹿存在两大父系类型,日本梅花鹿存在一个父系类型,单倍型Hap-3是日本梅花鹿的原始单倍型。     

The complete mitochondrial genome of the domestic red deer (Cervus elaphus) of New Zealand and its phylogenic position within the family Cervidae

We determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the semidomestic red deer (Cervus elaphus) of New Zealand. The genome was 16 357 bp long and contained 13 protein‐coding genes, 12SrRNA, 16SrRNA, 22 tRNAs and a D‐loop as found in other mammals. Database homology searches showed that the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence from the New Zealand semidomestic deer was similar to partial mtDNA sequences from the European, Norwegian (C. e. atlanticus) and Spanish red deer (C. e. hispanicus). Phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial protein‐coding regions revealed two well‐defined monophyletic clades in subfamilies Cervinae and Muntiacinae. However, red deer and Sika deer were not found to be close relatives. The analysis did identify the red deer as a sister taxon of a Samber/Sika deer clade, although it was more closely related to the Samber than the Sika group.     

Immunohistochemical localization of steroidogenic enzymes in the testis of Hokkaido Sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis)

The testes from 15 adult male Hokkaido Sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) were collected during the rutting season (October and November). We investigated the localization of 4 kinds of steroidogenic enzymes (P450scc, 3betaHSD, P450c17 and P450arom) immunohistochemically in these testicular samples. The specific immunoreactivities to these enzymes were detected only in the cytoplasm of Leydig cells. This differs to the enzyme distributions reported previously in Japanese black bear, Japanese raccoon dog, Hokkaido brown bear and American black bear, in which the same immunoreactivities were detected in Leydig cells, Sertoli cells and/or spermatogenic cells. The current study suggests that in the testes of the Hokkaido Sika deer, testosterone and estradiol-17beta may be synthesized in the Leydig cells only.     

梅花鹿茸鲜重与年龄的相关性研究及经济效益分析

以江苏地区的梅花鹿为对象,研究分析了梅花鹿鹿茸重量与其年龄之间的相关性。结果表明:9龄内梅花鹿的鹿茸重与年龄呈正相关(r=0.767,P<0.05),它们之间线性回归方程为y=0.345x+1.186。梅花鹿3～8锯的鲜茸单产很高,平均水平达3.28kg/锯。公鹿鲜茸重的变异系数在2～6龄之间逐渐减小,7龄之后又有上升的超势,其中以5～7龄的变异系数最小,分别为16.2%、6.1%、11.7%。相关数据分析表明,梅花鹿公鹿在1～4龄内经济效益较差,从5龄开始获利,年获利逐年增加,这种趋势与梅花鹿的茸产量变化趋势是一致的。     

Yersiniosis in Farmed Deer

Samples from 77 chital (Axis axis), 42 fallow (Dama dama), 26 red (Cervus elaphus), 7 rusa (Cervus timorensis) and 1 sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) were examined. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection was diagnosed as the cause of death in 6 (23%) of the red and 23 (30%) of the chital deer. Yersiniosis was the most common infectious cause of death diagnosed. Affected deer were usually found moribund or dead, often with faecal staining of the perineum. Gross pathology in chital included a fibrinous enterocolitis, enlarged congested mesenteric lymph nodes and multiple pale foci through the liver. Gross changes in red deer were limited to intense congestion of the intestinal mucosa and enlargement and congestion of mesenteric lymph nodes. Microscopic intestinal changes in both species consisted of microabscessation or diffuse suppurative inflammation of the intestinal mucosa with numerous bacterial colonies in the lamina propria. Multifocal suppurative mesenteric lymphadenitis was a common finding. Multifocal suppurative or non-suppurative hepatitis was frequently present in the liver of chital but was uncommon in the red deer. Yersiniosis occurred during the cooler months from June to November, with younger age classes most commonly affected. Y. pseudotuberculosis serotypes I, II and III were isolated in the ratio 17:3:0 in the chital deer and 1:1:2 in red deer. The clinical, epidemiological and bacteriological features are similar to those documented previously by New Zealand workers. The increased susceptibility to disease of red deer and chital compared to fallow deer and perhaps other species has not previously been documented.     

鹿茸组织中内参基因的筛选和验证

为筛选在不同生长时期鹿茸组织中稳定表达的内参基因,试验以不同生长时期(分别为脱盘后10、20、40和60 d)的鹿茸组织为材料,采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)方法分析甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH)、β2-微球蛋白(B2M)、还原型辅酶Ⅰ(NADH)、60S 核糖体蛋白L40(RPL40)、谷胱甘肽还原酶7(GPx)和β肌动蛋白(ACTB)6个看家基因的表达情况,并运用 geNorm和NormFinder 两个程序综合分析6个看家基因的表达稳定性.结果显示,GAPDH、ACTB、RPL40表达稳定性较好,可用作鹿茸基因表达研究的内参基因,而NADH和GPx的稳定性最差,不适合作内参基因.通过对鹿茸生长相关基因(ANXA5、HSP27、PRD2、CRABP1、LGALS1)表达分析,进一步验证了上述结果,并且发现这5种基因均在脱盘后10 d的鹿茸组织中高表达.该研究结果为鹿茸快速生长及骨化相关基因的研究奠定了一定基础.     

长春地区梅花鹿毕氏肠微孢子虫分子流行病学调查

为了掌握长春地区梅花鹿毕氏肠微孢子虫(Enterocytozoon bieneusi)的感染率及基因型种类的分布情况,探究其在人与动物之间传播的源由,本研究于2018年12月-2019年12月期间采集长春地区8个养殖场共计538份梅花鹿粪便样品进行毕氏肠微孢子虫的流行病学调查及基因型分析,经PCR鉴定,测序分析、序列拼接比对以及系统进化分析。试验结果表明,长春地区梅花鹿毕氏肠微孢子虫的感染率为17.84%(96/538),不同养殖场的感染率为0~47.96%;研究共发现14种基因型(BEB6、EbpC、Ⅰ、JLD-Ⅲ、JLD-Ⅸ、JLD-ⅩⅤ、JLD-ⅩⅥ、JLD-ⅩⅦ、JLD-ⅩⅧ、JLD-ⅩⅨ、JLD-ⅩⅩ、JLD-ⅩⅪ、JLD-ⅩⅫ和JLD-ⅩⅩⅢ),其中BEB6为优势基因型。应用多位点序列分型(MLST)方法,选择MS1、MS3、MS4以及MS7位点对毕氏肠微孢子虫阳性样本进行多态性和群体遗传结构分析,结果显示,在96份阳性样品中,共有16份阳性分离株在至少2个位点同时扩增成功,形成10个多位点基因型(multilocus genotypes,MLGs),相同的基因型之间存在不同亚型,表明长春地区梅花鹿毕氏肠微孢子虫具有丰富的遗传多样性。本研究应用分子生物学方法对长春地区梅花鹿毕氏肠微孢子虫的流行病情况及基因型进行分析,研究结果不仅为梅花鹿毕氏肠微孢子虫防控提供科学依据,也为防控毕氏微孢子虫在人和动物间的传播提供基础数据,对保障公共卫生与健康意义重大。     

鹿巴氏杆菌病的诊断与防制

2006年6~7月吉林省敦化市某鹿场的仔鹿发生急性死亡,通过临床症状、病理剖检变化、微生物学综合诊断,确诊为鹿巴氏杆菌病。经及时采取综合防制措施,有效控制了该病的流行。     

梅花鹿瘤胃纤维素降解菌的分离鉴定及其酶活力测定

为获得来源于梅花鹿瘤胃的高效纤维素降解菌，本试验采集了3锯龄健康梅花鹿的新鲜瘤胃液，用羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC-Na）培养基分离筛选纤维素降解菌，综合其形态学、生理生化特征和16S rDNA基因测序等对分离菌株进行分类学鉴定，利用DNS法对菌株的产纤维素酶条件进行初步研究，并探讨以不同物质为底物时的纤维素酶酶学特性，为后期菌株的应用提供理论数据。结果显示，本试验从梅花鹿瘤胃液中分离的菌株N-11是一株高效纤维素降解菌，经鉴定为蜡样芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）。产酶性质研究结果表明，该菌株产纤维素酶活力在30~45℃（最适温度为40℃），pH为6.0~7.0（最适pH 6.0），碳源含量为2%~5%（最佳接种量5%）较高；培养36 h时达到产酶高峰，纤维素酶酶活力（CMCA）和滤纸酶酶活力（FPA）分别为12.563、12.414 U/mL，在20~50℃或pH 6.0~8.0环境下作用1 h，其相对酶活力均保持在80%以上，稳定性较好。以上结果表明，蜡样芽孢杆菌N-11具有较高的纤维素酶活力，在纤维素利用方面具有较高的应用价值。     

梅花鹿S100A16基因的克隆及生物信息学分析

为探索梅花鹿（Cervus nippon）S100A16基因序列及生物学特性，本研究根据GenBank数据库中牛、绵羊S100A16基因序列设计引物，以梅花鹿鹿茸顶端组织cDNA为模板，采用RT-PCR技术和分子克隆技术成功获得梅花鹿S100A16基因的cDNA序列。生物信息学分析发现，梅花鹿S100A16基因CDS区全长312 bp，编码103个氨基酸；蛋白含有11个磷酸化位点，有跨膜结构域，无信号肽，为在细胞内发挥作用的稳定蛋白；蛋白仅在C端含有S100蛋白家族经典的EF螺旋结构域，由12个氨基酸组成，N端EF螺旋结构域由15个氨基酸组成；蛋白C端含有FGF-1蛋白结合位点；梅花鹿S100A16蛋白的二级结构主要由α-螺旋和无规则卷曲构成；三级结构显示该蛋白有2个Ca²⁺结合位点；梅花鹿S100A16蛋白氨基酸序列与东欧马鹿同源性最高，为100%，与其他部分物种S100A16蛋白氨基酸序列构建系统进化树，分析表明S100A16基因在进化上比较保守，符合功能基因的特点。研究结果为进一步揭示梅花鹿S100A16基因的功能及表达机制提供依据。     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒梅花鹿分离株E0基因的克隆与表达

利用RT-PCR技术扩增了牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)梅花鹿分离株E0基因，并将其克隆到pMD18-T克隆载体和pET28a原核表达载体中，构建了pMD18-T／E0和pET28a／E0重组子，并进行了测序和表达。表达产物分别用12％SDS-PAGE检测和牛抗BVDV阳性血清进行Western-blotting检测，结果表明．BVDV梅花鹿分离株E0基因的核苷酸序列与匈牙利VEDEVAC株的同源性高达98．6％，与C21V标准株的同源性为84．9％，证明构建的重组子是正确的；BVDV梅花鹿分离株E0基因得到了正确表达。     

某鹿场梅花鹿种群退化的调查

调查了 1988～ 2 0 0 1年间黑龙江省平山养鹿场梅花鹿种群生物学特性变化特点。结果表明 ,仔鹿病死率增加 12 4 6 6 % ,成年鹿病死率增加 12 3 12 % ;母鹿产仔率减少 10 0 4 % ,2 0d仔鹿成活率减少 8 5 7% ;公鹿鹿茸平均单产降低 2 8 5 7% ,一等品率降低 5 2 2 3% ,等外品率增加 12 5 14 %。分析该结果原因为近亲繁殖所致。     

Experimental transmission of chronic wasting disease (CWD) from elk and white-tailed deer to fallow deer by intracerebral route: final report

Final observations on experimental transmission of chronic wasting disease (CWD) from elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to fallow deer (Dama dama) are reported herein. During the 5-year study, 13 fawns were inoculated intracerebrally with CWD-infected brain material from white-tailed deer (n = 7; Group A) or elk (n = 6; Group B), and 3 other fawns were kept as uninoculated controls (Group C). As described previously, 3 CWD-inoculated deer were euthanized at 7.6 mo post-inoculation (MPI). None revealed presence of abnormal prion protein (PrP(d)) in their tissues. At 24 (Group A) and 26 (Group B) MPI, 2 deer were necropsied. Both animals had a small focal accumulation of PrP(d) in their midbrains. Between 29 and 37 MPI, 3 other deer (all from Group A) were euthanized. The 5 remaining deer became sick and were euthanized between 51 and 60 MPI (1 from Group A and 4 from Group B). Microscopic lesions of spongiform encephalopathy (SE) were observed in only these 5 animals; however, PrP(d) was detected in tissues of the central nervous system by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and by commercial rapid test in all animals that survived beyond 24 MPI. This study demonstrates that intracerebrally inoculated fallow deer not only amplify CWD prions, but also develop lesions of spongiform encephalopathy.     

Experimental transmission of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever from sheep to Japanese deer (Cervus nippon) and cattle

The assumption that sheep carry ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2), the causative agent of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF), is widely accepted, albeit OvHV-2 has not been isolated. We attempted experimental contact transmission of MCF from Japanese sheep persistently infected with OvHV-2 to Japanese deer (Cervus nippon) and cattle. In Experiment 1, a deer was kept in close quarters with an infected ewe. In Experiment 2, a second deer was kept with the same ewe. In Experiment 3, two cows were each kept with two infected wethers. In Experiment 1, the deer developed clinical signs at 138 days after first contact and then died. OvHV-2 genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fluorescent antibodies to Alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 were detected in the affected deer. Moreover, sequences of PCR products (423bp), obtained by amplification of materials from the sheep and from the affected deer, coincided. These results clearly confirmed that the sheep was a carrier of OvHV-2, and that this virus had induced SA-MCF in a deer. In other experiments, no OvHV-2 infection occurred in deer and cattle during the 6-18 months periods of contact, though viral genes were detected in the nasal swabs and white blood cells of the sheep. To our knowledge, this is the first report on successful experimental transmission of MCF from OvHV-2-infected sheep to deer.     

东北梅花鹿优化育种规划步骤、基本条件及对现行育种方案的分析

对东北梅花鹿优化育种规划的具体步骤和所应具备的基本条件进行了研究 ,并在分析东北梅花鹿群现状的基础上 ,得出群体的经济学和遗传参数、生物学和育种技术指数、群体结构参数、育种成本与投资参数等一系列将在育种规划计算中应用的参数 ,同时还对东北梅花鹿现行育种方案的育种效果进行了分析。     

东北梅花鹿优化育种规划中育种目标的确定

讨论了东北梅花鹿依据经济指标确定育种目标的问题 ,以及在东北梅花鹿育种规划中 ,应如何挑选在综合育种目标中的生产性状及其对应的选择性状。并着重介绍了应用综合育种值作为数量化育种目标的方法。指出在确定以茸用为主的东北梅花鹿育种目标时 ,除了主要考虑茸用性状外 ,还应适当地考虑繁殖和使用寿命等性状 ,同时对于直接影响茸鹿生产效益的直接性状和次级性状不容忽视。