辽宁省不同熟期水稻品质性状分析

对辽宁省不同熟期水稻品种品质性状进行综合分析,为水稻优质育种和栽培提供参考。以辽宁省中早熟、中熟、中晚熟和晚熟4个熟期65个品种（系）为试验材料,分析辽宁省不同熟期水稻品种（系）品质性状差异及其相关关系。结果表明,垩白粒率、垩白度、透明度的变异系数较大,不同熟期间表现基本一致。4个熟期中中早熟品种（系）的品质性状整体较好,只有垩白度的优质米达标率较低,说明垩白性状是今后水稻品质改良的重点。相关分析表明,垩白粒率、垩白度均与直链淀粉含量呈极显著正相关,与胶稠度呈显著负相关,糙米率与精米率、整精米率、胶稠度呈极显著正相关。辽宁省水稻优质育种可通过合理调整直链淀粉含量,降低垩白粒率和垩白度,提高整精米率,实现品质的整体改善。     

膜下滴灌水稻品质性状相关性分析

通过研究膜下滴灌水稻品质性状间的相关性得出：糙米率越高长宽比值就越大;粒长越长垩白粒率和直链淀粉含量就越高;长宽比值越高垩白粒率和精米率越高;垩白粒率越高垩白度和直链淀粉含量越高;垩白度越高直链淀粉含量越高;精米率越高整精米率越高;说明在膜下滴灌栽培条件下,水稻的垩白有所降低,水稻的糙米率和整精米率得到提高。垩白粒率、垩白度、粒长、糙米率等品质指标均对膜下滴灌水稻品质起到正向作用。     

黑龙江省新审定水稻品种品质性状分析

通过2000—2004年黑龙江省审定的35个水稻品种品质性状分析,结果表明,所有供试材料品质总分没有达到部颁优质米一级标准,有74.29%达到部颁优质米二级标准。供试材料品质性状间垩白米率、垩白度、直链淀粉含量达到部颁优质米的一级标准;品质性状间存在显著或极显著的相关性;品质性状的主成分分析,糙米率因子、垩白度因子、直链淀粉含量因子、蛋白质含量因子、整精米率因子的特征根累计贡献率达82.5%。建立品质总分回归方程：Y=75.086+0.246 x1-0.932 x2 -0.577 x3 -0.124 x4 +3.072 x5。     

云南省 2008-2023 年审定水稻品种品质及相关性状分析

为初步探明云南省审定水稻品种的演变更替规律,对近 16 年审定的水稻品种数据进行分析,以期为未来的育种方向提供参考。从 2008-2023 年云南审定的 466 个水稻品种信息中整理出 16 个性状数据,对其进行趋势分析、变异分析、相关性分析、主成分分析。结果表明,云南省审定品种来源广泛,育种单位多元化,基本实现了自主培育。品质及相关性状分析中,籼稻整精米率和胶稠度优质率整体上高于粳稻,粳稻直链淀粉含量优质率高于籼稻,垩白度的优质率均最低;垩白粒率与垩白度、直链淀粉含量、透明度之间呈极显著正相关关系,垩白度与透明度之间呈极显著正相关关系。主成分分析筛选出垩白度、整精米率、直链淀粉含量、胶稠度 4 个指标可作为评价审定品种品质性状的主要指标。云南省审定水稻品种在近 16 年整体趋向产量与品质协同发展,整体品质上升但忽略了垩白度、垩白粒率优质率的提升,这 2 个指标是影响当前云南省稻米品质的主要因素。在水稻优良品种改良和选择上,可综合考虑各指标之间的相关性,适当筛选垩白粒率及垩白度低的材料,在标准制定上应完善软米类优质稻评价标准,打造具有云南特色的稻米品牌。     

宁夏水稻审定品种品质性状优化及影响因素分析

对宁夏审定的40份水稻品种品质性状进行分析,对参试材料进行优质分级,为宁夏水稻优质育种提供参考.结果表明,供试品种品质性状总体较好,达到Ⅲ级以上100％标准的有4项,即透明度、直链淀粉含量、胶稠度和碱消值,但不同品质性状间的变异系数有很大差异.在本研究中,垩白度和垩白粒率变异系数最大,碱消值、糙米率、精米率、直链淀粉含量变异系数较小.供试品种的优质选标率在糙米率和精米率上没有达到Ⅰ级的品种,但其余的7项品质指标均达到Ⅰ级米标准,并且从碱消值和垩白粒率来看,优质百分率能达到87.5％和62.5％.对供试的40份品种品质性状主成分分析得出,垩白因子、蒸煮因子、碱消值因子、加工因子的累计贡献率达82.54％,将4个主成分与品种理化指标分值进行回归分析,建立回归方程:Y=27.012 7+0.075 9 X1-0.488 7 X2 +0.481 0 X3-2.2130X4.宁夏水稻品种可通过提高稻米糙米率、整精米率、碱消值、胶稠度、直链淀粉含量、透明度,实现品种品质的整体改善;而要提高优质品种等级则要侧重于垩白性状的改良,并实现品质性状间的均衡提升.     

早晚季水稻耐光氧化反应特性及其与品质稳定性的关系

以耐光氧化反应特性和品质性状具有明显差异的9个水稻品种为材料,研究在早、晚季不同温光栽培条件下,水稻品种的耐光氧化反应特性和品质性状表现及其相互关系。结果表明,水稻的耐光氧化反应特性与稻米品质的优劣不呈显著性相关,但与垩白米率,垩白度,精米率,整精米率,磨损率和直链淀粉含量等品质性状在早晚季的稳定性密切相关,即耐光氧化反应特性强的品种在不同季节栽培其米质稳定性较好。     

覆膜旱作稻米品质的初步研究

以常规水管稻为对照,研究了水稻在覆膜旱作生态条件下的稻米品质。结果表明：与常规水管相比较,糙米率、粒长、长宽比、透明度、直链淀粉含量几乎没有变化;精米率、垩白度、杂交籼稻的湖化温度略有增加,蛋白质含量、杂交籼稻的整精米率明显增加;胶稠度、粳稻品种的整精米率略有下降,垩白粒率明显减小。依据部颁《优质稻米标准》ＮＹ１２２－８６综合评价,覆膜旱作稻米品质有一定程序的提高。     

辽宁滨海稻区水稻新品系品质性状分析

为了研究辽宁滨海稻区水稻新品系品质特性,以期为优质水稻新品种选育提供参考。以30份粳稻新品系为试材,对新品系稻米品质性状进行评价及相关分析。结果表明：新品系碾磨品质中的糙米率和整精米率的平均值分别达到国家2级优质米标准和国家1级优质米标准,垩白粒率和垩白度变异系数较大,分别为50.44%和52.34%;品质性状间存在显著或极显著的相关性,胶稠度和碱消值与食味值呈显著正相关(r=0.660,r=0.586),直链淀粉含量与食味值呈极显著负相关(r=-0.849)。因此,在今后的选育优质水稻新品种过程中,应注意降低垩白率、垩白度和适当降低直链淀粉含量,并兼顾其他品系的改良。     

宁夏主推水稻品种品质性状遗传参数的分析

对宁夏生产上大面积推广的12份水稻品种的10个主要品质性状进行了遗传力分析、遗传相关分析和主成分分析.结果表明:广义遗传力较高的性状有直链淀粉含量、粒形、粒长、垩白米含量、糙米率和精米率.直链淀粉含量与垩白大小及垩白米率有较密切的正相关,与胶稠度和碾米品质性状有较密切的负相关;整精米率与蛋白质含量、垩白大小、粒形和粒长有较密切的负相关.主成分分析结果表明:第一主成分因子为蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量,第二主成分因子为垩白大小及垩白米率,第三主成分因子为胶稠度.笔者认为整精米率、直链淀粉含量、垩白大小、垩白米率和胶稠度可作为鉴定稻米品质的主要性状.     

旱稻导入系碾磨品质和垩白粒率的QTL定位及其与土壤水分的互作分析

以优质水稻品种越富为遗传背景,具有旱稻品种IRAT109导入片段的271份导入系为材料,在水、旱田2个土壤水分环境下调查糙米率、精米率、整精米率和垩白粒率4个品质性状,研究旱田栽培对稻米品质性状的影响,进行QTL定位及基因型与环境的互作分析。结果表明,整精米率和垩白粒率易受土壤水分环境的影响,糙米率和精米率相对稳定。适当水分胁迫能提高稻米的整精米率,减少垩白粒率。利用混合线性模型,水、旱田条件下共检测到4个品质性状的10个加性QTL和2对上位性互作QTL,分别位于第3、4、7、8和9染色体。3个加性QTL (qMR9、qHMR7和qHMR9)和一对上位性互作QTL (qHMR3~qHMR9)的贡献率大于10%。7个QTL与前人研究结果相一致。第4染色体RM1112~RM1272和第9染色体RM1189~RM410是QTL集中分布的区域。根据不同性状对干旱胁迫的反应特点,分别选择水、旱田条件下贡献率大、稳定的QTL或者具有旱田特异性的QTL,进行标记辅助聚合育种是培育抗旱、优质稻的一个有效途径。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.     

Genetic variation for disease and nematode resistances and forage quality in perennial diploid and tetraploid lucerne populations (Medicago sativa L.)

Summary Twenty-five lucerne populations of the Medicago sativa complex, which were either diploid or tetraploid and wild or cultivated, were analysed for their resistance to four different fungal diseases and to stem nematode. Forage quality, including stem digestibility and saponin content, was also tested.Populations varied in susceptibility to the diseases caused by Colletotrichum trifolii, Verticillium albo-atrum, Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Pseudopezizza medicaginis, and to the nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Except for Sclerotinia rot, sativa and falcata subspecies differed in susceptibility, but this grouping of populations did not account for the full range of variation among them. However, the resistance to P. medicaginis was much lower in the sativa than in the falcata populations.Populations also varied significantly in stem fiber content and digestibility. Stem digestibility was negatively correlated to forage yield. Wild sativa and falcata populations had lower fiber content and higher digestibility than cultivated sativa populations. The medicagenic acid was the sapogenin responsible for the anti-nutritional effect of the lucerne measured by the yellow mealworm larvae Tenebrio molitor. The medicagenic acid content was lowest for the pure sativa populations, highest for the pure falcata populations, and intermediate for the French sativa varieties that have some traits originating from falcata germplasm. Some populations could be used in breeding programs to improve disease and nematode resistance, and forage quality.     

Review of Effects of Active Components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on Central Nervous System

In order to explore the pharmacological effects of active components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on the central nervous system,through consulting related literatures,...     

Effects of Pb on Rhizosphere Soil Enzyme Activity and Chemical Constituents of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

[Objectives]The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Pb on rhizosphere soil enzyme activity and chemical constituents of Achyranthes bidentat...     

不同P-Zn配比对小麦幼苗微量元素营养的影响

采用了螯合-缓冲营养液培养方法对小麦进行了苗期培养试验,在3个P水平(0,0.6,3.0 mmol/L)和3个Zn水平(0,3,30 μmol/L)的完全组合下对小麦苗期生长及Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养进行了研究,旨在为小麦微肥施用提供理论依据.结果表明,P、Zn的正常供应促进了小麦生长,二者的缺乏与过量均会抑制小麦发育,且这种影响在冠部表现得更为明显.在小麦苗期,Zn与Cu的吸收存在明显的拮抗作用,但供Zn则促进了Zn和Cu的转运,而Mn转运则受到了抑制;过量供Zn时,大量Zn被转运到冠部,同时明显抑制了(Fe+Cu+Mn)的吸收总量;P的供应显著地抑制了Fe的吸收,但P的供应提高了Zn、Cu、Mn的转运率;P、Zn在对Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn间吸收竞争的影响中,Zn本身的影响要比P的影响更为明显,供Zn明显促进了小麦幼苗对Zn的吸收;在小麦幼苗冠部,Zn与Fe的竞争中,供P利于Zn的吸收,缺P则利于Fe的吸收;而Zn与Cu以及Zn与Mn间的竞争中,缺磷时利于Zn的吸收,供磷后则利于Cu和Mn的吸收.总之,小麦幼苗Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养中,P、Zn的不同配比会不同程度地改变Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn的协同或拮抗效应.     

Isozyme variation between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth.

Summary Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth. is a wild perennial species related to the cultivated soybean, G. max (L.) Merr. It is composed of diploid (2n=40) and tetraploid (2n=80) cytotypes. Currently, to differentiate the cytotypes, plants are grown out in the greenhouse and chromosome counts made on pollen mother cells. It is a laborious and time consuming process. The objective of this study was to determine whether electrophoretic techniques could be utilized to separate the cytotypes. Electrophoretic examination of seven isozyme systems from seed of 67 G. tabacina accessions revealed banding patterns that could be used to differentiate between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes in the species. Among the tetraploid accessions, the number of bands observed were always greater than the diploids. Some tetraploid banding patterns consisted of bands similar to the diploid tabacina and/or additional bands previously identified in other Glycine species. The patterns of isozyme multiplicity and variation in the tetraploid tabacinas suggests more than one mode of origin for the tetraploids.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.