土壤对铜离子的专性吸附及其特征的研究

供试土壤专性吸附铜的等温线均符合Langmuir方程。红壤吸附量最低,砖红腹与黄泥土最大吸附量相近,但在铜浓度低时砖红壤吸铜量远低于黄泥土,而在高浓度则反之。土壤专性吸附铜是在溶液中Na⁺浓度比Cu²⁺高8.3—100倍条件下,Na⁺离子仍不足以与之竞争的那些专性吸附点所吸持的铜。按其解吸条件区分为松结合铜(可为N NH₄Cl解吸)和紧结合铜(仅能为0.1 N HCl解吸)两种。紧结合铜受平衡溶液铜浓度影响很小,所占据的吸附点对Cu²⁺有较强亲和力。松结合铜则随平衡铜溶液浓度增大而增加,符合Langmuir方程。对于砖红壤和黄泥土,在铜浓度低时紧结合铜>松结合铜;浓度高时则反之。红壤专性吸附铜始终以松结合铜为主。三种土壤比较,紧结合铜是砖红壤>黄泥土>红壤;松结合铜则是黄泥土>砖红壤>红壤。造成这些差别的原因可能与土壤性质、氧化物、有机质和粘土矿物组成等不同有关。用平衡法研究三种土壤专性吸附铜在不同浓度NH₄Cl和HCl溶液中的解吸表明,可进一步区分为三或四种不同的结合状况。红壤对铜吸附容量最小,且最易解吸。     

中国东部太湖地区酸性水稻土团聚体上铜的专性和非专性吸附动力学研究

The Taihu Lake region in East China has become prone to soil acidification, which changes heavy metals such as copper(Cu) in soil into water-soluble species and increases the mobility and contamination risks of heavy metals in the biological environment. In this study, the kinetics of Cu2+sorption by the bulk soil and the aggregate size fractions of an acidic paddy soil collected from the Taihu Lake region, the effects of temperature on Cu2+sorption, and the p H changes of the solution were investigated by static sorption and magnetic stirring. The aggregate size fractions were prepared by low-energy ultrasonic dispersing and freeze-drying. The total sorption amounts of the bulk soil and the aggregate size fractions for Cu2+followed a descending order of clay > coarse sand > bulk soil > silt> sand, corresponding to those of organic matter content, free iron oxide content, free aluminum oxide content, and cation exchange capacity. The kinetic sorption curves of Cu2+by the bulk soil and the aggregates, which were divided into two stages(rapid and slow sequentially), were well fitted by the first-order equation, the diffusion equation, and the Elovich equation, showing significant correlations(P < 0.05). Specific and non-specific sorption dominated in the fast and slow stages, respectively, and the former was predominant throughout the sorption process. The specific sorption accelerated and the non-specific sorption decelerated with rising temperature. The p H of the solution decreased significantly during the specific sorption and remained unchanged or increased slightly during the non-specific sorption. When the specific sorption terminated, the p H of the solution was minimized nearly simultaneously.The sorption progress of Cu2+by the bulk soil significantly preceded that by the aggregates. Therefore, heavy metal contamination may be another factor reducing soil p H and metal sorption forms should be taken into consideration in studies of mitigating soil heavy metal pollution or determining environmental capacity of heavy metal in soil.     

红壤性水稻土对镉吸附研究初报

红壤性水稻土及其用石灰和有机物处理样本对镉的吸附。结果表明：样本对镉吸附在２５±１℃恒温下搅拌２小时吸附基本平衡。吸附等温式可用Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ和Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ方程式来描述。施用石灰和有机物处理，均可增加镉的吸附量和固定量。土壤ＰＨ增加，镉的吸附量亦随之加。各处理量与土壤镉吸附量呈极显正相关。     

几种水稻土对铵离子的吸附特性

根据两年来水稻丰产的研究结果,在水稻所需的氮磷钾营养元素中,氮素最为活跃,而且敏锐地受到人为措施的影响.水稻的氮素营养问题,不仅在于氮素的供应容量,土壤的氮素供应强度及其持续时间,也同时深刻地影响水稻器管的协调生长.     

砖红壤及其矿物表面对重金属离子的专性吸附研究

本文对Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｚｎ＾２＋、Ｃｏ＾２＋、Ｎｉ＾２＋和Ｃｄ＾２＋在砖红壤、针铁矿、无定形氧化铝和高岭石表面上的专性吸附进行的研究结果表明：ＰＨ是影响重金属离子吸附过程的最重要因素，而表面带电性质对吸附过程的影响不大。砖红壤表面的吸附顺序是Ｃｕ＾２＋〉Ｚｎ＾２＋〉Ｃｏ＾２＋〉Ｎｉ＾２＋≥Ｃｄ＾２＋；针铁矿表面的吸附顺序是Ｃｕ＾２＋〉Ｚｎ＾２＋〉Ｃｄ＾２＋〉Ｎｉ＾２＋〉Ｃｏ＾２＋；而无定形氧化铝和高岭     

离子专性吸附对可变电荷土壤的动电学性质的影响

Studies were carried out by using electrophoretic method on the effects of the specific adsorption of the anions,such as SO4^2-,PO4^3-,and F^- ions,the cations,such as Ca^2 ,Mn^2 ,Zn^2 ,and Cu^2 ,ions,and the anions and cations coexisting,such as Zn^2 and SO4^2= ions,on electrokinetic properties of the red soils as typical variable charge soils in China concerning variation in the specific ion species and concentrations,with an emphasis on the interaction between soil colloid surfaces and the ions in soil solutions.The results showed that the adsorption of specific ions led to a very pronounced decrease in zeta potentials of the soil colloids and a shift of the IEPs to lower values for specific anions,and an obvious increase in zeta potentials of the soil colloids and a shift of the IEPs to higher values for specific cations.Under circumstances of the specific anions and cations coexisting,for instance,Zn^2 and SO4^2- ions,the zeta potentials changed with values higher than the value for SO4^2- alone and lower than that for Zn^2 alone,and the IEP was between that for Zn^2 and that for SO4^2-.The adsorption of Zn^2 and Cu^2 ions resulted in a reversal of the zeta potentials,and appearance of two IEPs for Zn^2 and no IEP for Cu^2 ,exhibiting interesting special effects of these kinds of metal ions.The higher the concentrations of the ions,the greater the change of the electrokinetic properties.     

土壤对养分离子吸附特性初步研究

针对土壤本身对养分离子具有吸附固定特性降低了养分的有效性,运用土壤养分状况系统研究法通过吸附试验研究新疆两种土壤对养分离子的吸附固定能力。研究结果表明:棕漠土对P、Zn、Cu的吸附固定能力比潮土强,两种土壤对K、B和Mn吸附固定差异不显著,棕漠土的养分限制因子是N>P>Mn>B,潮土的养分限制因子是N>Mn>P>K,因此施肥时考虑到土壤对养分离子的吸附固定能力确定合理的施肥量。     

不同浓度铜离子土壤的吸附-解吸行为——兼论弱专性吸附态的存在

研究了三种可变电荷土壤和两种恒电荷土壤不同铜离子浓度条件下的吸附-解吸行为。结果表明,不同铜离子浓度下土壤的pH-Cu2+吸附率曲线均在低pH段出现会合,且随着铜离子浓度升高,pH-Cu2+吸附率曲线有向右偏移的趋势。证实了可变电荷土壤中吸附性铜离子可被去离子水解吸,并存在解吸峰现象。针对解吸前后吸附体系pH值的变化研究结果显示,吸附时体系pH低于5.0时,解吸后pH上升;而吸附体系pH高于5.0时,解吸后pH下降,表明pH5.0可能是土壤吸附铜离子机理发生变化的又一个转折点。本文还对专性吸附中弱吸附态的存在和形成原因进行了初步探讨。     

模拟酸雨对太湖地区水稻土铜吸附—解吸的影响

以太湖地区三种典型的水稻土（黄泥土、白土、乌泥土）为例，利用模拟-培养试验，着重研究模拟酸雨对土壤的铜吸附解吸能力的影响，研究结果表明：与未淋溶土壤相比，经模拟酸雨淋溶的三种土壤对铜的吸附量有所增加，随着淋溶液pH的降低，增幅减小：易解吸态铜的解吸量则随淋溶液pH的降低而增大，模拟酸雨降低了土壤对重金融污染的缓冲能力；虽然黄泥土、乌泥土对铜的吸附量远大于白土，但模拟酸雨对乌泥土的吸附-解吸能力的影响速度也大于白土。     

苏南地区水稻土表观络合能力的初步研究

在苏州地区水稻土发僵问题的研究中,曾指出:耕层土壤的总孔隙度和粗孔隙量低,细孔隙的比例高是发僵水稻土的孔隙特性(陈家坊等,1978)。同时也初步指出,发僵水稻土的耕层,在土壤胶体数量上,在还原过程中土壤有机物质可能提供的电子和配位基的相对多少,以及土壤交换性阳离子组成上,都表现出一定的特点。     

土壤对磷酸离子(H2PO4-)吸附的初步研究

土壤中铁铝氧化物胶体,包括层状粘土矿物边缘裸露的铝醇(Aluminol,Al-OH)和铁醇(Ferrol,Fe-OH)对阴离子的吸附,不仅制约某些植物营养元素的有效性,而且还影响某些阴离子对土壤的污染.所以,日益受到人们的注意.     

土壤吸附砷酸盐动力学的初步研究

本研究目的是了解陕西省的几种土壤吸附和解吸附砷酸盐的速率和过程,以及其吸附能量。Kuo和Lotse导出的双常数速率公式拟合试验资料优于一级、二级、三级反应公式,抛物线扩散和Elovich公式等五个公式。用双常数速率公式(C=k·C₀·t^1/m)分两段拟合能进一步提高拟合优度。根据Arrhenius公式计算出的吸附活化能是0.70—3.40千卡/克分子。低的活化能表明,供试土壤对砷酸盐的吸附作用是一种完全不同于真溶液条件化学反应的物理学过程。土壤吸附和解吸附砷酸盐的速度和容量受作用时间、温度、溶液∶土壤比率,加入的砷量和浓度,以及土壤特性的影响。粘土的吸附反应常数(k),吸附量比沙壤土大。而沙壤土有高的解吸附反应速度常数(k_-1^'),砷酸盐容易被解吸附而释放出来。     

苏南五种水稻土的肥力与作物的相互关系

不同类型的土壤具有各不相同的肥力,这对其上种植的各种作物产生不同的影响,最后构成不同的产量与品质.反过来,种植不同的作物也对土壤产生不同的影响.研究土壤与作物的这种相互关系是土壤肥力研究的重要内容,也是制定因土种植、合理利用和培养土壤的实际措施的重要依据.     

苏南地区水稻土的合理耕作的研究

苏南地区传统的土壤耕作要求水稻移栽前耕层土壤“上有泥糊、下有团块”,认为泥糊有利于土壤的养分释放,团块有利于土壤通气^[2];而对于秋耕,力求达到耕层土碎、田面平整。为此,必须耕耙配套,因而每年化费的劳动和能量很大。七十年代以来,由于大面积发展双三制,耕作次数增多和溃水时间延长,难以实现晒堡,农民普遍反映土壤发僵,通气性变坏^[1,4,7],碎土更加困难。为了摸清传统土壤耕作制中存在的问题,探索合理的土壤耕作制,我们于1978-1979年在无锡等地进行了不同整地方法的田间试验,并就出现的问题进行了盆栽对比研究。     

强酸性盐渍水稻土的发生

弦酸性盐渍水稻土是我国南海沿岸的低产水稻土之一。由于土壤呈强酸性反应,因而水稻生长不良,一般每亩每季水稻不超过200斤,严重者甚至颗粒无收。我国强酸性盐渍水稻土及其类似土壤的面积约100万亩。     

江苏省土壤比阻测定的研究

为查清我国各地土壤比阻,推荐如下二种方法:第一、在传统犁上安装合适的力传感器来测定各种有代表性的土壤的比阻;第二、建立以粘土成份和土壤含水量为自变量的回归方程来计算土壤比阻。用后者,在不同地区需先校正粘土成分和土壤含水量的值,再以校正值代入回归方程得该土壤比阻的计算值。最后,用统计方法将各地区土壤比阻的实测值和计算值,绘制成该地区的土壤比阻图。