Immunoreactive dynorphin-(1-8) and corticotropin- releasing factor in subpopulation of hypothalamic neurons

Immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and dynorphin-(I-8) were visualized in rat hypothalamus by immunohistofluorescence with specific antibodies. In brains from colchicine-treated, adrenalectomized rats, neuronal perikarya with immunoreactive CRF were observed in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. The CRF occurred together with the dynorphin-(1-8). However, the CRF immunoreactivity occurred only in a subpopulation of the dynorphin-(1-8) immunoreactive cells. These findings suggest that there may be a functional interrelationship of CRF with dynorphin-related opioid peptides and provide further evidence that neurons may contain more than one bioactive substance.     

Ethanol-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration and fetal alcohol syndrome

The deleterious effects of ethanol on the developing human brain are poorly understood. Here it is reported that ethanol, acting by a dual mechanism [blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors and excessive activation of GABA(A) receptors], triggers widespread apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing rat forebrain. Vulnerability coincides with the period of synaptogenesis, which in humans extends from the sixth month of gestation to several years after birth. During this period, transient ethanol exposure can delete millions of neurons from the developing brain. This can explain the reduced brain mass and neurobehavioral disturbances associated with human fetal alcohol syndrome.     

Ethanol augments GABAergic transmission in the central amygdala via CRF1 receptors

The central amygdala (CeA) plays a role in the relationship among stress, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and alcohol abuse. In whole-cell recordings, both CRF and ethanol enhanced gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated (GABAergic) neurotransmission in CeA neurons from wild-type and CRF2 receptor knockout mice, but not CRF1 receptor knockout mice. CRF1 (but not CRF2) receptor antagonists blocked both CRF and ethanol effects in wild-type mice. These data indicate that CRF1 receptors mediate ethanol enhancement of GABAergic synaptic transmission in the CeA, and they suggest a cellular mechanism underlying involvement of CRF in ethanol's behavioral and motivational effects.     

Inhibition of gastric acid secretion in rats by intracerebral injection of corticotropin-releasing factor

Intracisternal injection of ovine corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) into the pylorus-ligated rat or the rat with gastric fistula resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of gastric secretion stimulated with pentagastrin or thyrotropin-releasing hormone. When injected into the lateral hypothalamus--but not when injected into the cerebral cortex--CRF suppressed pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion. The inhibitory effect of CRF was blocked by vagotomy and adrenalectomy but not by hypophysectomy or naloxone treatment. These results indicate that CRF acts within the brain to inhibit gastric acid secretion through vagal and adrenal mechanisms and not through hypophysiotropic effects.     

A strong influence of serotonin axons on beta-adrenergic receptors in rat brain

The role of serotonin axons in modulating the norepinephrine neurotransmission system in rat brain was investigated. Selective lesions of the forebrain serotonergic system were made by injecting 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine into the midbrain raphe nuclei. Four to six weeks after the lesion, the uptake of 3H-labeled serotonin in the frontal cortex and the hippocampus was reduced by more than 90 percent, while neither the uptake of 3H-labeled norepinephrine nor the content of norepinephrine was affected in either tissue. The number of beta-adrenergic receptors, as measured by radioligand binding with 3H-labeled dihydroalprenolol, was increased in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of rats with lesions. Similarly, specific lesions of central serotonin axons produced by systemically administered p-chloramphetamine resulted in an increase in the binding of 3H-labeled dihydroalprenolol to beta-adrenergic receptors and in the production of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in response to isoproterenol. These results indicate that serotonin axons may regulate beta-adrenergic receptor number and function in brain.     

Synthetic competitive antagonists of corticotropin-releasing factor: effect on ACTH secretion in the rat

Polypeptide analogs of the known members of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family were synthesized and tested in vitro and in vivo for enhanced potency or competitive antagonism. Predictive methods and physicochemical measurements had suggested an internal secondary alpha-helical conformation spanning about 25 residues for at least three members of the CRF family. Maximization of alpha-helix-forming potential by amino acid substitutions from the native known sequences (rat/human and ovine CRF, sauvagine, and carp and sucker urotensin 1) led to the synthesis of an analog that was found to be more than twice as potent as either of the parent peptides in vitro. In contrast, certain amino-terminally shortened fragments, such as alpha-helical CRF or ovine CRF residues 8 to 41, 9 to 41, and 10 to 41, were found to be competitive inhibitors in vitro. Selected antagonists were examined and also found to be active in vivo.     

Stress-induced inhibition of reproductive functions: role of endogenous corticotropin-releasing factor

In the adult castrated male rat, exposure to inescapable, intermittent electroshocks inhibited the pulsatile pattern of luteinizing hormone release and markedly lowered its plasma concentrations. The central administration of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) antagonist alpha-helical ovine CRF residues 9 to 41 reversed the inhibitory action of stress. Neither its peripheral injection, nor the intraventricular injection of the inactive CRF analog des-Glu to Arg ovine CRF was effective. These results suggest that endogenous CRF may mediate some deleterious effects of noxious stimuli on reproduction.     

Presynaptic location and axonal transport of beta 1-adrenoreceptors in the rat brain

Interruption of the ascending noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus in the rat forebrain with 6-hydroxydopamine produced a progressive accumulation, proximal to the lesion, of tritiated dihydroalprenolol binding activity over 2 days. This accumulation could be blocked by interrupting the neurons closer to their cell bodies. Competitive binding studies with the beta 2 agonist Zinterol suggested that the accumulated beta-receptors were primarily of the beta 1 subtype. These results suggest that, in the rat brain, some beta 1-adrenoreceptors are located in presynaptic, noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons and are transported in their axons.     

Nerve growth factor gene expression in the developing rat brain

The regulation of nerve growth factor (NGF) protein and NGF messenger RNA (mRNA) in the developing rat brain has been studied to assess the hypothesis that NGF supports the differentiation of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain. In the adult, the major targets of these neurons, the hippocampus and neocortex, contain the highest concentrations of NGF mRNA, but comparatively low ratios of NGF protein to its mRNA. In contrast, a high concentration of NGF protein and a low concentration of NGF mRNA were seen in the basal forebrain, consistent with retrograde transport of NGF protein into this region from the neocortex and hippocampus. In these two target regions NGF and NGF mRNA were barely detectable at birth, their concentrations increased to a peak at day 21, and then NGF mRNA, but not NGF protein, declined threefold by day 35. NGF accumulation in the basal forebrain paralleled that in the target regions and preceded an increase in choline acetyltransferase, suggesting that the differentiation of cholinergic projection neurons is indeed regulated by retrogradely transported NGF. In addition, high ratios of NGF protein to NGF mRNA, comparable to that in the basal forebrain, were seen in the olfactory bulb and cerebellum, suggesting that NGF may be transported into these regions by unidentified neurons.     

Labeling of neural cells by gold-filled Sendai virus envelopes before intracerebral transplantation

Gold-filled Sendai virus envelopes were fused with cell suspensions from the basal forebrain of fetal rat donors, and the resulting gold-labeled cells were transplanted into the neocortex of adult rat recipients. Not only did large numbers of labeled cells remain intact through 3 months in the neocortex, but sizable numbers migrated subcortically to the recipient's lesioned nucleus basalis region (a distance of 4 to 5 millimeters). Since this technique is capable of labeling most transplanted cells for long periods of time, it may be useful in determining the survival, migration, and connectivity of intracerebrally transplanted tissues.     

控释肥肥效期对裸地和栽培香蕉土壤N_2O减排效果的影响

【目的】研究不同肥效期的控释肥对裸地和栽培作物土壤N_2O减排效果的影响,为进一步研究大田条件下的减排效果提供参考。【方法】通过盆栽试验,采用静态箱法和气相色谱分析技术,对比研究了1、3、5个月3个肥效期的植物油包膜控释肥(CRF 1Mon、CRF 3Mon和CRF 5Mon)及其核心复合肥分别在裸地和栽培香蕉土壤中的N_2O日排放通量和累积排放量。【结果】控释肥肥效期显著影响N_2O排放峰数量、最大排放峰通量、累积排放量及增温潜势。裸地时,CRF 1Mon、CRF 3Mon和CRF 5Mon排放峰数量分别为5、3和3个,出峰时间均为监测的中后期,最大排放峰通量为CRF 1MonCRF 3MonCRF 5Mon,CRF 3Mon和CRF 5Mon的累积排放量显著低于CRF1Mon;栽培香蕉时,仅CRF 1Mon和CRF 3Mon在监测前期有明显的N_2O排放峰,分别为1和3个,累积排放量为CRF 1MonCRF 3MonCRF 5Mon。施用肥效期长的控释肥对栽培香蕉土壤的N_2O减排效果优于裸地,裸地时累积排放量降幅为24.06%~52.81%,栽培香蕉土壤的累积排放量降幅为54.22%~75.34%。【结论】施用肥效期长的控释肥以及栽培作物是减少土壤N_2O排放、降低温室效应的有效措施。     

A behavioral measure of homosynaptic and heterosynaptic temporal summation in the self-stimulation system of rats

Bilateral stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle with pulses of varying interpulse intervals elicited a pattern of self-stimulation behavior in the rat indicative of temporal synaptic summation: the shorter the interval the greater the response. In contrast, the effectiveness of unilateral stimulation at very short intervals was limited by neuronal refractory periods. The results support the notion that there is convergence of the medial forebrain bundle self-stimulation system from the two sides of the brain and suggest ways of studying the degree of convergence. They also suggest a technique for behaviorally comparing heterosynaptic and homosynaptic mechanisms of summation.     

控释肥对大葱生长及品质的影响

以大葱为试材,采用"金正大公司"生产的控释掺混肥(21-6-15)进行栽培试验,并与普通复合肥进行肥效对比.分析不同施肥处理对大葱株高、茎粗、叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量等指标的影响,探讨控释肥在大葱生产上应用的可行性及最佳施肥量.结果表明:控释肥养分的释放能满足大葱整个生长期对养分的吸收需求,与同量养分的普通复合肥相比,控释肥可以改善大葱的品质、提高其产量,单位面积增产率可达57%左右.从经济效益、大葱产量、品质及肥料利用率等方面综合考虑,100 g/m2的控释肥用量为最佳用量.     

茶树专用控释肥在幼龄茶园的肥效研究

在山东两年生幼龄茶园中分别施用金正大茶树专用控释肥CRF1（N—P2O5-K2O=25—4-11）、CRF2（N—P2O5-K2O=20—6—14）和普通肥料CCF（尿素＋复合肥＋碳酸氢铵）,其中CCF处理年施入纯氮量为100．8kg／hm2,CRF1处理设置3个水平CRF1—1、CRF1—2和CRF1—3,其肥料施用量按纯氮计算分别为CCF的100％、80％、50％;CRF2处理设置2个水平CRF2—1、CRF2—2,其肥料施用量按纯氮计算分别为CCF的100％、50％。大田试验结果表明：（1）、CRF1—1和CRF2—1在春、夏季显著提高土壤中有效氮、磷、钾含量;但在秋季,所有处理均表现出营养元素供应不足的现象;（2）、控释肥处理能显著增强茶树光合速率,增加百芽重,同时提高氨基酸含量,降低酚／氨比,进一步提高山东绿茶品质;（3）、山东幼龄茶园肥料施用量偏少．席在CR砣-1处坪的基础上继续试验来确定最佳浓肥量．     

不同家系马尾松容器苗对基质配比及控释肥的响应

基质配比及养分状况是容器苗培育的关键因子,不同家系容器苗对基质环境条件的响应亦不同。以马尾松Pinus massoniana不同家系苗为对象,开展基质泥炭和谷壳配比及控释肥加载量的析因试验,分析不同基质条件下马尾松家系容器苗生长及氮、磷吸收利用,探明其优质容器苗培育的基质配比和控释肥加载量。结果表明:单因素层面,基质配比对3个家系（32,35和36号）容器苗无显著影响,而控释肥加载量对各家系容器苗影响显著;双因素分析显示,不同家系容器苗对基质配比和控释肥加载量的交互作用响应不同,32号家系的双因素交互效应显著,以泥炭与谷壳体积比为5:5,控释肥加载量为3.5 kg·m-3组合处理的容器苗生长及氮、磷养分吸收利用均较好;而35和36号家系的双因素互作效应均不显著,仅对控释肥加载量表现出明显响应,分别以2.5和3.5 kg·m-3效果较优。经家系与控释肥双因素及容器苗各指标相关分析可知,苗期控释肥效应较家系明显。因此,容器苗培育不仅要注重苗高等表型指标达到出圃要求,还应严格掌控基质养分水平以确保苗木养分吸收利用;不同来源的容器苗育苗应结合其生长需求分别对待。     

控释肥对土壤有效养分利用率及菊花生长和观赏品质的影响

以切花菊品种神马为材料,研究了控释肥对菊花有效养分的利用率以及生长和观赏品质的影响,结果表明,控释肥处理生长季土壤有效养分浓度变化与菊花生长需肥规律基本一致,而普通复合肥处理土壤养分浓度早期过高,中后期偏低。同一施肥水平条件下,控释肥处理的植株比普通复合肥处理的植株高,叶片数多,叶绿素含量高,花朵鲜重和干重增加。控释肥处理的叶片氮、磷、钾含量比普通复合肥处理显著增加。说明控释肥可以提高有效养分利用率,并提高观赏品质。     

控释肥对茶园生态环境及茶叶产量和品质的影响

在山东茶园中分别施用茶树专用控释肥CRF（N-P2O5-K2O=25-4-11）和普通肥料CCF（尿素＋复合肥＋碳酸氢铵）,其中CCF处理年施入纯氮量为504 kg/hm2,CRF处理设置3个水平：CRF1、CRF2和CRF3,其肥料施用量按纯氮计算分别为CCF的100%、80%、50%。两年大田试验结果表明：（1）CRF能显著提高N、P元素的有效利用,减少茶园氮磷用量;（2）CRF能显著提高茶叶产量,特别是春茶产量,同时能降低春季鲜叶酚/氨比,进一步提高山东春季绿茶品质;（3）试验茶园适宜的CRF年施用量为1 005 kg/hm2,其它茶园可以此为参照,结合土壤肥力和茶叶产量实际情况确定最佳施用量。     

控释肥对东北春玉米产量和土壤氨挥发的影响

针对控释肥施用条件下作物产量与土壤氨挥发特征不明晰的问题,以东北春玉米种植模式为研究对象,采用德尔格氨管法(DTM法)研究了不同施肥处理[农民常规施肥处理(施氮量为180 kg N·hm~(-2),FP)、控释肥施氮量180 kg N·hm~(-2)处理(CRF180)和控释肥施氮量144 kg N·hm~(-2)处理(CRF144)]下土壤氨挥发动态变化特征、土壤氨挥发总量及玉米产量。结果表明:受施肥和降雨因素的影响,每个处理氨挥发峰值均出现在施肥后(基肥和追肥)第1~2 d、第11~12 d左右;FP处理在12~14 d后氨挥发速率降低至零,但CRF180、CRF144处理仍有少量挥发。全生育期FP、CRF180、CRF144处理来自氮肥的氨挥发量依次为19.9、23.8、19.6 kg·hm~(-2),差异不显著(P0.05),损失率分别为11.06%、13.22%、13.61%。CRF144处理和FP处理产量都保持在12 t·hm~(-2)以上,其两者不存在显著差异,但CRF144处理能够显著地提高氮肥农学效率和偏生产力(P0.05)。综合考虑氨挥发量与产量,在现有施氮量基础上减少20%,并且施用控释肥是该地区春玉米农田减肥增效适宜的推广技术。     

控释掺混肥对大蒜根际土壤酶活性的影响

通过大田试验系统研究了控释掺混肥（crf）对大蒜根际土壤酶活性的影响。结果显示土壤酶活性（土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶）随控释掺混肥施入量的增加而显著提高,等量（crf1）和80%用量（crf2）处理脲酶、磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性均显著高于普通施肥（ccf）处理,表明控释掺混肥可通过增强土壤酶活性来提高土壤速效养分含量,进而提高大蒜鳞茎产量。     

Epidermal growth factor immunoreactive material in the central nervous system: location and development

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a potent mitogen with hormonal activity in the gastrointestinal tract. Material cross-reacting with EGF was detected in the central nervous system of the developing and adult albino rat by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. High concentrations of EGF-cross-reacting material were identified in forebrain and midbrain structures of pallidal areas of the brain. These include the globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, entopeduncular nucleus, substantia nigra pars reticulata, and the islands of Calleja . Thus, EGF may represent another gut-brain peptide with potential neurotransmitter-neuromodulator functions in pallidal structures of the extrapyramidal motor systems of the brain.