Phosphorus sorption curves for evaluating phosphorus requirements of loblolly pine (pinus taeda)

Abstract

Bray P2, Mehlich 1, and Mehlich 2 methods identified soils on which loblolly pine would respond to P fertilizer in a greenhouse study using six soils from the West Gulf Coastal Plain. The P extracted by any of the three methods did not correlate with growth on unfertilized soils or to the maximum amount of response when P was applied.

Phosphorus sorption curves were used to estimate the amount of P in soil solution. The concentration of P in roots and tops was proportional to the log of the amount of P in solution. For 90% of maximum dry weight of loblolly seedlings, about 0.22 mg/liter of P in soil solution was necessary. The phosphorus sorption method has the potential of predicting the P requirements of loblolly pine, but field testing is necessary.     

太湖地区不同土壤-森林生态系统中林木生长对微量元素的反应及反馈效应

Vector analysis technique and ecological sequential comparison methods were adopted to study tree growth response to the micronutrients,B,Mo,Cu,Zn,Fe,and Mn,in soils derived from various parent materials in the forest area of Tailhu Lake region in southeast China,The results showed that the dry weight of individual current-year needle of Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata) grown on the soil derived from granite parent rock was increased by 8% and 13% in comparison with that grown on the soils derived from sandstone and ash-tuff parent rock,respectively.And such dry weight of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) grown on the soil derived from sandstone parent rock was increased by 21% in comparison with that on the soil derived from ash-tuff parent rock.One of the reasons for those results was that micronutrients content in the soil derived from ash-tuff parent rock were not sufficient to meet the requirement of the growth of Chinese fir and loblolly pine ,i.e.,micronutrients in soil were deficient and/or induced defiient.The amounts of Cu,Zn,Fe,and Mn uptake by Chinses fir and loblolly pine were in agreement with the contents of available micronutrients in soil respectively,except for B and Mo.Meanwhile,there might exist and “antagonism“ between the uptake of B versus Mo by trees,although more studies are needed to confirm it .Regression analysis indicated that amount of a soil available micronutrient was correlated to the type of parent material and its total amount in the forest floor, except for B.The F test identified that the correlation of each equation reached the significant level to different extents,respectively,The t test confirmed that amount of available forms was mainly depended on the type of parent material for Mo,Cu,Zn and Mn but on the forest floor for ,Fe,There was a feedback effect of forest stand on the amount of soil available micronutrients.The ability of accumulating available micronutrients in soil was better by the sawtooth oak(Quercus acutissima) stand than by the Chinese fir stand (except for B).The ability of accumulating available Zn,Fe,Mn and Mo in soil was better by the Chinese fir stand than by the loblolly pine stand ,while as for available B and Cu,by the latter was better than by the former,When discussing the efect of forest stand on the amount of soil available micronutrients,not only the amount of micronutrient in the forest floor and the parent materials but also the amount of micronutrient taken up by current-year needles have to be considered.     

Effects of Compost on Loblolly Pine Tree Growth In Northeast Texas

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of compost on loblolly pine tree growth. Approximately 750 seedlings were planted, 270 of which were measured monthly, in a northeast Texas forest ecosystem. Compost was applied at rates of 5, 25, and 50 tons per acre. Planting holes were filled with either native soil or compost. The 25-ton per acre application with soil backfill (25S) increased tree survival and growth relative to a control group and other compost amendments. After two years, trees in the 25S treatment survived twice as much and grew 41 percent higher than a control group. In general, compost applications yielded higher soil moisture levels, higher survival rates, and larger growth increases than the control group.     

Microbial biomass and bacterial functional diversity in forest soils: effects of organic matter removal, compaction, and vegetation control

The effects of organic matter removal, soil compaction, and vegetation control on soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, C-to-N ratio, and functional diversity were examined in a 6-year loblolly pine plantation on a Coastal Plain site in eastern North Carolina, USA. This experimental plantation was established as part of the US Forest Service's Long Term Soil Productivity Study. Sampling was undertaken on eight treatments within each of three blocks. Treatments sampled included main 2×2 factorial treatments of organic matter removal (stem-only or complete tree plus forest floor) and compaction (none or severe) with split-plot treatment of vegetation control (none or total vegetation control). Two blocks were located on a somewhat poorly drained, fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic aeric Paleaquult (Lynchburg soil) and one on a moderately well drained, fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic aquic Paleudult (Goldsboro soil). Soil microbial C and N were positively related with soil C and N, respectively. Microbial C and N on the Lynchburg soil were higher than those on the Goldsboro soil. Organic matter removal decreased microbial N. Compaction reduced microbial C-to-N ratio. Vegetation control decreased microbial C and C-to-N ratio. The number of C compounds utilized by bacteria was not affected by soil type or treatment. However, soil types and treatments changed bacterial selections for a few C compounds on BIOLOG plates. Soil microbial properties varied more due to the natural soil differences (soil type) as compared with treatment-induced differences.     

Effects of Chinese Fir,Loblolly Pine and Deciduous Oak Forests on Nutrient Status of Soils in Northern Subtropics of China

This paper deals with a study on the effects of Chinese fir,lobolly pine and deciduous oak forests o the nutrient status of soils in northern subtropics of China,adopting the principle of forest ecology in the case of similar climate and soil type.The experimental area was situated in the Xiashu Experimental Centre of Forest,where the soil is yellow-brown soil derved from siliceous slope wash.Sample plots of these 3 stands were established to study the nutrient status in litter ,the amount of nutrient uptake by roots,the quantity of nutrient output by percolating water outside the deep layer of soil,and the seasonal dynamics of available nutrient in surface soil.It was whown that the intensity of nutrient cycling in soil under deciduous oak was the highest,and the effect of oak in improving soil fertility was the best.The result of improving soil fertility by Chinese fir was the most inferior,though the intensity of nutrient cycling under that stand was higher than that under loblolly pine stand.The influence of loblolly pine on the improvement of soil fertility was better than that of Chinese fir,in spite of its lowest intensity of nutrient cycling.     

Autoregressive moving average models of conifer crown profiles

A time-series autoregressive moving average (ARMA) approach was used to develop stochastic models of tree crown profiles for five conifer species of the Sierran mixed conifer habitat type. Models consisted of three components: (1) a polynomial trend: (2) and ARMA model; and (3) rand om error. A Bayesian information criterion was used to evaluate alternative models. It was found that 70% of the crown profiles could be modeled using first-order ARMA [AR(1) or MA(1)] models, and that an additional 25% could be modeled using a white noise model [(AR(0)]. When the coefficients of the ARMA models were statistically significant, the models proved to be both visually and statistically an improvement over the polynomial trend (a Euclideam model). A binary classification system was used to determine if model type was related to tree or stand characteristics. Using this classification we found that it was possible to relat the appropriate model type to forest tree size and forest stand density with acceptable accuracy.     

利用轻小型飞机遥感数据建立人工林特征参数模型

目前获取森林特征参数的主要方法是外业测量,工作量大、效率低。该文以中国自主研发的轻小型航空遥感系统为数据获取工具,以油松人工林为研究对象,通过对获取森林的激光雷达（light detection and ranging,LIDAR）点云数据去噪,分类,提取等过程获得单木的树高数据,对获取的航空影像数据进行预处理,匹配,拼接,分割及冠幅提取获得单木的冠幅数据,再与外业抽样调查的单木的树高、胸径建立回归模型,同时验证模型精度。试验结果表明：通过LIDAR点云数据提取的树高与实测的树高具有极显著的相关性,所建立的模型预测精度达97.5%,通过影像提取的冠幅与实测的胸径也具有极显著的相关性,预测精度达91.6%,基本上能够满足林业生产的要求。     

What Characteristics of Soil Fertility Can Improve in Mixed Stands of Scots Pine and European Beech Compared with Monospecific Stands?

According to the current trends in forest management, endeavors are made to adjust the species composition to the site conditions and to increase the biodiversity. Changes in the species composition of forest stands lead to modifications of soil properties and nutrients cycle. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of monocultures (beech and pine) and mixed-species stands (pine-beech) on soil properties, particularly accumulation of soil organic carbon. We aim to demonstrate how different vegetation types influence soil properties in surface horizons of soil. The study sites are located in Germany and Poland under different tree stands Pinus sylvestris L., Fagus sylvatica L., and mixed-species stand. Contents of organic carbon and nitrogen, pH, and soil texture were analyzed. The studies conducted confirmed the positive effect of beech and mixed-species stands on acidification of surface soil horizons. We ordered the stands tested according to acidification effect on soils: pine stand > mixed stand > beech stand, which is consistent with previous studies. The most beneficial impact on the accumulation of organic carbon was observed in mixed-species stands in which beech and pine were found. Lower carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios confirm the high rate of organic matter decomposition and lower C/N ratio was reported in soil under beech stand in comparison to pine stands.     

Responses of oribatid mites to tree girdling and nutrient addition in boreal coniferous forests

Tree girdling has been experimentally used to stop the allocation of carbohydrates from the canopy to tree roots and their associated ectomycorrhizal (EM) mycelia. We used three already established girdling experiments in northern Sweden, one in a Pinus sylvestris stand and two in Picea abies stands, to determine the effect of tree girdling on soil-living oribatid mites. These mites often feed on fungal hyphae, but it is not known to what extent they feed on EM or saprotrophic fungi. We hypothesised that a presumed decline in EM fungi after girdling would strongly reduce EM-feeding specialists and, correspondingly, reduce total abundance and species richness of oribatids in girdled plots. Tree girdling resulted in a significant decline in total abundance of oribatid mites in the two spruce stands, which was assumed to be linked to the decline in EM fungi, but not in the pine stand. Species richness decreased in girdled plots in one of the spruce forests. The decline in total abundance in girdled spruce stands was primarily dependent on a significant and consistent population decrease in Oppiella nova, which was the most abundant oribatid mite in the ungirdled spruce plots. Its abundance after girdling was only 8–18% of that in ungirdled spruce plots. In the pine stand, O. nova had much lower abundance than in the spruce stands, and despite a tendency to decline in number after girdling also in the pine stand, it had a minor effect on total abundance. These results suggest that O. nova may be dependent on EM fungi in spruce forest soils, whereas the dependence on EM fungi in pine forest soils is less evident.     

Smooth additive mixed models for predicting aboveground biomass

Aboveground biomass estimation in short-rotation forestry plantations is an essential step in the development of crop management strategies as well as allowing the economic viability of the crop to be determined prior to harvesting. Hence, it is important to develop new methodologies that improve the accuracy of predictions, using only a minimum set of easily obtainable information i.e., diameter and height. Many existing models base their predictions only on diameter (mainly due to the complexity of including further covariates), or rely on complicated equations to obtain biomass predictions. However, in tree species, it is important to include height when estimating aboveground biomass because this will vary from one genotype to another. This work proposes the use of a more flexible and easy to implement model for predicting aboveground biomass (stem, branches and total) as a smooth function of height and diameter using smooth additive mixed models which preserve the additive property necessary to model the relationship within wood fractions, and allows the inclusion of random effects and interaction terms. The model is applied to the analysis of three trials carried out in Spain, where nine clones at three different sites are compared. Also, an analysis of slash pine data is carried out in order to compare with the approach proposed by Parresol (Can J For Res 31:865–878, 2001).Supplementary materials accompanying this paper appear on-line     

Seeing the forest for the deer: Do reductions in deer-disturbance lead to forest recovery?

High levels of deer browsing can prevent canopy tree regeneration, but little is known about changes to forest size-structure following long-term deer herd reductions. We monitored changes in forest stand structure and composition in southwestern Ontario, Canada, over 28-years using permanent plots. Our study site was the largest remaining tract of Carolinian (deciduous) forest in Canada (11 km²), a habitat type that contains up to a fifth of Canada’s species at risk and is under intense anthropogenic pressures. We recorded declines in all tree size classes between 1981 and 1996, during which densities of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) reached a peak of 55 deer km⁻². Despite significant and sustained deer herd reductions between 1996 and 2009, which reduced deer densities to 7 deer km⁻², there was limited recruitment of small trees and declines in basal area of tree species that were sensitive to deer browsing. Our results suggest that recovery from herbivory is a protracted process during which canopy tree regeneration may continue to decline despite a reduction in browsing pressure due to deer culling. Large declines in canopy-tree densities in Carolinian forests may lead to forest size-structures and herbaceous plant communities that resemble rare oak savanna habitat, creating difficult decisions for conservation managers aiming to protect rare and endangered species within native ecosystems. We recommend that managers protect Carolinian forest stands and encourage canopy tree regeneration by increasing seed sources of native trees. While deer control is essential in reducing forest damage, our results highlight the need to explore other forms of active management to expedite otherwise slow increases in tree density.     

滇东喀斯特地区季节性石漠化与植被盖度的动态关系研究

对滇东喀斯特石漠化地区12种植被类型进行了石漠化率和植被盖度的季相观测,研究结果显示:封育模式草本阶段(≤3a)、草灌阶段(≤5a)和灌草阶段(≤10a),麻栎纯林(20～30a),混交模式的华山松+麻栎(20～30a和≥30a)、麻栎+大叶栎(≥30a)7种模式的季节性石漠化率与植被盖度此消彼长的关系同时同步发生,关系曲线为"V"字型。封育乔灌阶段(10～20a),华山松纯林(20～30a)和华山松+刺栎(≥30a)混交林的消长关系同时同步出现,前两种模式为"N"字线型,华山松+刺栎为台地线型。封育乔木(20～30a)阶段为消长关系同时同步出现的"N"字线型,滇青冈+刺栎(≥30a)模式的石漠化率与盖度无消长关系。除个别模式由于林龄、树种、配置方式的差异外,其余模式均符合季节性石漠化率与植被盖度的消长关系,线型略有不同。     

北京西山侧柏水源涵养林空间结构特征研究

应用地面三维激光扫描技术,采用＂多站式＂扫描方法来获取侧柏水源涵养林标准地内的林木树种、树高、胸径、胸高断面积等测树因子,利用混交度、大小比数、角尺度3个指标分析了北京西山林区侧柏水源涵养林公顷级样地的空间结构特征。结果表明：（1）侧柏林乔木层共包括21个树种,物种丰富度较高。其中,侧柏种群在密度和断面积累积量方面占有明显优势,是乔木层的建群种和优势种;（2）整个侧柏林混交度较低,平均混交度0.261,属混交不良的范畴。其中,侧柏、刺槐、火炬树以零度、弱度混交为主,分别占种群总株数的85%、58%、57%,其他伴生树种以中度、强度和极强度为主;（3）侧柏、油松、栓皮栎、元宝枫、刺槐种群在空间结构单元中以优势木、亚优势木和中庸木为主,分别占种群总株数的57%、67%、89%、66%和71%,其他树种优势度不明显;（4）侧柏林林分平均角尺度为0.542（大于0.517）,说明该林分水平分布格局为聚集分布,但聚集程度较低。     

Potential effects of climatic change on some western Canadian forests,based on phenological enhancements to a patch model of forest succession

We enhanced the forest patch model, Zelig, to explore the implications of 2×CO₂ climate change scenarios on several forest regions in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada. In addition to the processes and phenomena commonly represented in individual-based models of forest stand dynamics, we added some species-specific phenology and site-specific frost events. The consideration of bud-break heat sum requirements, growing season limits, and chilling requirements for the induction of dormancy and cold hardiness slightly improved the ability of Zelig to predict the present composition of B.C. forests. Simulations of the predicted effects of future climatic regimes (based on the averaged predictions of four general circulation models) include some major shifts in equilibrial forest composition and productivity. Lowland temperate coastal forests are predicted to be severely stressed because indigenous species will no longer have their winter chilling requirements met. High-elevation coastal forests are expected to increase in productivity, while interior subalpine forests are expected to remain stable in productivity but will gradually be replaced by species currently characteristic of lower elevations. Dry, interior low-elevation forests in southern B.C. are likely to persist relatively unchanged, while wet interior forests are expected to support dramatic increases in yield, primarily by western hemlock. Northern interior sub-boreal forests are likewise expected to increase in productivity through enhanced growth of lodgepole pine. Conversely, the precipitous collapse of spruce stands in the true boreal forests of northeastern B.C. is expected to be associated with reduced productivity as they are replaced by pine species. Boreal-Cordilleran and Moist Boreal Mixedwood forests in Alberta are less likely to undergo compositional change, while becoming somewhat more productive. We believe these model enhancements to be a significant improvement over existing formulations, but the resulting predictions must still be viewed with caution. Model limitations include: (1) the current inability of climate models to predict future variation in monthly temperature and precipitation; (2) sparse information on the phenological behaviour of several important tree species; and (3) a poor understanding of the degree to which growth is constrained by different suboptimal climatic events.     

Timber harvesting alters soil carbon mineralization and microbial community structure in coniferous forests

Timber harvesting influences both above and belowground ecosystem nutrient dynamics. Impact of timber harvesting on soil organic matter (SOM) mineralization and microbial community structure was evaluated in two coniferous forest species, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). Management of ponderosa pine forests, particularly even-aged stand practices, increased the loss of CO₂-C and hence reduced SOM storage potential. Changes in soil microbial community structure were more pronounced in ponderosa pine uneven-aged and heavy harvest stands and in lodgepole pine even-aged stand as compared to their respective unmanaged stands. Harvesting of trees had a negative impact on SOM mineralization and soil microbial community structure in both coniferous forests, potentially reducing coniferous forest C storage potential.     

基于无人机遥感影像的高精度森林资源调查系统设计与试验

为了实现林业的可持续发展,满足当今森林资源的精准化监测和信息化管理,该文以无人机航拍影像为数据基础,充分结合摄影测量技术、无人机影像后处理技术、地理信息系统技术和林业资源调查管理技术,构建了适用于林业调查和管理的专业森林资源调查系统。该系统以C#为编程语言,结合ArcGIS Engine10.2嵌入式组件技术开发而成,利用无人机影像实现高效快捷的林地空间区划、面积平差和高精度大比例尺的森林小班调查、信息提取等功能,可实现资源数据库的及时更新,极大地缩短了传统调查模式的调查周期,实现了森林资源的科学化管理。以辽宁老秃顶子林场作为试验区,利用1st Opt优化分析软件引入决定系数、估计值的标准差等评定因子,确定试验区冠径、树高、胸径之间的最优模型。同时基于试验区获取数据对系统进行了精度验证,结果表明,该系统获取坡度和高程的相对误差分别为5.17%和5.41%,株树密度、蓄积量的相对误差为2.68%和4.01%。     

北京市西山地区栓皮栎林空间结构特征研究

以地面三维激光扫描仪作为林分资源调查的技术手段,采用"多站式"扫描方法来获取栓皮栎林标准地内林木树种、树高、胸径、胸高断面积等测树因子,利用混交度、大小比数、角尺度3个指标分析了北京市西山林区栓皮栎林样地的空间结构特征。研究结果表明:(1)栓皮栎林乔木层共包括15个树种,其中,栓皮栎种群在密度和断面积累积量方面占有明显优势,是乔木层的建群种和优势种;(2)栓皮栎林整个林分混交度较低,平均混交度0.306,各树种混交度以栓皮栎、栾树为最低,其它伴生树种以中度、强度和极强度为主;(3)栓皮栎、元宝枫、刺槐、辽东栎种群在空间结构单元中以优势木、亚优势木和中庸木为主,分别占种群总株数的64%,68%,64%和59%,其它树种优势度不明显;(4)栓皮栎林林分平均角尺度为0.528,说明该林分水平分布格局为聚集分布,但聚集程度较低。     

基于遥感温度植被干旱指数的小蠹虫害预警

针对小蠹虫对森林的危害隐蔽强,症状滞后性明显,在其早期发生时进行遥感识别非常困难。该文基于干旱和虫害存在一定的时滞相关性的假设,提出基于温度植被干旱指数(temperature vegetation dryness index,TVDI)预报小蠹危害的方法。以遭受大面积连续干旱和小蠹危害的云南省中部的石林县为案例区,利用Landsat数据,建立归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)-地表温度(land surface temperature,Ts)特征空间,估算逐像元TVDI。基于地面小班调查的虫害等级数据(健康、轻度、中度和重度4个等级),比较不同虫害等级斑块TVDI差异。同时,以持续干旱2011年轻度受害区为例,结合受害前后云南松林NDVI差值(difference of NDVI before and after the forest attacked by bark beetles,d NDVI)表征实际受害程度的方法,建立TVDI与d NDVI的关系,对2012年进行预测。结果表明,2010-2015年,受害区整体呈下降趋势,TVDI由西向东逐渐变大。健康云南松林TVDI显著高于虫害云南松林(P0.05),且虫害越严重,TVDI越小;2011年,TVDI与d NDVI呈显著负相关(P0.05),可以用线性模型进行拟合,拟合决定系数R2为0.322。采用模型对2012年实际发生情况进行预测,得到预测与实测d NDVI均方根误差RMSE为0.237。在整体干旱的环境下,相对湿润的地方小蠹虫害更严重。因此,可以根据TVDI空间分布特征,找出TVDI相对较小的区域,作为虫害可能发生的重点关注区域,该研究对及时发布虫情监测信息有建设性的意义。     

Mycorrhizal status of a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) plantation affected by pollution from a phosphate fertilizer plant

Ectomycorrhizas are an integral, functioning part of many conifer tree species root systems and often considered a link in the causal chain leading to forest decline. In our experiment 12-year-old Scots pine trees grown for 10 years on a polluted acid soil with high aluminium content were compared to a control stand in western Poland. Soil at the polluted site had lower pH than the control site, increased aluminium availability and very low microbial activity. Roots analysed over two years showed lower number of mycorrhizal tips at the polluted site, but only when calculated per soil volume. Differences between sites were not significant when number of mycorrhizal tips was expressed per root mass. There was no significant reduction in the occurrence of any mycorrhizal morphotype. The number of mycorrhizas on trees from the polluted stand was negatively correlated with aluminium content in the needles. Our results showed no clear pollution effect on mycorrhizas in a young stand of Scots pine.     

湿地松不同苗木类型与整地方式造林初期效果对比试验

通过对不同苗木类型和整地方式的湿地松幼林的造林成活率、生长状况、生物量和根系特征进行测定,结果表明：容器苗可明显提高造林成活率及当年抽梢高和生物量;整地方式对造林当年的湿地松幼林有一定影响,而在第3年则对幼林树高和抽梢起着明显促进作用。