家禽基因组选择研究进展

基因组选择(Genomic selection,GS)是新一代畜禽遗传评估方法,具有早期选择准确率高、可缩短世代间隔、对于低遗传力性状以及难以测量或测量费用较高的性状选择效率高等优点,目前已经广泛应用于奶牛育种中。本文综述了基因组选择方法在家禽中的研究进展,并对我国家禽实施基因组选择方法进行展望。     

全基因组选择在猪育种中的研究进展

目前,随着分子生物学技术和遗传学的不断发展,动物育种方法从传统的数量评估方法,逐渐向全基因组选择法评估育种值转变。全基因组选择是动物育种的一次革命,利用全基因组遗传标记信息对个体进行遗传评估,能大大缩短育种间隔,提高遗传进展,已然成为动物育种研究的热点。该文主要对全基因组选择在动物育种中的应用及展望做一个简述。     

全基因组选择模型研究进展及展望

全基因组选择是一种利用覆盖全基因组的高密度标记进行选择育种的新方法,可通过早期选择缩短世代间隔,提高育种值估计准确性等加快遗传进展,尤其对低遗传力、难测定的复杂性状具有较好的预测效果,真正实现了基因组技术指导育种实践。随着芯片和测序技术日趋成熟,高密度标记芯片检测成本不断降低,全基因组选择模型的不断升级和优化,预测准确性不断提高,全基因组选择已成为动物遗传改良的重要手段和研究热点。目前,全基因组选择已经成为奶牛遗传评估的标准方法,并取得重要进展,在其它物种中的应用正在逐步开展。本文主要对全基因组选择的统计模型发展进行综述,总结全基因组选择在动物遗传育种中的应用现状,讨论当前存在的问题,并对全基因组选择模型的发展方向和应用前景进行展望。     

基因组选择模型及其在家禽育种中的应用

基因组选择是当前畜禽育种领域一项热门的分子育种方法,已经在实际育种中得到应用并取得良好的效果。基因组选择使用数学模型计算出覆盖全基因组范围内的高密度标记的效应值,从而得到个体基因组估计育种值,再进行高效的选种选配工作。该方法可以提高传统育种值估计的准确性,实现畜禽育种早期选择,缩短世代间隔,从而加快遗传进展。同时,随着第二代测序平台和基因芯片技术不断成熟,单核苷酸多态性（Single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP）标记已成为普遍且重要的动植物研究手段,SNP芯片检测成本也不再高昂。文章综述了常见的基因组选择模型及其在家禽育种中的应用,讨论了其面临的挑战,并且展望了其应用前景,为我国地方家禽保护、评价和利用提供参考。     

全基因组选择及其在奶牛育种中应用进展

全基因组选择是指基于基因组育种值（GEBV）的选择方法,指通过检测覆盖全基因组的分子标记,利用基因组水平的遗传信息对个体进行遗传评估,以期获得更高的育种值估计准确度。由于可显著缩短世代间隔,全基因组选择作为一项育种新技术在奶牛育种中具有广阔的应用前景,目前已经成为各国的研究热点。不同国家的试验结果表明,奶牛育种中基于GEBV的遗传评估可靠性在20%~67%之间,如果代替常规后裔测定体系,可节省92%的育种成本。本文综述了全基因组选择的基本原理及其在各国奶牛育种中的应用现状和所面临的问题。     

全基因组SNP分型策略及基因组预测方法的研究进展

单核苷酸多态性（single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP）是遗传学研究中重要的材料。近年来,全基因组SNP标记开发方法的发展使得研究者们能够以较低成本获得丰富的基因组标记,大大推动了基因组水平的相关研究。基因组预测从已知基因型数据和表型数据的个体建立训练模型,对未知表型的个体进行基因型和表型预测,在育种领域具有重要意义。全基因组SNP的分型策略结合基因组预测方法,构成了动物基因组选择的前沿。本文从这两个方面进行综述,以期为从事分子遗传学,尤其是复杂性状研究的研究者们提供参考。     

全基因组选择在猪育种上的研究进展

全基因组选择(Genomic selection,GS),即全基因组范围内的标记辅助选择(marker-assisted selection,MAS)。因其具有可缩短世代间隔,提高年遗传进展;早期选择准确率高;同时还能提高低遗传力、难以测量性状选择效率等诸多优点,目前已成为动物遗传育种领域的研究热点。文内围绕"什么是GS"、"为什么选用GS"以及"影响GS的因素"这3个方面全方位诠释了GS。重点阐述了GS在猪育种中的应用现状,并结合GS在奶牛上的成功应用,简述了GS在猪育种上的展望。     

全基因组选择及其在动物育种中的应用

随着遗传学的迅速发展,全基因组选择作为一种新型选择方法成为研究人员研究的热点,文章讲述了全基因组学的原理、选择的方法、选择的影响因素及优势,展望了全基因组选择在动物育种中的应用。     

白耳黄鸡冠齿数性状全基因组关联分析

试验采用全基因组关联分析(Genome-wide association study,GWAS)寻找与白耳黄鸡冠齿数性状相关的候选基因。以82只白耳黄鸡为试验材料,采集血液提取DNA,然后用Illumina鸡60 K芯片进行基因型分型,利用PLINK 1.90对分型结果进行质控后,采用GEMMA软件对SNPs(Single nucleotide polymorphisins)与性状做GWAS分析,定位出显著位点。结果显示:与冠齿数相关的SNP位点有7个,位于白耳黄鸡1、2、4号染色体上。通过基因功能注释,预测WNT9A基因可作为白耳黄鸡冠齿数的重要候选基因。研究结果将为白耳黄鸡冠齿数的选择提供候选分子标记,为地方鸡标记辅助选择提供新的思路。     

家禽分子育种技术的重要应用及进展

<正>随着现代畜牧业的快速发展,人们对畜牧产品的需求量也逐渐提高,而家禽养殖业在这个产业化链条中占有非常重要的地位~([1]),其以高密度饲养、低成本饲喂、高出栏率为特征一直被畜牧行业发展者所看好,且高利润回报也是规模化饲养的重要前提~([2-3])。我国家禽产业化养殖模式正处于快速发展阶段,且蛋鸡、肉鸡、鹅和鸭的饲养规模一直居于世界前列,也是世界禽类及其副产品出口大国,正因如     

Optimizing selection with several constraints in poultry breeding

Poultry breeding schemes permanently face the need to control the evolution of coancestry and some critical traits, while selecting for a main breeding objective. The main aims of this article are first to present an efficient selection algorithm adapted to this situation and then to measure how the severity of constraints impacted on the degree of loss for the main trait, compared to BLUP selection on the main trait, without any constraint. Broiler dam and sire line schemes were mimicked by simulation over 10 generations and selection was carried out on the main trait under constraints for coancestry and for another trait, antagonistic with the main trait. The selection algorithm was a special simulated annealing (adaptative simulated annealing (ASA)). It was found to be rapid and able to meet constraints very accurately. A constraint on the second trait was found to induce an impact similar to or even greater than the impact of the constraint on coancestry. The family structure of selected poultry populations made it easy to control the evolution of coancestry at a reasonable cost but was not as useful for reducing the cost of controlling evolution of the antagonistic traits. Multiple constraints impacted almost additively on the genetic gain for the main trait. Adding constraints for several traits would therefore be justified in real life breeding schemes, possibly after evaluating their impact through simulated annealing.     

Genome-wide detection of signatures of selection in three Valdostana cattle populations

The Valdostana is a local dual purpose cattle breed developed in Italy. Three populations are recognized within this breed, based on coat colour, production level, morphology and temperament: Valdostana Red Pied (VPR), Valdostana Black Pied (VPN) and Valdostana Chestnut (VCA). Here, we investigated putative genomic regions under selection among these three populations using the Bovine 50K SNP array by combining three different statistical methods based either on allele frequencies (F_ST) or extended haplotype homozygosity (iHS and Rsb). In total, 8, 5 and 8 chromosomes harbouring 13, 13 and 16 genomic regions potentially under selection were identified by at least two approaches in VPR, VPN and VCA, respectively. Most of these candidate regions were population-specific but we found one common genomic region spanning 2.38 Mb on BTA06 which either overlaps or is located close to runs of homozygosity islands detected in the three populations. This region included inter alia two well-known genes: KDR, a well-established coat colour gene, and CLOCK, which plays a central role in positive regulation of inflammatory response and in the regulation of the mammalian circadian rhythm. The other candidate regions identified harboured genes associated mainly with milk and meat traits as well as genes involved in immune response/inflammation or associated with behavioural traits. This last category of genes was mainly identified in VCA, which is selected for fighting ability. Overall, our results provide, for the first time, a glimpse into regions of the genome targeted by selection in Valdostana cattle. Finally, this study illustrates the relevance of using multiple complementary approaches to identify genomic regions putatively under selection in livestock.     

The regulation of feed intake and selection with special reference to poultry]

Feed intake is regulated in a dialogue between the animal and the feed, which is influenced by numerous factors. The hypothalamus has a central integrative function. Furthermore, caudal brain areas (medulla oblongata, pons) are of importance because these areas are relays of peripheral signals and gustatory afferents. All peripheral informations are integrated by various neurotransmitters and neurohormones. The function of this neuronal system is not exactly known yet. Sensorial informations, mechano-, chemo- and osmoreceptors of the gastrointestinal tract and gastrointestinal hormones are discussed as influences of the periphery. The physiological satiety function of cholecystokinin is questionable in poultry. Hepatic chemoreceptors, which are activated by various metabolites, influence the amount of feed ingested. The feed choice appears to be regulated by the same mechanisms. Our knowledge about the translation of peripheral signals into choice behaviour by changes of neurotransmitter systems is limited.     

Selection with restriction in a poultry breeding scheme with different selection procedures in both sexes: direct responses

1. A selection experiment with two lines of White Leghorns originating from a common base population was carried out over 5 generations with the aims of maintaining an unchanged egg weight, reducing age at first egg and reducing adult body weight. Each line consisted of 14 male and 42 female breeders. 2. Males were mass selected for low body weight at 20 weeks of age. To compensate for the expected correlated loss in egg weight, hens were selected according to an index which counteracted this undesirable change while also reducing age at first egg and reducing body weight. 3. An index value was calculated for each individual hen from average egg weight, age at first egg and body weight at 20 weeks. Index weights had to be calculated for each generation and line in accordance with the expected change in egg weight due to male selection on body weight. 4. For control matings hens with an index near the population average were mated either to males with body weight near the population average (control C1) or to the selected males within lines (control C2). 5. Expected and observed total responses agreed well for all traits in line 1 and for body weight in line 2. 6. Phenotypic variances and covariances showed little change during the experiment. However, genetic variances and covariances estimated at the end of the experiment showed some differences, both between lines and compared to the parameters used for index construction.     

Selection with restriction in a poultry breeding scheme with different selection procedures in both sexes: Correlated responses

1. Mass selection in two replicate lines of Leghorn chickens was practiced for low 20‐week body weight in males and by an index designed to reduce age at first egg, body weight at 20 weeks and maintain a constant early egg size in females.

2. Selection responses in body weights of hens at 40 and 60 weeks of age, as well as in average egg weight of all eggs, egg number, egg mass and feed conversion at the above ages are given for 5 generations of selection.

3. Estimation of genetic responses were made separately for selection on males (M _i ) and females (F _i ) using control groups of hens from matings between females with an index near the population average and either males with body weight near the population average (Cl) or the selected males within lines (C2).

4. Total genetic response to selection of both parents (CR _i ) showed an expected decline in body weights of hens, small changes in egg weights and egg numbers, and an improved feed efficiency.