钩梢整枝对麻竹笋产量影响的激素和单糖调控机制

【目的】通过麻竹钩梢整枝保留不同竹枝盘数,改变竹子地上、地下器官激素和营养物质分配,研究影响麻竹笋产量激素和单糖调控机制,创新笋用竹林培育方式,以实现麻竹高效、丰产、矮化和园艺化栽培方式.【方法】采用酶联免疫法(ELISA)和高效液相色谱法(HPLC)等方法,测定大田和盆栽种植麻竹不同钩梢整枝处理后竹笋内源激素、单糖含量以及调查其发笋数量、时间和累积笋产量。【结果】麻竹笋用林培育方式可采用钩梢保留1~2盘枝,保留1~2盘留枝处理的麻竹单笋质量、出笋个数、平均产量和累积产量显著大于其他钩梢修枝处理;麻竹笋产量与笋体内源激素种类、含量水平呈密切相关:在整个出笋期间,GA1+3含量与单笋质量呈极显著正相关,IAA和ABA含量与单笋质量呈显著正相关,而GA4+7和ZR含量与单笋质量无明显相关,麻竹笋个体增大主要是由IAA、GA和ABA 3类内源激素协同调控:2盘留枝处理笋体IAA和ABA含量显著高于其他不同留枝处理,其中出笋盛期间,2盘留枝处理IAA含量最高,达109.53 ug·g-1FW;其IAA变化趋势呈先低后高,符合顶端优势IAA学说中IAA变化规律;不同处理笋体中葡萄糖含量和果糖含量呈极显著相关,相关系数高达0.90(P0.01)。【结论】IAA促进细胞伸长生长,形成和维持竹蔸或竹杆与笋体间的"营养库壑",促进碳水化合物的运输、分配、代谢,保障竹笋快速生长对糖分的供应需要,ABA主要是促进糖类物质的运输和代谢,GA1+3主要是促进细胞伸长生长,而GA4+7对笋体生长中作用较小,笋体生长发育的碳水化合物源主要是蔗糖,而非淀粉;竹笋生长强大的顶端优势是由其顶端高浓度的IAA所致。     

厚竹群落孕笋成竹期内源激素动态变化与调控作用

为了研究厚竹群落在孕笋成竹期内源激素的分布特征和动态变化规律,探讨内源激素及其相互作用对厚竹孕笋成竹的影响,采集不同时期的竹鞭、竹笋和母竹样品,通过酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA),测定吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)、赤霉素(GA)、玉米素核苷(ZR)和脱落酸(ABA)的质量分数,通过方差分析和多重比较方法分析内源激素质量分数及其比值的差异。结果表明:厚竹群落中IAA和ABA质量分数显著高于ZR和GA,但IAA和ABA之间及GA和ZR之间的差异因生长系统及发育期不同而程度不同。笋芽膨大期,竹鞭、竹笋和母竹中内源激素质量分数均是ABA IAA GA ZR,竹鞭中促进生长类激素偏高,ABA显著偏低,冬笋中ZR和GA质量分数占内源激素总质量分数的比例显著高于竹鞭和母竹。竹笋生长期,竹鞭和母竹中是ABAIAA ZR GA,春笋中是IAA ABA ZR GA;春笋中的ZR质量分数及所占比例显著高于竹鞭,ABA的质量分数及所占比例显著低于竹鞭,GA/IAA值显著高于母竹;母竹中的内源激素总量明显偏多,并且是促进生长类激素比例较高,ZR/GA值显著高于竹鞭。新竹长成期,3个生长系统中均是ABA IAA ZR GA;母竹中IAA质量分数显著偏低,ABA质量分数显著偏高。在孕笋成竹过程中,母竹和竹鞭中的IAA和ABA动态变化规律刚好相反。在新竹个体发育中,GA/ABA和GA/IAA值逐渐降低,其他激素间的比值均呈抛物线变化。综合分析得出:厚竹群落中IAA和ABA的质量分数显著偏高;在孕笋成竹过程中,不同生长系统及不同内源激素的分布特征和动态变化规律不同;内源激素及相互间的协同或拮抗作用对孕笋成竹有显著调控作用,相对较高的IAA和ZR质量分数可能是竹壁增厚的原因之一。     

保护地集约栽培早竹衰老的激素机理研究

通过测定未覆盖、2～3a覆盖、4～5a覆盖和6～7a覆盖4种不同经营方式早竹竹鞭内源激素含量和比值的变化来研究早竹因覆盖提早衰老的规律，结果表明：①从未覆盖到6～7a覆盖，竹鞭ABA含量明显增加，而GA3、IAA、Zr、iPA含量则减少，其中，Zr、iPA含量减幅较小，上述激素含量均在从4～5a覆盖到6～7a覆盖有较明显的变化。GA3／ABA、IAA／ABA、Zr／ABA和iPA／ABA比值均随覆盖时间增加而下降，特别是GA3／ABA，IAA／ABA，GA3＋IAA／ABA比值较大，且从4～5a覆盖到6～7a覆盖时均有显著下降，与竹鞭衰老时间相吻合；②竹子衰老不是由于根部CTK合成降低向地上部分供应减少造成的，而是由GA3／ABA、IAA／ABA、GA3＋IAA／ABA比值决定的，比值高抑制衰老，反之比值低则促进衰老，其中以GA3／ABA比值为主，以IAA／ABA比值为辅。     

厚竹孕笋成竹期竹鞭系统内源激素动态变化

为了揭示厚竹孕笋成竹过程中竹鞭系统内源激素的分布特征和动态变化规律,探索内源激素间的协同和拮抗作用对厚竹孕笋成竹的调控作用。采集厚竹笋芽萌动期、竹笋速生期和新竹长成期竹鞭的鞭节间、鞭节、鞭根和鞭芽,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA),测定吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)、赤霉素(GA)、玉米素核苷(ZR)和脱落酸(ABA)质量分数,分析4种内源激素的分布特征、动态变化及各种激素间的比值。结果表明:厚竹在孕笋成竹过程中,竹鞭系统4个器官中各个时期均是IAA和ABA质量分数显著高于GA和ZR,新竹长成期鞭根中IAA质量分数显著高于ABA,鞭节中ABA质量分数显著高于IAA。同一发育期仅竹笋快速生长期鞭节间的GA质量分数显著高于鞭根;同一器官中各种内源激素的绝对质量分数排序在不同发育期不同。随着竹林系统生长中心的转移,竹鞭系统中内源激素质量分数会发生相应变化,但不同内源激素的动态变化趋势和变化幅度不同。相同发育期内不同器官中各种内源激素所占的质量份数差异较小,但同一器官中相同的内源激素比值在不同发育期之间却差异较大。从孕笋到成竹,4种器官中ZR/GA值均逐渐增大且差异显著,笋芽膨大期鞭芽中ZR/IAA值显著偏低,鞭节间、鞭根和鞭芽中GA/IAA值显著高于新竹长成期。综合分析得知:不同的内源激素对厚竹生长发育的影响和调控作用不同,内源激素间的协同和拮抗作用较大,其中ZR和GA间的协同或拮抗作用影响显著。     

红锥花芽分化过程及相关激素含量的变化

为揭示红锥（Castanopsis hystrix）花芽分化过程及激素含量变化,以红锥嫁接植株花芽为试材,采用石蜡切片法观察花芽形态,采用酶联免疫法测定花芽中激素含量。结果表明,红锥花芽分化可分为4个阶段：冬前花序原基分化期（阶段Ⅰ）、冬后花序原基分化期（阶段Ⅱ）、花簇苞片原基分化期（阶段Ⅲ）和花簇原基分化期（阶段IV）。在花芽分化过程中,高水平ABA、IAA、ZT、ABA/GA3、ABA/IAA和ZT/GA3比值,较高水平ZT/IAA比值,低水平GA3、GA3/IAA比值有利于红锥冬前花序原基分化;高水平ABA/IAA、ZT/IAA和GA3/IAA比值,较高水平GA3、ABA,低水平IAA、ZT、ABA/GA3和ZT/GA3比值有利于红锥冬后花序原基分化;高水平ZT、ZT/IAA比值,较高水平GA3、GA3/IAA比值,低水平ABA、IAA、ABA/GA3、ABA/IAA和ZT/GA3比值有利于花簇苞片原基分化期;高水平IAA,较高水平GA3、ZT、ZT/IAA和GA3/IAA比值,低水平ABA、ABA/GA3、ABA/IAA和ZT/GA3比值有利于花簇原基分化期。在整个花芽分化时期...     

核桃果实内源激素变化与果实品质关系

为探明核桃生长发育中内源激素与果实特性的关系,以‘香玲’和‘西林3号’核桃为试材,测定不同发育期果实中内源生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA)、玉米素(ZT)和脱落酸(ABA)含量,分析果实生长和综合品质变化,并探讨激素含量与果个变化和核仁营养品质变化的相关性。结果显示：(1)两个核桃品种的4种内源激素含量均随果实发育进程呈波浪状变化,且趋势相似。其中ABA和IAA峰值出现在6月份,GA和ZT峰值出现在5月份。整个发育过程中,4种内源激素ABA含量始终最高,GA含量最低。(2)随着果实生长发育,青果重、青果横纵径、坚果三径及均值呈上升趋势;核仁粗脂肪含量逐渐增加,‘香玲’和‘西林3号’的峰值分别为69.29%和69.13%。可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量整体呈升-降-升的趋势,总酚和总黄酮含量则呈连续“W”形变化。(3)不同发育时期,不同内源激素与果实品质的相关性不同,‘香玲’粗脂肪含量与IAA、GA极显著负相关,‘西林3号’则与ABA、ABA/IAA、ABA/GA极显著负相关。研究结果表明,不同核桃品种果实中各种激素含量不同,在果实发育过程中的变化趋势各异,IAA、GA和ABA三种激素在果实生...     

丛生竹发笋成竹过程中内源激素的分配与变化规律

以佯黄竹(学名待定)、梁山慈竹(Dendrocalamus farinosus)、硬头黄竹(Bambusa rigida)和慈竹(Neosinocalamus affinis)4个竹种为研究对象,采用酶联免疫法(ELISA法)研究了丛生竹发笋成竹期内不同组织(部位)的5种内源激素含量变化。结果表明:1)总体上,激素含量的高低顺序均为脱落酸(ABA)吲哚乙酸(IAA)细胞分裂素(CTK)赤霉素(GA)油菜素内酯(BR),但活性高低可能正好相反;2)从组织(部位)上的分配看,IAA、CTK、BR三种激素在笋体或幼竹上、中、下部含量基本相当(除佯黄竹外,1a生竹叶片中的CTK含量明显低于其他组织),而ABA中部≥下部上部,GA中部上部下部;3)五种激素表现出较强的协同作用,且与组织生长分化的活跃度相关,其中,IAA、ABA和GA在笋-竹发育过程中大体呈现"高-低-高"的变化趋势,CTK和BR则呈"先高后低"或"先升后降"的变化规律;4)丛生竹内源激素随其发育阶段的变化可能是细胞分裂、节间生长和抽枝展叶的迫切程度决定的,其中,ABA可能与对水分的需求程度及立地水分条件有关,而GA控制笋-幼竹高生长的专一性较其他激素强。研究可为丛生竹林生长与产出的激素调控提供基础数据。     

毛竹笋期激素含量及其分布规律的研究

吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉酸(GA_3)、激动素(KT)和脱落酸(ABA)对毛竹生长和发育起着重要的调节和控制作用。本文应用高效液相谱仪对1～8年生毛竹笋期的竹叶、竹秆、竹鞭和当年正常生长的竹笋中IAA,GA_3、KT、ABA的含量及其分布规律进行了研究。研究结果表明:促进植物生长或细胞分裂的IAA、GA_3、和KT都是大年竹株含量高,小年竹株含量低。竹秆中IAA、的含量随年龄增大而下降,其回归式为 Y=6.548-0.778A r=0.914二者呈极显著的负相关。抑制植物生长的ABA在竹叶、竹秆中的含量则大年低小年高。四种内源激素以叶部含量最高,GA_3的含量分布规律是叶>鞭>秆,IAA、KT和ABA都是叶>秆>鞭。吲哚乙酸在竹叶中的含量呈明显的向基性增加,而脱落酸在竹叶、竹秆中的含量都呈明显的向基性减少。生长在同一鞭系上的各株竹子及其所紧连的竹鞭的代谢具有较大的相对独立性,因此用小年留养来改制大小年是可行的。竹笋中IAA、GA_3和KT都是顶部含量高、基部含量低。     

两种层积处理方式对北美鹅掌楸种子4种内源激素物质含量变化的影响

应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定了低温层积和低温裸层积两种种子层积处理方式对北美鹅掌楸种子4种内源激素物质IAA、GA3、ZR和ABA的含量变化情况.研究结果表明,两种种子处理方式均对北美鹅掌楸种子的4种内源激素物质含量变化有影响.经层积处理后,北美鹅掌楸种子中的生长促进物质IAA和GA3含量较未经层积处理的对照种子内源激素含量有显著的提高,而其种子中的萌发抑制物质ABA的含量比未经层积处理的对照降低,特别是其种子中的IAA/ABA和GA3/ABA的比值显著增加.     

不同产量类型雷竹林的激素、氨基酸及营养成分分析研究

通过对不同产量类型雷竹林植株及竹笋激素的分析,认为GA3和ABA调控着雷竹鞭侧芽的萌发,也就是影响着竹林的产量,而IAA和CTK对雷竹鞭侧芽的萌发没有明显的调控作用,但影响着竹笋的生长发育;通过对氨基酸含量的分析认为高、中、低雷竹林竹笋的氨基酸含量基本相同,但覆盖雷竹林的春季竹笋氨基酸含量明显下降;通过对竹笋营养成分的分析,得出蛋白质、N、P、K含量从高、中、低产林呈下降趋势,并还认为竹林中适当增施N肥有利于笋产量的提高。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.