鄱阳湖黑鹳越冬种群数量与空间分布

本研究于2003—2016年采用样线法对鄱阳湖越冬黑鹳种群数量和空间分布进行了同步调查,调查范围包括鄱阳湖周边三市13县72个子湖泊及周边草洲。结果表明:鄱阳湖黑鹳越冬种群数量年平均值为(35. 5±38. 5)只,其中2005年数量最多,为145只。鄱阳湖黑鹳越冬种群数量年际波动较大。共在15个子湖泊记录到黑鹳,主要分布区域为鄱阳县和鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区,其中鄱阳县湖区黑鹳记录总数量为371只,占鄱阳湖区历年黑鹳分布数量总和的74. 6%。鄱阳湖黑鹳越冬种群呈聚集型分布,只有17. 3%的黑鹳分布在鄱阳湖区主要的候鸟保护区内。本研究表明鄱阳湖越冬黑鹳主要分布于鄱阳湖重要的候鸟保护区范围之外,为有效地保护鄱阳湖黑鹳越冬种群,建议加强黑鹳种群监测,建立健全黑鹳种群就地保护体系。     

盐城越冬丹顶鹤栖息地保护与经济发展之间的关系

江苏盐城国家级自然保护区丹项鹤越冬数量已由建区前的230只增加到2000年春的1128只,但近几年分布数量呈下降趋势,2008年1月仅有640只。未来于本区越冬的丹顶鹤种群在核心区的栖息仍然保持稳定及增加趋势,另有部分群体继续向异地迁移的可能。各种类型的工农业开发项目导致栖息地大范围缩小,生境破碎化,是盐城越冬丹顶鹤种群数量下降的主要原因。根据该地区滩涂自然规律,在保护区核心区外允许开发的区域规划和实施人工湿地生态经济系统,协调保护与开发之间的矛盾,实现栖息地保护与经济发展双赢的目标。     

升金湖越冬白头鹤集群变化及领域行为

白头鹤是长江中下游的大型越冬水鸟,安徽升金湖是其在国内主要的越冬地之一。近年来,由于生境退化,越冬种群的数量在萎缩,种群的越冬生态研究十分必要。2007年10月～2008年4月,我们在升金湖对白头鹤的主要分布地点进行了调查,并对集群情况进行了观察。升金湖白头鹤觅食地主要分布于湖区外围的稻田,夜栖于上湖核心区内。整个越冬期,白头鹤大部分以5只以上的群类型觅食,以家庭集群活动仅占越冬集群数的29.14%。随着越冬期的变化,集群大小发生改变：越冬前期,越冬鹤以家族群活动频率最高,占集群的35.64%,30～49只集群频率最低,仅为6.38%;越冬中期,家庭集群及5～9只集群频率相对于越冬前期减少,10只以上集群频率增加;越冬后期,以≥50只以上集群频率最高,占28.77%。此外,我们还观察到1对成年鹤占有一定面积的稻田并积极保护,表现领域行为。     

人工生境已成为鄱阳湖越冬白鹤的重要觅食地

受自然生境退化和土地利用方式改变的影响,越来越多鸟类依赖于人工生境生存。白鹤为IUCN极危物种,全球种群数量约3 500～4 000只,其中约98%的个体在鄱阳湖越冬。白鹤曾被认为是专性栖息于浅水生境中的鸟类,在鄱阳湖主要在浅水区取食水生植物苦草的冬芽。然而,近几年大量的白鹤离开自然生境,前往稻田和藕田觅食。本研究基于2010/2011～2017/2018年越冬季五星垦殖场(目前发现白鹤数量最多的人工生境)的白鹤调查数据,首次报道了人工生境中白鹤数量的长期动态。结果表明白鹤数量呈现逐渐增长的趋势,2016/2017～2017/2018年越冬季增长至1 115只,约占全球总数量的30%。由此可见,人工生境已成为白鹤的重要觅食地。觅食地改变使白鹤面临高强度的人为干扰,对此,建议加强白鹤对人工生境的适应性研究,评估白鹤的生存现状,为保护政策的制度提供科学依据。白鹤等依赖于水生植被生存的鸟类的觅食生境变化表明鄱阳湖水生植被退化严重,生态环境质量不断恶化。     

黄兔尾鼠种群年龄结构与发生规律初探

自1988年开始,连续3年在塔城沙湾县博乐通古牧场对黄兔尾鼠的鼠密度、年龄组成和数量季节消长进行调查研究。调查结果表明黄兔尾鼠的平均有效洞密度为2000～3000个/hm2。对捕获的鼠标本进行测量、称重,并以酮体重作指标,参考繁殖情况,将黄兔尾鼠种群年龄划分为5个年龄组:幼年组酮体重小于13.0g,亚成年组酮体重为13.1～24.0g,成年1组酮体重为24.1～34.0g,成年2组酮体重为34.1～47.0g,老年组酮体重大于47.1g。调查还表明黄兔尾鼠因繁殖能力强,在一年中数量变化很大,如1988年4月份其种群密度为48.59±5.38只/hm2,到8月份则急剧上升到951.64±66.58只/hm2,增长了约18倍。     

贵州石阡鸳鸯湖鸳鸯(Aix galericulata)种群时空动态特征

为了全面掌握贵州石阡鸳鸯湖国家湿地公园的鸳鸯种群分布情况和揭示其种群动态变化规律,笔者结合2011—2016年的调查数据,于2017—2019年运用固定样线法与直接计数法对鸳鸯种群数量的时空变化情况进行了监测。结果表明:鸳鸯种群动态变化极具时空规律;冬候鸟迁离和部分留鸟分散时段集中在2月下旬至3月中旬;3月下旬至10月份为鸳鸯的繁殖季;11月份到12月上旬为冬候鸟迁来和部分留鸟集群的时段;12月中旬至翌年2月中旬为鸳鸯越冬期,特别是在寒冷的低温天气,种群数量出现较稳定的高峰。冬候鸟迁离和部分留鸟分散时段集中在02月下旬至03月中旬;无论在繁殖期还是在越冬期,水库为鸳鸯分布及活动的核心区域;同时,不同水域和水库各小区域环境的鸳鸯种群密度均有显著差异(P0.05),特别是繁殖期水库上游河流水域的种群密度明显增加,甚至高于水库区。     

扎龙保护区圈养亚成体丹顶鹤越冬期行为的研究

为了解扎龙保护区圈养群体亚成体丹顶鹤越冬期越冬行为策略,于2014年11月至2015年3月采用目标取样法和瞬时记录法对圈养2013年和2014年亚成体丹顶鹤进行研究。结果表明,圈养亚成体丹顶鹤越冬期主要以取食行为为主(34.14%),其次为站立行为(15.77%);双因素方差分析显示,温度对越冬期各行为均有显著影响,年龄仅对玩耍行为有显著影响,Pearson相关性分析,温度与取食和游走行为显著正相关,与站立和静栖显著负相关,年龄与玩耍行为显著正相关。表明圈养亚成体丹顶鹤越冬期温度升高时取食和运动,温度降低时站立和静栖,2岁龄亚成体丹顶鹤相较于1岁龄更喜欢玩耍。     

要特别加强对越冬后期蜂群的管理

<正>高寒地区蜜蜂越冬期长,需要的越冬饲料数量多(15～20kg)。在每年越冬后期(2月中旬～3月中旬)都会有些蜂场,因临近排泄,放松了对蜂群的管理,从而发生了因饲料耗尽,缺蜜饿死蜂群的     

辽宁双台河口国家级自然保护区1991-2012年间丹顶鹤种群数量迁徙动态监测(英文)

为了解丹顶鹤的种群动态趋势,我们自1991年至2012年在中国东北双台河口国家级保护区开始监测迁徙的丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)。研究结果表明,春季丹顶鹤一般在3月1日左右到达,而秋季最后离开日在11月8日左右。经22年的观察,春季迁徙丹顶鹤集群的高峰期为3月10–20日,春季的停歇期为25天左右。比较历年春季最高值,在1990年代,数量为400只左右,至2000年数量超过800只,之后有一短期种群数量在600–800只间波动。随之种群数量开始下降,至近年我们观察到每年春季的峰值数量为400只左右。我们的观察结果与越冬地研究结果相似——丹顶鹤种群自2000年来呈下降趋势。我们认为目前亟待加强对丹顶鹤的保护和管理,以维持和改善其栖息地质量。     

云南巧家马树黑颈鹤日间越冬时间分配和活动节律

2009年10月-2010年3月,采用瞬时扫描取样法对云南省昭通市巧家县马树镇大海子越冬的黑颈鹤（Grus nigricollus）种群进行了越冬时间分配和日间活动节律的研究。取食是黑颈鹤越冬期间最主要的行为,占（52.84±5.59）%,其次为警戒（19.85±3.64）%、搜寻（10.84±2.24）%和休整（9.24±6.41）%,其余行为依次为：行走（2.79±（0.66）%、飞行（2.56±1.63）%、争斗（1.45±0.48）%、其他（0.43±0.28）%。越冬期间黑颈鹤日间（9：00-18：00）行为呈现出上午和下午取食双峰、中午休息高峰的规律性变化。结合地理环境,提出马树黑颈鹤两个取食高峰与草海和大山包黑颈鹤种群间的差异性及其原因,并分析了马树越冬的黑颈鹤种群与在贵州草海越冬的黑颈鹤种群间在取食行为比例、警戒行为比例所存在的差异及其原因,并据此提出了针对性的保护建议。     

Winter pairs of ruddy shelducks at Lashihai Lake,southwest China

It has been suggested that pairing behavior during winter in migratory ducks represents a trade‐off between costs (defense of the female) and benefits (early access to females). To investigate the benefits and costs for both sexes in wintering pairs of ruddy shelducks (Tadorna ferruginea), we compared time budgets for paired males and females, and surveyed the sex ratio of the birds wintering at Lashihai Lake, southwest China. The behavior of the paired ruddy shelducks was monitored for 5 activity types: feeding, resting (including sleeping), preening, drinking and warning. Feeding was the most dominant activity. The feeding time of both sexes increased as the winter season progressed. However, the paired females always spent significantly more time feeding and less time warning than the paired males. Paired ruddy shelducks had access to better feeding grounds than unpaired individuals, resulting in a food benefit for paired individuals over single individuals. Because the sex ratio of the wintering population was strongly male biased (M:F = 1.44:1.00), the paired male also gained the benefit of accessing a female in advance of the breeding season.     

东方白鹳繁殖期能量收支对策

在笼养东方白鹤繁殖研究的基础上,对其能量分配进行了进一步研究,结果表明：笼养东方白鹳繁殖期,雌鹳和雄鹳的可代谢能摄入率无显著差异;采食量在繁殖期与非繁殖期差异很大（P〈0.05）,多数在繁殖期采食量高且随气温降低而增加。成体与亚成体可代谢能摄入量有显著差异（P〈0.05）,且成体的可代谢能摄入高于亚成体,致使两者在行为上表现出很大差异（P〈0.05）。雌雄之间冬季可代谢能量摄入差异不显著,雌雄间越冬行为的时间分配差异不大且在温度〉-10℃时,要比温度≦-10℃时更活跃。     

Foraging technique and prey‐handling time in black‐necked stork (Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus)

The foraging technique and prey‐handling time of the black‐necked stork (Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus) was studied in Dudhwa National Park, India, from January 1996 to June 1997. The habitat in which the storks foraged played an important role in selecting a particular technique to procure food. Black‐necked storks mostly foraged using a tactile technique (>90%), but sometimes foraged visually. When the water level was estimated to be less than 60 cm, the storks foraged using tactile techniques. There was no difference in the feeding techniques of male and female storks. Foraging attempt rates varied between the sexes in summer (May) and during late winter (February) in 1997. The search time for prey increased when the water level was high and fish were widely distributed. Decreases in water level resulted in concentration offish in certain areas and this contributed to high fish‐catching rates by black‐necked storks. Males had a higher success rate offish capture than females. However, females captured longer fish than males. Prey‐handling time increased in both sexes as fish length increased. Fish 4–6 cm long were most frequently taken by the foraging storks.     

Transnational Ecosystem Services: The Potential of Habitat Conservation for Waterfowl Through Recreational Hunting Activities

This article explores transnational ecosystem services in North America, provided by winter habitat for waterfowl in western Mexico coastal lagoons, and the hunting industry supported by these birds in the United States. This article shows that the number of waterfowl harvested in the United States is related to the abundance of waterfowl wintering in Mexico. On average, this flow of ecosystem services annually yields US$ 4.68 million in hunting stamp sales in the western United States. A demand curve, fitted to duck hunting licenses as a function of stamp price and previous-year waterfowl harvest, estimated US$3–6 million in consumer surplus produced in addition to governmental stamp sales revenue. This strongly suggests that waterfowl wintering habitat in western Mexico is economically valuable to U.S. hunters. Because hunters may benefit substantially from these habitats they may be willing to pay for conservation efforts in western Mexico that can result in transnational benefits received in the United States.     

昆明翠湖越冬红嘴鸥数量变化及投食量调查分析

昆明翠湖公园是红嘴鸥进城越冬数量最集中的地方,其数量分布在昆明水域内具有一定的代表性,翠湖公园是红嘴鸥的主要投食点,每年冬季,有大量市民和游客前来观鸥、喂鸥、护鸥。每年11月至次年3月翠湖公园的红嘴鸥数量存在规律性的变化,游客每天投放多少饲料量,要结合红嘴鸥的日食量和数量,受节假日的影响,游客数量变动大,投食量依赖于游客数量,经常出现喂鸥过量或不足的情况,翠湖水体补给有限,过量投食会带来富营养化污染,投食不足则不利于红嘴鸥的保护。通过对2009年11月至2010年3月期间昆明翠湖越冬红嘴鸥的数量进行分期统计,得出2010年翠湖越冬红嘴鸥前、中、后期的数量变化,参照红嘴鸥的能量代谢标准,分析计算昆明翠湖红嘴鸥饲料的合理投放量,为科学喂鸥提供依据,便于红嘴鸥和翠湖水体的保护。     

Food and feeding habits of Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) in hypertrophic Hartbeespoort Dam,South Africa

The diet of 745 Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) of less than 0,5 up to 2000 g wet mass, in Hartbeespoort Dam, was determined from stomach content analysis. Samples of fish were selected to cover a whole annual cycle. Small fish fed initially on zoobenthos and zooplankton, but fish with a mass of over 4 g fed increasingly on Microcystis aeruginosa Kutzing and detritus until these food items formed the dominant food source in O. mossambicus over 8 g. Some cannibalism was encountered in fish up to 64 g in the summer months. The ratio of intestinal length to total length of fish ranged from 0,58 in the smaller fish to 11,02 in larger fish and this indicated that there was an ontogenetic adaptation from a carnivorous to a phytoplanktivorous/detritivorous diet. Feeding in juvenile fish studied over 24 h was found to be most intense in the early morning and late afternoon but remained high throughout daylight hours decreasing considerably at night. The daily ingestion rate of food in O. mossambicus in Hartbeespoort Dam was estimated at 453 mg/g of fish. This comprised 45% M. aeruginosa and 55% detritus. It was apparent that of this matter ingested only a small percentage would be assimilated. Oreochromis mossambicus shows feeding and breeding preadaptations which enable it to successfully exploit a lacustrine environment. These adaptations enable it to maintain a large population in Hartbeespoort Dam despite frequent winter mortalities caused by water temperatures below their tolerance limits.     

关于黑鹳解剖的初步研究

2010年2月8日,山西灵丘黑鹳省级自然保护区1只亚成年黑鹳不明死亡。为查明黑鹳死亡的原因,了解黑鹳的身体结构,我们对黑鹳作了认真仔细的解剖、观察、分析研究。解剖的每一步,都做了认真的记录和拍照。通过这次解剖观察,使我们初步对其外部和内部形态结构有了一个精确、直观的认识:发现了黑鹤有着独特的内部生理结构:初步认识到了黑鹳独特生活习性的内部原因。     

Comparative foraging behaviour of three species of shrike in southern Africa

Utilisation of food resources in migrant and resident birds living sympatrically often leads to differences in feeding strategy. For sit-and-wait hunters such as shrikes, it is connected with competition for food and hunting places. In this study, foraging behaviour of three shrike species was studied in savanna-like habitat in southern Africa. The fieldwork was carried out in December 2017 during wintering season of Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor and Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio and breeding season of Common Fiscal Lanius collaris. Details of the bird's behaviour were recorded during 30 min observations of each bird. A general linear mixed model with logit link function and binomial error variance was used to compare the species’ behaviour. Although the type of perch-site and perching time did not differ between species, Red-backed Shrike used places situated significantly lower than other shrikes. This species also more often used bushes and attacked from lower perch-sites than Lesser Grey Shrike. This may possibly be due to interspecific competition and antipredator behaviour of Red-backed Shrike. No differences in foraging behaviour between Common Fiscal and Lesser Grey Shrike were observed. All three species utilised the same category of prey. Hunting success (the ratio of successful to all attacks) was low and similar in all three species (47%–57%). The lack of statistically significant differences in behaviour, hunting success and size of prey items among shrike species may be a consequence of the relatively short observation time and small sample sizes.     

Effect of feeding system on protein metabolites in chick blood

Chicks, one week of age, were subjected to a cyclic feeding regimen where food was available for 8 h and withheld for 16 h while their controls had access to food 24 h/d. All birds were kept under continuous light. At the end of a 3‐week feeding period, blood uric acid and ammonia levels were determined with time of sampling related to the feeding regimen of the cyclic fed birds. It was found that access to food in the cyclic fed birds significantly elevated plasma uric acid levels as compared to the ad libitum fed birds. Blood ammonia, on the other hand, significantly decreased with feeding and increased after the withdrawal of food in the cyclic fed birds.     

Nutritional implications of feeding free-living birds in public urban areas

Supplementary feeding can affect populations of birds. It reduces energy spent on foraging and reduces the risk of starvation, but it also increases the risk of disease transmission and predation. Supplementary feeding may reduce species richness if some species are better able to exploit supplementary food resources than others. Feeding may also artificially inflate the carrying capacity of the ecosystem, leading to bird nuisance in the form of droppings and noise. The aim of this study was to characterise and quantify the risk factors and consequences of feeding free-living birds in public areas in the western part of the city of Amsterdam. In seven study areas, the following data were collected: bird population size and species composition, feeding events, and the type and amount of supplementary food offered. Estimations were made of the nutritional energy provided and the number of birds that could be supported by the food offered. Members of the public who fed the birds were invited to complete a questionnaire on various aspects of feeding. Results showed that supplementary feeding attracts juvenile gulls and feral pigeons, which could in the long-term affect biodiversity. Bread was the main category of supplementary food being offered (estimated to be 67% of the total amount of food). The majority of respondents fed birds so as not to waste bread and meal leftovers. In six of the seven areas studied, an overabundance of nutritional energy was calculated. We conclude that the current type and extent of supplementary feeding in the city of Amsterdam is nutritionally unbalanced and affects species diversity at a local level. The overabundance is undesirable for reasons of both animal health, because it can lead to malnutrition, and public health, because surplus food attracts rats and may also have a negative effect on water quality.