棉铃虫危害对转基因棉花挥发物成分和释放速率的影响

采用顶空吸附法和气质联用对棉铃虫轻度危害的苗期转基因棉花33B释放的挥发物进行研究。结果表明:棉花挥发物的主要成分是绿叶气体、萜类及其衍生物,包括己醛,α-蒎烯、莰烯、β-蒎烯、柠檬烯、β-水芹烯、香芹醇、壬醛、顺3己烯醇乙酸酯、十四碳烯、β-石竹烯和柏木酮等;棉花的茎、叶及地上部分的释放速率分别为27.2、391.4、223.5 ng/g.h,棉株挥发物的总释放量主要由叶片所释放;棉花受棉铃虫幼虫轻度危害后,地上部分挥发物的释放速率明显增加,危害后1 h和12 h时的释放速率分别为622.54、69.6 ng/g.h,与对照棉花有明显差异;24h后其释放速率基本恢复;在受害棉花的挥发物组分中,主要是绿叶气体和萜类成分变化明显。     

斜纹夜蛾对番茄挥发物的诱导作用及其对萝卜幼苗生长的抑制作用

采用Tenax-TA吸附剂吸附法结合气相色谱和气质联用仪,在不同处理的番茄中共分离鉴定了15种挥发性化合物.这些挥发物主要由绿叶性气味物质、萜烯类物质（包括单萜、倍半萜及其衍生物）和水杨酸甲酯等成分组成.并发现斜纹夜蛾危害与机械损伤对绿叶性气味物质具有相似的诱导作用,而萜烯类物质和水杨酸甲酯等物质在斜纹夜蛾危害植株中的含量显著高于其在健康植株与机械损伤植株中的含量.斜纹夜蛾诱导植物释放的几种挥发物,以及（E）-2-己烯-1-醇和茉莉酸甲酯对萝卜幼苗具有化感作用,表现为对萝卜幼苗生长的抑制作用.其中绿叶性气味物质（（E）-2-己烯醛,（Z）-3-己烯-1-醇,（E）-2-己烯-1-醇）和茉莉酸甲酯对萝卜幼苗生长的抑制作用较强,其次为水杨酸甲酯,而芳樟醇和子丁香烯两种萜类物质的抑制作用相对较小.同时证实这些挥发物的化感活性有明显的浓度效应.     

斑鞘豆叶甲成虫对非寄主植物挥发物的触角电位和行为反应

为筛选对斑鞘豆叶甲Colposcelis signata（Motschulsky）成虫有生物活性的行为调控剂,选取非寄主植物16种挥发物,采用触角电位技术（Electroantennogram,EAG）和Y型嗅觉仪测定了斑鞘豆叶甲成虫对挥发物的触角电位及行为反应。结果表明：10^-1mol/L浓度下斑鞘豆叶甲成虫对6种萜烯类挥发物EAG反应较强,驱避反应显著,雄虫反应强于雌虫。成虫对（1R）-（+）-α-蒎烯和（-）-β-蒎烯的EAG反应显著强于其他4种萜烯类挥发物,对雄虫的驱避率分别为86.7%和81.3%。斑鞘豆叶甲对5种醇、醛类挥发物EAG反应差异显著,除芳樟醇外均表现引诱反应。雌虫对反-2-己烯-1-醇、2-乙基-1-己醇和反-2-己烯醛3种绿叶气味挥发物的引诱反应强于雄虫,其中反-2-己烯-1-醇的引诱作用最强,引诱率达68.9%,推测雌虫产卵定位与绿叶气味挥发物有关。斑鞘豆叶甲对5种其他挥发物的EAG反应相对值较低,具有引诱作用,雄虫反应均强于雌虫,雌、雄虫对水杨酸甲酯的反应强于其他4种挥发物。浓度反应结果发现当浓度从10^-2 mol/L增加到10^-1mol/L时,成虫对（1R）-（+）-α-蒎烯和（-）-β-蒎烯的EAG反应相对值稍降低,对（-）-β-蒎烯和β-月桂烯的驱避反应降低,表现出浓度阈值。但在10^-5 mol/L浓度下（1R）-（+）-α-蒎烯、（-）-β-蒎烯、（R）-（+）-柠檬烯和β-月桂烯仍然表现为明显的驱避作用,这些挥发物可作为驱避剂组分加以开发利用。     

紫茎泽兰五种挥发性物质对木霉和灰霉的化感作用

紫茎泽兰Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng是一种世界性恶性入侵杂草[1-2],化感作用是其种群竞争扩张的重要策略[3].次生物质通过器官表面的挥发是化感物质释放的主要途径之一,3-己烯-1-醇、水芹烯、2-蒈烯、α-蒎烯、莰烯是紫茎泽兰的挥发性化感组分[4-5].植物挥发物不仅影响本地植物的生长,而且也影响微生物的生长和发育.为从微生物学的角度进一步探讨紫茎泽兰的入侵机制,本试验以木霉Trichoderma harzianum和灰霉Botrytis cinerea为研究对象,研究了紫茎泽兰的5种挥发物对木霉和灰霉孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响.     

玉米雌穗挥发物对亚洲玉米螟幼虫取食选择的影响

为了探明玉米雌穗挥发物组成及其对亚洲玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)幼虫取食行为的影响,本研究利用顶空吸附法及气相色谱/质谱联用技术(GC/MS)测定了离体玉米雌穗的挥发物组分,并通过幼虫取食选择试验测定了11种玉米雌穗挥发物在4个不同浓度下(5×10-6、5×10-5、5×10-4、5×10-3g/mL,正己烷为溶剂)对亚洲玉米螟取食行为的影响。结果表明:从离体玉米雌穗中共计收集并鉴定出32种挥发物组分,主要包括绿叶气味物质、萜类化合物和脂肪族化合物。其中,萜类化合物的含量最高,占玉米雌穗挥发物总释放量的84.40%。在所有测定的浓度范围内,β-石竹烯、十四烷表现为引诱活性,壬醛表现为驱避作用。除浓度为5×10-3 g/mL外,癸烷、反-罗勒烯、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮对幼虫取食表现为引诱作用。     

华山松不同部位挥发性单萜烯的含量及其对华山松木蠹象行为的影响

通过GC-MS分析,发现健康的与遭受华山松木蠹象Pissodes punctatus Langor et Zhang危害的华山松Pinus armandii Franch树干以及华山松枝梢释放的挥发性单萜烯在含量上存在较大差别;利用Y-型双向选择嗅觉仪进行的室内趋向反应实验发现,处于补充营养期和交尾产卵期的华山松木蠹象对单萜烯表现出不同的趋向反应。在华山松枝梢挥发物中含量较高的(-)-β-蒎烯、月桂烯和柠檬烯引起补充营养期华山松木蠹象较大的趋向反应;在华山松树干韧皮部挥发物中含量较高的3-(+)-蒈烯则引起交尾产卵期的华山松木蠹象较大的趋向反应。根据试验结果,对华山松和华山松木蠹象互作的机制进行了初步探讨。     

假眼小绿叶蝉为害致茶梢挥发物变化及其引诱微小裂骨缨小蜂效应

以SDE法提取健康茶梢、假眼小绿叶蝉为害茶梢挥发物,用GC-MS配合标准样品从二者中鉴定了17种共有成分,包括顺-3-己烯-1-醇、反-2-己烯醛、芳樟醇、香叶醇、β-紫罗酮和橙花叔醇等常见茶叶香气成分。从前者另外检出顺-3-己烯基丁酸酯等9种成分,还从后者另外测出了己醛等7种成分。假眼小绿叶蝉为害茶梢挥发物各组分总含量、健康茶梢挥发物各组分总含量相对于内标含量的比例分别是1783.8%和360.3%。从蝉害茶梢测出了丰富的反-2-己烯醛、苯甲醛、α-法呢烯和水杨酸甲酯,4种成分占蝉害茶梢、健康茶梢挥发物总量分别为11.8%和8.3%;室内以蝉害茶梢19种主要挥发物的10-2 g/m L剂量为味源,液体石蜡为CK,以Y管嗅觉仪进行行为测定,结果表明这4种成分皆显著引诱微小裂骨缨小蜂(P0.05)。认为蝉害改变了茶梢挥发性化合物的组成及其相对含量,尤其是产生的反-2-己烯醛、苯甲醛、α-法呢烯和水杨酸甲酯等互利素显著地引诱该叶蝉的卵寄生蜂微小裂骨缨小蜂。     

烟草叶片分泌物及植株挥发物释放规律研究

烟草次生物质不仅对多种害虫的定向、产卵等行为具有调控作用,还能吸引天敌进行间接防御。本研究利用溶剂漂洗法提取了烟草旺长期和成熟期的叶片分泌物,利用顶空吸附法收集了烟草旺长期植株的挥发物,并利用气相色谱(GC)/质谱(MS)联用技术测定了烟草次生物质的成分及含量。结果表明,烟草叶片分泌物中共检测出36种化合物,其中旺长期有33种,成熟期有31种。烟草旺长期植株挥发物中共检测出48种挥发物组分。其中36种组分的日周期释放规律表现为随光照加强和温度升高,释放量呈现上升趋势;11:00-15:00时段的释放量显著高于其他各个时段(P0.05)。而其中9种组分表现为在夜间的释放量显著升高。     

吲哚诱导对茶树抗茶小绿叶蝉的影响

为明确吲哚处理对茶树抗茶小绿叶蝉Empoasca onukii的影响,以龙井43为材料,使用吲哚诱导茶树作为处理,以未处理茶树作为对照,于室内测定茶小绿叶蝉对不同茶树的选择趋向,利用昆虫刺探电位图谱分析茶小绿叶蝉的取食行为,通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析吲哚处理对茶树挥发物的影响,并利用实时荧光定量PCR技术测定茶树防御相关基因的表达量。结果表明,在所有时间段茶小绿叶蝉成虫更趋向于取食对照组茶树,至48 h时对照组茶树上的成虫数量是处理组的2.45倍;茶小绿叶蝉3龄幼虫在吲哚处理组茶树上的非取食波（NP波）持续时间占总取食时间的72.15%,在对照组茶树上的非取食波（NP波）持续时间占比则为33.07%,且在对照组茶树上的主要取食波E2波的持续时间是处理组茶树上的3.58倍。相较于对照组茶树,吲哚处理组茶树释放出的挥发物总量显著增加,其中α-法尼烯可以趋避害虫并对天敌有吸引力,且吲哚处理组茶树的防御基因表达量显著升高。表明吲哚处理茶树后,茶小绿叶蝉对其的取食量下降,茶树的挥发物释放量增加且抗性防御基因表达量提高,增强了茶树对茶小绿叶蝉的抗性。     

中华弧丽金龟甲对十二种常见植物挥发物的触角电位和嗅觉反应

为筛选中华弧丽金龟甲Popillia quadriguttata的行为调控剂,利用触角电位仪测定中华弧丽金龟甲雌、雄成虫对12种挥发物的电生理反应,利用Y型嗅觉仪测试其对8种具有电生理活性的挥发物的行为反应。结果表明:寄主植物挥发物1-辛烯-3-醇引起的中华弧丽金龟甲雌成虫触角电位(EAG)相对反应值分别为己醛的3.08倍、反式-2-己烯醛的2.96倍、3-辛酮的2.33倍,显著高于这3种挥发物;5种非寄主植物挥发物引起的雌成虫EAG相对反应值之间不存在显著差异。在浓度为0.1 mol/L时,寄主植物挥发物2-乙基-1-己醇、1-辛烯-3-醇和β-石竹烯均对雌成虫具有显著引诱作用,非寄主挥发物(-)-β-蒎烯对雄成虫具有显著驱避作用;在浓度为0.001 mol/L时,寄主挥发物2-乙基-1-己醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、β-石竹烯和芳樟醇均对雌成虫具有显著引诱作用,非寄主挥发物(R)-(+)-柠檬烯、1,6-二甲基-2,4,6-辛三烯对雄成虫具有显著引诱作用;在浓度为0.00001 mol/L时,寄主挥发物β-石竹烯、芳樟醇均对雌成虫具有显著引诱作用,非寄主挥发物(R)-(+)-柠檬烯、1,6-二甲基-2,4,6-辛三烯对雄成虫具有显著引诱作用。说明一定浓度的β-石竹烯、芳樟醇、2-乙基-1-己醇对中华弧丽金龟甲雌成虫具有显著的引诱能力,可作为引诱剂成分加以开发利用。     

褐飞虱与白背飞虱为害诱导水稻防御反应的比较

为探究2种稻飞虱——褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(St?l)和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)诱导的水稻防御反应差异,于室内测定了水稻在分别受褐飞虱或白背飞虱产卵雌成虫为害时,其茉莉酸、水杨酸、乙烯、H_2O_2以及挥发物含量的变化。结果表明,尽管褐飞虱和白背飞虱产卵雌成虫的为害均可以诱导水稻茉莉酸、水杨酸、乙烯和H_2O_2等防御相关信号分子以及一些水稻挥发物含量的增加,但是二者的诱导作用存在差异。水稻在受白背飞虱产卵雌成虫为害时,茉莉酸的含量在3 h时就显著升高,12 h时含量达到最高;而受褐飞虱产卵雌成虫为害时,6 h时茉莉酸含量才显著升高,72 h时含量达最高;并且在2种稻飞虱为害的3～48 h内,白背飞虱为害诱导的茉莉酸含量始终显著高于褐飞虱为害诱导的。水稻受白背飞虱产卵雌成虫为害24 h后诱导的水杨酸含量、为害48 h后诱导的乙烯含量、为害72 h后诱导的H_2O_2含量及为害24 h后诱导的挥发物释放量分别是褐飞虱产卵雌成虫为害诱导的1.28、1.45、4.10和1.77倍。表明水稻能识别褐飞虱和白背飞虱的为害,从而做出针对害虫种类特异性的防御反应;并且水稻对白背飞虱产卵雌成虫为害所做出的防御反应比对褐飞虱的更强烈。     

Volatile 1-octen-3-ol induces a defensive response in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis thaliana</Emphasis>

1-Octen-3-ol is a major volatile metabolite produced by mold fungi. When Arabidopsis plants were treated with 1-octen-3-ol, some defense genes that are turned on by wounding or ethylene/jasmonic acid signaling were induced. The treatment also enhanced resistance of the plant against Botrytis cinerea. When the induction of defense genes with 1-octen-3-ol was compared with that by volatile methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and methyl salicylate treatments, the induction pattern was similar to that caused by MeJA. Thus, Arabidopsis seems to recognize 1-octen-3-ol and consequently activates its defense response.     

成株期小麦对荻草谷网蚜的田间抗蚜性和耐蚜性评价

为拓展和获取对荻草谷网蚜Sitobion miscanthi表现稳定的小麦抗源,以我国146个小麦品种（系）为材料,利用2020年麦田蚜虫发生严重的机会,采用有蚜株蚜害级别计算抗蚜指数,采用耐蚜值（调查株蚜害级别/千粒重损失率）计算耐蚜指数,以此评估小麦的抗蚜性水平和耐蚜性水平;2022年利用人工辅助接蚜的方法对2020年表现稳定的部分小麦品种（系）的评估结果进行验证。结果显示,在自然感蚜条件下2个试验点6次调查中仅山农116、泉麦31和濮麦116表现稳定的抗蚜性,在人工接蚜时仅郑麦132表现稳定的抗蚜性;中育1220、泰禾麦2号和瑞华1408在自然感蚜时蚜量较低,千粒重损失率低于5.00%,人工接蚜亦表现良好的耐蚜性,表明其兼具耐蚜性和一定的抗蚜性;泰麦601、瑞华592、轮选166和中农麦4007在自然感蚜的高蚜量情况下和人工辅助接蚜时均能保持较低的千粒重损失率（小于15.00%）,表明成株期小麦的抗蚜性减弱是一种普遍现象,耐蚜性是比抗蚜性更稳定的遗传特征。     

内共生菌Buchnera协助蚜虫抑制寄主植物的防御反应

为明确蚜虫内共生细菌Buchnera能否协助蚜虫抑制植物的防御反应,采用混合抗生素除去瓜蚜Aphis gossypii体内的Buchnera,采用刺吸电位技术和生命表方法比较除菌瓜蚜和正常瓜蚜在黄瓜上的适合度,并测定被除菌瓜蚜和正常瓜蚜预侵染黄瓜叶片中H₂O₂、茉莉酸和水杨酸的含量变化以及抗蚜特性变化。结果表明,除菌瓜蚜体重较正常瓜蚜极显著下降了71.15%,净增殖率极显著下降了95.60%,但寿命延长了2.34倍;刺吸电位图谱显示除菌瓜蚜几乎不产生代表唾液分泌的E1波和韧皮部被动吸食的E2波。在黄瓜叶片中,除菌瓜蚜比正常瓜蚜能激发产生更高水平的H₂O₂;在为期14 d的侵染中,除菌瓜蚜侵染诱发总茉莉酸含量持续升高、总水杨酸含量持续下降,而正常瓜蚜侵染诱发总茉莉酸含量先升高后降低、总水杨酸含量先降低后升高。在被除菌瓜蚜预侵染黄瓜上,瓜蚜进入稳定取食的时间显著滞后于正常瓜蚜预侵染处理,且前3 d的产蚜量显著低于正常瓜蚜预侵染处理。表明Buchnera除了可为蚜虫提供必需的营养外,还有调控和抑制寄主植物防御反应的功能。     

金龟子绿僵菌对苜蓿生长的影响及对苜蓿抗蚜性的诱导作用

为明确金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae在促进植物生长和提高植物抗性方面的作用,以金龟子绿僵菌拌土种植紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa,于室内测定植株的生长参数、苜蓿斑蚜Therioaphis trifolii的取食选择性及其发育历期和繁殖力。结果表明,金龟子绿僵菌处理后7 d,植株株高比对照显著增加了0.87 cm;处理后14 d,植株分枝数为3.88个,根长为54.67 mm,均显著高于对照。株龄14 d的植株接入苜蓿斑蚜,至株龄28 d时,金龟子绿僵菌处理的植株株高、分枝数和根长均较对照显著增加;同时生物量、叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素含量也有不同程度的升高。选择性试验结果显示,24 h内选择并驻留在金龟子绿僵菌处理植株叶片上的苜蓿斑蚜数量较对照显著减少28.57%。以金龟子绿僵菌处理的植株叶片饲喂苜蓿斑蚜,1～4龄若虫的发育均有所减缓,各龄若虫的发育历期均较对照叶片饲喂的各龄若虫有所延长,而成虫寿命较以对照叶片饲喂时显著缩短了30.09%,总生命历期显著缩短了18.83%。表明金龟子绿僵菌促进了紫花苜蓿植株的生长,同时增强了植株对苜蓿斑蚜的耐害性、排趋性与...     

Olfactory response of the ladybird beetle <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stethorus gilvifrons</Emphasis> to two preys and herbivore-induced plant volatiles

The spider mites Tetranychus urticae Koch and Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Tetranychidae) cause severe economic losses to vegetable farms and deciduous fruit orchards in Turkey. One of their predators, the ladybird beetle Stethorus gilvifrons (Muls.) (Col., Coccinellidae), aggregates on mite-infested patches of plants. The present study assessed whether there is a role for herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) and/or odors emitted directly from these two mite species in the aggregative response of ladybird beetles. The olfactory responses of the predator females to volatiles from T. urticae- and/or P. ulmi-infested sweet pepper (four cultivars, viz. ‘Demre’, ‘Yalova Carliston’, ‘Kandil Dolma’ and ‘Yag Biberi’), kidney bean (cv. ‘Barbunya’) and apple (M9 rootstock) were investigated using a two-choice olfactometer. Our results showed that HIPVs emitted from both T. urticae- and P. ulmi-infested plants significantly attracted S. gilvifrons adults for all plants except the sweet pepper cv. Yag Biberi. In addition, it was found that volatiles from apple plants infested by T. urticae and, especially, P. ulmi are more attractive for S. gilvifrons females than those emitted by other infested plants. The results also suggest that the odors of T. urticae adults and their products might influence the attraction of S. gilvifrons females.     

Defense responses of Arabidopsis thaliana inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci wild type and defective mutants for flagellin (ΔfliC) and flagellin-glycosylation (Δorf1)

Flagellin, an essential component of the bacterial flagellar filament, is capable of inducing a hypersensitive response (HR), including cell death, in a nonhost plant. A flagellin-defective mutant (ΔfliC) of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci lacks both the flagellar filament and motility, whereas a flagellin-glycosylation-defective mutant (Δorf1) retains the flagellar filament but lacks the glycosyl modification of flagellin protein. To investigate the role of flagellin protein and its glycosylation in the interaction with its nonhost Arabidopsis thaliana, we analyzed plant responses after inoculation with these bacteria. Inoculation with wild-type P. syringae pv. tabaci induced HR, with the generation of reactive oxygen species and cell death. In contrast, inoculation with either ΔfliC or Δorf1 mutant induced a low level of HR, and inoculated leaves developed a disease-like yellowing. These mutant bacteria multiplied better than the wild-type bacteria in A. thaliana. These results indicate that A. thaliana expresses a defense reaction in response to the bacterial flagellin with its glycosyl structure.     

Manipulation of parasitoids for aphid pest management: progress and prospects

This paper describes research at IACR-Rothamsted on aphid parasitoid responses to semiochemical foraging stimuli, aimed at developing novel ways of manipulating these behaviours to overcome ecological constraints to biological and integrated pest control. Female parasitoids respond both to aphid sex pheromones acting as kairomones, and to aphid-induced plant volatiles, acting as synomones. A range of economically important parasitoid species respond to aphid sex pheromones, and their potential for enhancing parasitization of aphid populations has been demonstrated in the field. Commercial production of the pheromone from the plant Nepeta cataria L has been developed and strategies for its use in arable crops are being investigated. Aphid-induced plant volatiles are released systemically throughout the plant and are aphid species specific, probably induced by elicitors in aphid saliva. Aphid-infested plants can induce uninfested neighbours to release damage-related volatiles, plant-to-plant communication occurring via the rhizosphere. The plant compound cis-jasmone has been identified as a plant signal with potential for aphid control, inducing plant defence mechanisms that both deter colonising aphids and attract parasitoids and predators. Such compounds may represent a new generation of crop protectants and their further investigation and development will be aided by the tools generated by genomic and post-genomic biology.     

桃蛀螟对青霉菌侵染苹果的产卵选择与行为趋向反应

为探明桃蛀螟Conogethes punctiferalis偏好于在青霉菌Penicillium侵染的苹果上产卵的特点与机理,从苹果、玉米和柑橘上分离、纯化获得15株青霉菌,通过形态学和rDNA-ITS序列分析鉴定后,以健康苹果为对照,测试不同青霉菌菌株侵染的苹果对桃蛀螟产卵选择的影响,并利用四臂嗅觉仪测试桃蛀螟对青霉菌诱导的苹果挥发物的行为趋向反应。结果表明,15株青霉菌分别属于皮落青霉P. crustosum、橘青霉P. citrinum、苏门答腊青霉P. sumatrense和指状青霉P. digitatum的不同株型;桃蛀螟对其中的12株青霉菌侵染的苹果的产卵选择率均极显著高于健康苹果,尤其对皮落青霉CO5菌株、苏门答腊青霉OR3菌株和指状青霉OR5菌株侵染的苹果的产卵选择率最高,分别达到67.73%、61.50%和68.39%;桃蛀螟对感染皮落青霉CO5菌株和指状青霉OR5菌株的苹果挥发物的选择率分别为31.37%和29.19%,均显著高于对感染橘青霉OR1菌株和苏门答腊青霉OR3菌株的苹果挥发物的选择率18.14%和21.31%,且前二者之间、后二者之间均无显著差异。表明青霉菌可通过影响寄主植物挥发物释放,从而影响桃蛀螟对寄主植物的产卵选择和行为趋向反应。     

Biological roles of monoterpene volatiles derived from rough lemon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Citrus jambhiri</Emphasis> Lush) in citrus defense

Volatile compounds of plants, including monoterpenes, are a possible source of signal molecules that induce defense systems to protect plants from tissue damage. Volatile compounds from rough lemon leaves were trapped by solid-phase microextraction fibers in sealed vials, and subsequent gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography analyses identified the profile of the major components, mainly various monoterpenes. Among several monoterpenes examined, citral, citronellal, and linalool significantly inhibited the spore germination and hyphal growth of Alternaria alternata. The effect of linalool was fungistatic, while the effects of citral and citronellal were partially fungicidal. Wounding of rough lemon leaves induced a significant increase in release of monoterpenes. The release of linalool was the most abundant and was 14.5 times that of unwounded rough lemon leaves. Unlike the wounding treatment, microbe attack did not significantly change monoterpene releases, and there was statistically no difference found in the peak areas from microbe-treated and untreated leaves. Linalool, limonene, and β-pinene also had insect-repellant effects on wild-type Drosophila melanogaster. Expression patterns of defense-related genes in rough lemon and rice significantly changed after treatment with vapors of monoterpene volatiles. Taking these results together, monoterpene volatiles are likely to play roles in the defense of rough lemon against microbe and insect pathogens.