新化合物天维菌素的杀虫杀螨活性

为明确天维菌素(tenvermectin)的杀虫杀螨活性,分别测定了其对小菜蛾Plutellaxylostella (药膜法)、粘虫Mythimna separate Walker (小叶碟添加法)、棉铃虫Helicoverpaarmigera Hübner (饲料混药法)、松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (浸渍法)和朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus (叶片浸渍法和玻片浸渍法)的室内毒力,并采用叶碟喷雾法测定了其对朱砂叶螨的盆栽药效。结果表明:天维菌素对鳞翅目害虫小菜蛾、粘虫和棉铃虫的LC50值分别为22.21、19.66和22.09 mg/L,对松材线虫的LC50值为1.94 mg/L,毒力显著高于米尔贝霉素(P50值分别为0.0051和0.0089 mg/L。盆栽试验结果表明:0.2 mg/L的天维菌素药后5 d对朱砂叶螨的防效最高,达97.42%;药后7 d,尽管天维菌素与阿维菌素的防治效果均有所下降,但天维菌素不同浓度(0.0125~0.2 mg/L)处理防效仍保持在80.23%~91.96%之间。研究表明,天维菌素对供试的有害生物均具有较高活性,具有研究开发潜力。     

姜黄素嘧啶酮衍生物的合成及杀螨活性

在明确姜黄素具有杀螨活性,且其结构中的双羰基并非是起杀螨作用的关键基团的基础上,设计、合成了4个新颖的姜黄素嘧啶酮衍生物,其结构经红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱和质谱分析确认。生物活性测定结果表明:4个目标化合物均表现出优于母体化合物姜黄素的杀螨活性,处理48 h后,活性最好的4,6-二 -2-嘧啶酮(3a)对朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus和柑橘全爪螨Panoychus cotri的LC50值分别为487.5和200.3 mg/L,其毒力约为姜黄素的4倍;而处理72 h后,化合物 3a 对朱砂叶螨的LC50值为40.7 mg/L,其毒力约为姜黄素的14倍。     

季酮酸类新化合物HNPC-A9012的杀螨活性及田间防治效果

HNPC-A9012是由湖南化工研究院设计并合成出的具有杀螨活性的季酮酸类化合物。采用叶片浸渍法和玻片浸渍法测定了HNPC-A9012对朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnatarinus(Boisduval)成螨的毒力,采用叶片浸渍法测定了其对若螨和卵的毒力,并进行了盆栽药效试验、作物安全性试验及田间药效试验。结果表明:玻片浸渍法测得HNPC-A9012对朱砂叶螨成螨的LC50值为4.73 mg/L,叶片浸渍法测得其对朱砂叶螨卵、若螨和成螨的LC50值分别为10.91、1.95和3.82 mg/L。温室盆栽试验表明,20%HNPC-A9012悬浮剂在有效成分60和80 mg/L下,施药21 d后对朱砂叶螨的防效分别达81.64%和92.12%。陕西省的田间药效试验表明,20%HNPCA9012悬浮剂在有效成分45和60 g/hm2下,施药21 d后对朱砂叶螨的防效分别为92.59%和95.64%;河南省的田间防效总体偏低,但仍与对照药剂240 g/L螺螨酯悬浮剂和15%哒螨灵乳油同剂量处理的防效相当。此外,本研究还表明,20%HNPC-A9012悬浮剂在80、160、320 mg/L剂量下对供试作物安全。     

23%阿维菌素·乙螨唑悬浮剂防治柑橘红蜘蛛药效试验

为验证23%阿维菌素·乙螨唑悬浮剂对柑橘红蜘蛛的防治效果和最佳施药剂量,分别用23%阿维菌素·乙螨唑悬浮剂15mg/kg、20mg/kg、25mg/kg三种剂量防治柑橘红蜘蛛。其中23%阿维菌素·乙螨唑悬浮剂20mg/kg,每hm~2用液量900 kg防治柑橘红蜘蛛较经济实惠,防治效果好,建议可大面积推广使用。     

姜黄素异噁唑和吡唑衍生物的合成及杀螨活性

为了寻求和开发新的基于天然产物的杀螨剂,在明确姜黄素具有杀螨活性,且其结构中的双羰基并非杀螨活性关键基团的基础上,设计并合成了15个姜黄素异噁唑和吡唑衍生物,其结构均经红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱和质谱分析确认。生物活性测定结果表明:几乎所有的目标化合物对朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus和柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri均表现出了比先导化合物姜黄素更优异的触杀活性,其中化合物 4和11 的活性最为突出。处理48 h后,化合物 4 对朱砂叶螨和柑橘全爪螨的LC50值分别为333.0和156.0 mg/L,其毒力是姜黄素的6.35和4.56倍, 11 的LC50值分别为478.4和144.7 mg/L,毒力是姜黄素的4.42和4.92倍;相应地处理72 h后, 4 的LC50值分别为115.0和84.9 mg/L,其毒力是姜黄素的5.02和1.43倍, 11 的LC50值分别为91.0和68.7 mg/L,毒力是姜黄素的6.35和1.77倍。化合物 4和11 可作为进一步开发研究的具有杀螨活性的候选化合物。     

滨蒿内酯对朱砂叶螨不同螨态的生物活性及作用方式研究

为明确植物源活性化合物滨蒿内酯的杀螨活性及作用方式,测定了滨蒿内酯对植食性害螨朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)的幼螨、若螨、雌成螨的触杀活性;同时测定了其对雌成螨的产卵抑制和驱避活性,以及杀卵活性.结果表明,滨蒿内酯对朱砂叶螨雌成螨具有较高的触杀毒力,48h的LC_(50)为0.157mg/mL;滨蒿内酯对朱砂叶螨不同螨态的触杀活性的从大到小依次为雌成螨、若螨、幼螨,其无明显的杀卵活性;滨蒿内酯对雌成螨表现出较强的驱避作用,同时对雌成螨具有明显的产卵抑制作用,且处理后96h的产卵抑制率达到58.28%.说明滨蒿内酯对朱砂叶螨的主要作用方式为触杀、驱避和产卵抑制作用.     

地肤提取物杀螨活性的研究

采用多种溶剂和方法对地肤全株进行了提取,测定了其中杀螨活性最高的氯仿提取物的多种溶剂萃取物对二斑叶螨(Tetranychus urticae Koch)和朱砂叶螨[Tetranychus cinnabarinus(Boisduval)]的生物活性。结果表明,氯仿提取物的生物活性显著高于石油醚和甲醇提取物,提取物的氯仿萃取物对2种螨的生物活性最强。本试验还对该种植物的杀螨活性有效成分进行了初步研究。氯仿萃取物经柱层分离得到流分112个,经薄层层析(TLC)检验后,相同成分者合并,最终得流分11个。生物活性测定结果表明,F₉活性最高,其对二斑叶螨、朱砂叶螨和山楂叶螨的致死中浓度分别达到了0.390 3、0.298 1、0.256 8 mg /mL。     

球孢白僵菌与杀螨剂混配对二斑叶螨的毒力测定及其田间防治效果

为探究球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana与杀螨剂混配对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae的防控作用,采用Munger cell法测定球孢白僵菌ZJU435与联苯肼酯、乙唑螨腈按照不同有效成分比混配后对二斑叶螨的室内毒力及其增效作用,并测定不同药剂组合对二斑叶螨的田间防治效果。结果表明,不同杀螨剂对二斑叶螨的室内毒力大小排序为乙唑螨腈>联苯肼酯>球孢白僵菌ZJU435,LC50分别为2.68、9.31和29.37 mg/L;球孢白僵菌ZJU435与联苯肼酯、乙唑螨腈分别以1∶9、3∶7、5∶5、7∶3、9∶1的有效成分比混配后均有显著的增效作用,其中球孢白僵菌ZJU435与联苯肼酯、乙唑螨腈均以9∶1有效成分比混配时的共毒系数最高,分别为324.61和391.80,增效作用最显著。以9∶1有效成分比混配时,12.50、9.50和8.00 mg/L球孢白僵菌+联苯肼酯混配处理后第10天的防治效果分别为84.13%、81.94%和77.96%,8.60、3.60和2.40 mg/L球孢白僵菌+乙唑螨腈混配处理后第10天对二斑叶螨的防治效果分别为89.38%...     

新型生物源农药与化学农药对草莓叶螨的防效对比研究

草莓叶螨是影响北京地区草莓生产的重要害螨,本文对其进行了两种新型生物源农药(藜芦碱、多杀霉素)及化学农药(高效氯氟氰菊酯、联苯菊酯)的防效对比研究。室内毒力测定结果表明:2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯EC和0.5%藜芦碱SL对朱砂叶螨毒力最高,其LC_(50)分别为2.54mg/L和4.18mg/L;其次是10%联苯菊酯EC和2.5%多杀霉素SC,其LC_(50)分别为13.16mg/L和84.51mg/L。田间试验结果表明:2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯EC和0.5%藜芦碱SL对草莓叶螨防控效果最好,施药7d后防治效果达80%以上,施药14d后防治效果达82%左右,施药28d后防治效果达84%左右,持效期较长。10%联苯菊酯EC和2.5%多杀霉SC素防控效果欠佳,施药7d后的防治效果为50%左右,具有一定的防治效果;但施药14、21及28d后害虫总数有增长趋势,未表现出持续的抑制效果。与对照区相比,各药剂均表现出对草莓叶螨具有一定的防控作用。高浓度2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯EC对草莓叶片有轻微药害,在生产中要严格控制其使用剂量;0.5%藜芦碱SL试验处理未对草莓及非靶标生物产生不良影响,安全无药害且防治效果好,在实际生产中具有良好的推广应用价值。     

天维菌素酰化衍生物的合成及杀虫杀螨活性

以天维菌素B、天维菌素B单糖苷和天维菌素B苷元为原料,经选择性C-5羟基保护,在C-13、C-4′和C-4″位引入不同酰基基团,合成了3个系列共23个天维菌素B酰化衍生物,并通过1H NMR、13C NMR和高分辨质谱对所有目标化合物的结构进行了表征。生物活性测定结果表明,所有衍生物对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella、朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus以及松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus均表现出不同程度的毒杀活性,其中天维菌素B C-4″位衍生物的活性优于C-4′位衍生物及13位衍生物。化合物8e对小菜蛾和松材线虫的毒杀活性最优,LC50值分别为9.2 mg/L和0.42 mg/L,化合物8b对朱砂叶螨的毒性最高,LC50值为0.0019 mg/L,均优于对照药天维菌素B。     

用杂交方法鉴定我国三种常见叶螨

本文报道通过杂交试验,连代隔离饲养观察和阳具端锤的形状区别将北京花卉上发现的绿色种叶螨、红色种叶螨和菜豆上发现的红色种叶螨作了鉴定。绿色种与两红色种之间均存在着生殖隔离,杂交产生不育后代或不能交配,因此它们是各自独立的种。绿色叶螨应是二斑叶螨(Tetranychus urticae),连代隔离饲养证明雌成螨始终体呈绿色(滞育型除外),其遗传性是稳定的,这可以作为二斑叶螨和其近似种相区别的直观特征。从阳具端锤的形状差别可以区分两种红色螨分别是硃砂叶螨(T.cinnabarinus)(采自花卉)和截形叶螨(T.truncatus)(采自菜豆)。据此,作者对国内目前通行的有关棉叶螨(T.urticae)和红叶螨(T.cinnabarinus)的学名和中文名称的混乱问题,进行了讨论。认为棉叶螨不是T.urticae,红叶螨不一定全是T.cinnabarinus。     

新化合物HNPC-A3066的杀螨活性及田间防治效果研究

HNPC-A3066 {(E,Z) 2- 亚甲基]胺]氧]甲基]苯基]-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯｝是由湖南化工研究院开发的甲氧丙烯酸酯类新型杀螨剂。采用农药生物技术测定了HNPC-A3066对棉红蜘蛛Tetranychus urticae的杀螨活性和作用方式。结果表明,HNPC-A3066对棉红蜘蛛具有良好的触杀、杀卵作用,但内吸活性很低。采用浸渍法和浸玻片法处理后48 h,对雌成螨的LC50值分别为3.33和 4.02 mg/L;浸玻片法处理后24 h,对若螨的LC50值为0.74 mg/L,浸渍法处理后7 d,对卵的LC50值为2.02 mg/L。田间药效试验结果表明,在有效成分浓度为80~160 mg/L时,施药后1、3、7和14 d,HNPC-A3066对棉红蜘蛛、柑桔红蜘蛛Panonychus citri和苹果红蜘蛛Panonychus ulmi的防效分别大于77.88％、75.33％和72.65％,且对作物和天敌安全。     

联肼·乙螨唑对蔬菜优势叶螨产卵发育的影响及其田间防效

为明确新型复配杀螨剂联肼·乙螨唑对目前蔬菜田常发生的2种优势叶螨二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae和截形叶螨T. truncatus的杀螨活性,于室内采用离体叶碟法测定其对这2种叶螨产卵及发育的影响,于室外采用活体植株评价该药剂对2种叶螨的田间防效。结果表明,经复配杀螨剂联肼·乙螨唑及其单剂处理2种叶螨雌成螨24 h后,死亡率为20.50%～54.98%,均显著高于清水对照;联肼·乙螨唑处理较清水对照显著降低了2种叶螨卵发育至若螨期的比率,联肼·乙螨唑处理后二斑叶螨和截形叶螨的若螨率分别为4.91%和1.63%。田间试验中联肼·乙螨唑对2种叶螨具有一定的速效性,药后3 d对二斑叶螨和截形叶螨的防效分别达95.74%和89.83%,药后7 d防效分别为98.03%和99.44%,显示了优良的防控效果及持效性。表明复配杀螨剂联肼·乙螨唑可用于田间蔬菜优势叶螨种群的高效防控。     

Field and laboratory experiments on the response and development of resistance to pesticides and population density ofTetranychus cinnabarinus in ISRAEL

Dosage mortality data for 12 pesticides were determined with females of an insecticide-susceptible strain of the carmine spider mite,Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.), by the slide dip method; for four of the pesticides which are specific acaricides, also the Munger cell method was used. The LC₅₀s ranged from 0.00078% to 0.041%, with the synthetic pyrethroids being more toxic than the specific acaricides. There were no differences in results between the two assay methods. Four synthetic pyrethroids that were very active againstT. cinnabarinus in laboratory tests were examined in an unsprayed apple orchard for their effect on the population density of spider mites. An upsurge of tetranychid mites was noted 4 weeks after a single application     

The potential of spiders of different taxa and a predacious mite to feed on the carmine spider mite — a laboratory study

Four spider species and the predacious mitePhytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot) were examined in the laboratory for their capacity to feed on the carmine spider mite,Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval). The adult females ofChiracanthium mildei L. Koch showed the highest capacity for feeding onT. cinnabarinus (27.5 mites/day) and differed significantly from all other spider species, including the immatureC. mildei which consumed an average of 18.9 mites/day — nearly equal to that of the Oxyopidae species (16.8 mites/day). The salticid (10.1 mites/day) and theridiid (9.5 mites/day) spider species had the lowest capacity, which was nearly equal to that of the predacious miteP. persimilis (11.3 mites/day). Results indicate that spiders play an important role as mite predators.     

新型2-酰基氰基乙酸类衍生物SYP-10898的研究

以对叔丁基氯苄为起始原料,经氰化、酯化、酯交换和酰基化4步反应合成了新化合物2-酰基氰基乙酸酯类衍生物 SYP-10898 ,其化学结构经核磁共振氢谱和元素分析确证。室内生物活性测试结果表明, SYP-10898 对朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus成螨的LC50值为3.67 mg/L,优于对照药剂丁氟螨酯(cyflumetofen)。田间试验结果表明,在50 mg/L剂量下, SYP-10898 对柑桔红蜘蛛Panonychus citri表现了良好的速效性和持效性,3 d后的防效在93%以上,30 d后的防效在79%以上。     

Effects of azadirachtin on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its compatibility with predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on strawberry

BACKGROUND: The spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is the major strawberry pest in Brazil. The main strategies for its control comprise synthetic acaricides and predatory mites. The recent register of a commercial formula of azadirachtin (Azamax^® 12 g L^?1) can be viable for control of T. urticae. In this work, the effects of azadirachtin on T. urticae and its compatibility with predatory mites Neoseiulus californicus and Phytoseiulus macropilis in the strawberry crop were evaluated. RESULTS: Azadirachtin was efficient against T. urticae, with a mortality rate similar to that of abamectin. In addition, the azadirachtin showed lower biological persistence (7 days) than abamectin (21 days). Azadirachtin did not cause significant mortality of adult predatory mites (N. californicus and P. macropilis), but it did reduce fecundity by 50%. However, egg viability of the azadirachtin treatments was similar to that of the control (>80% viability). The use of azadirachtin and predatory mites is a valuable tool for controlling T. urticae in strawberry crop. CONCLUSIONS: Azadirachtin provided effective control of T. urticae and is compatible with the predatory mites N. californicus and P. macropilis. It is an excellent tool to be incorporated into integrated pest management for strawberry crop in Brazil. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

The potential of the hatay population ofPhytoseiulus persimilis to control the carmine spider miteTetranychus cinnabarinus in strawberry in Silifke - Icel, Turkey

The Hatay population of the predatory mitePhytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot was released into a commercial field of cv. ‘Chandler’ strawberries for the control ofTetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval (Acari: Phytoseiidae: Tetranychidae) in 2000 and 2001 in Silifke county of Icel on the East Mediterranean coast of Turkey. In 2000, populations ofT. cinnabarinus were recorded in the field from the beginning of March in most plots, and increased gradually until mid-May.T. cinnabarinus populations declined to very low levels in all predator release plots approximately 2 weeks after reaching a peak. In general, predator populations rose linearly as the population densities of spider mites increased until mid-May.P. persimilis numbers peaked during the period 16–23 May. A similar scenario developed in 2001, but because of the relatively high number ofT. cinnabarinus in all plots at the beginning of the experiment, bothT. cinnabarinus andP. persimilis peaked almost one month earlier than in 2000. In both years, the Hatay population ofP. persimilis demonstrated good potential for the control ofT. cinnabarinus in field-grown strawberry in the Silifke region of Icel. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 19, 2002.