利用基因芯片分析西南麦区主栽小麦品种川麦104的遗传构成

川麦104是西南麦区近年来选育的主栽小麦品种,为研究其高产、抗病遗传特性,利用3种小麦基因芯片(660K SNP、50K SNP和35K SNP)对川麦104及其双亲川麦42、川农16进行分析,探究川麦104的遗传构成.结果表明,在能定位于小麦不同染色体的SNP中,川麦104中与双亲相同的共有等位变异位点数目远多于其他...     

利用分池分析获得南大2419中一个抗赤霉病位点的分子标记

赤霉病是小麦的一种灾难性病害。为了发掘抗赤霉病基因,对小麦品种望水白×南大2419的F2群体及其重组自交系群体进行了赤霉病表型鉴定,并根据F2抗性表型分别配制抗病池和感病池,用RAPD方法筛选与抗赤霉病基因连锁的候选标记。通过F2代选择基因型分析,发现S1021与抗赤霉病性有关。利用重组自交系群体证实了上述结果。这一标记在重组自交系中解释了8 %以上的表型变异。为了便于该基因在育种中的应用,将该RAPD标记转化成了SCAR标记并定位于染色体2B。区间作图表明南大2419是这一QTL的供体亲本。本研究表明,将分池法与选择基因型分析相结合,可以利用F2代群体定位效应较小的QTL位点。     

小麦粒重相关分子标记Xgwm46等位变异的鉴定与评价

为评价粒重相关SSR标记Xgwm46在小麦分子育种工作中的应用效果,以442份黄淮麦区小麦品种(系)为材料,鉴定了Xgwm46标记等位变异类型及其分布频率,分析了Xgwm46标记等位变异类型与千粒重、粒长、粒宽和籽粒面积的关联性,并进一步探讨了各种等位变异的育种价值。结果表明,Xgwm46标记可以检测出A、B、C三种类型的等位变异,分布频率分别为31.90%、55.20%和12.90%。关联分析表明,B类型与C类型材料的千粒重(P0.001)、粒长(P0.05)、粒宽(P0.001)和籽粒面积(P0.001)等粒重性状的差异都达到显著水平,而且B类型与粒重性状均呈显著正相关,C类型与粒重性状均呈显著负相关。B类型比C类型的材料平均粒长长0.16mm,粒宽宽0.10mm,籽粒面积大0.81mm2,千粒重重1.98g,其等位变异效应较突出。总之,Xgwm46标记适合用于小麦粒重农艺性状的鉴定与筛选,其中,B类型是粒重性状优异的等位变异,可应用于小麦分子标记辅助选择育种。     

黄淮麦区部分小麦品种粒重基因TaGS5-A1的等位变异分布及其效应分析

为明确粒重基因TaGS5-A1的育种应用价值,利用竞争性等位基因特异性PCR(KASP)标记对119个不同遗传背景的黄淮麦区小麦品种进行TaGS5-A1基因等位变异检测,并结合3年2点6个环境的农艺性状表型数据,比较携带等位基因TaGS5-A1a和TaGS5-A1b的品种千粒重、粒长、粒宽、株高、穗长和穗下节长等性状....     

新疆小麦品种春化和光周期主要基因的组成分析

为了明确新疆冬春麦区小麦春化和光周期基因的分布特点,利用STS标记对185份品种(系)的重要春化基因Vrn-A1、Vrn-B1、Vrn-D1、Vrn-B3和光周期基因Ppd-D1位点的等位变异组成进行了检测和分析。结果表明,在新疆小麦品种中,春化和光周期基因位点显性等位变异分布频率不同。含有春化显性等位变异Vrn-A1的品种47个,占供试品种(系)的25.4%;Vrn-B1为43个,占23.3%;Vrn-D1为38个,占20.5%;Vrn-B3位点不存在显性等位变异。春化显性等位变异Vrn-A1、Vrn-B1和Vrn-D1在冬、春性小麦内的分布比例也不同。在春性小麦品种(系)中,显性等位变异Vrn-A1出现的频率较高(55.3%);其次为Vrn-B1,占50.6%;Vrn-D1占44.7%。在冬性小麦中,仅有显性等位变异Vrn-B1出现,占2.0%。在光周期基因Ppd-D1位点,80.0%的品种(系)携带光不敏感显性等位变异Ppd-D1a;其中在春性和冬性小麦品种(系)中,Ppd-D1a出现的频率分别为83.5%和77.0%。新疆小麦品种(系)中,存在11种春化和光周期基因显性等位变异组合。     

小麦粒重基因等位变异的高通量分子检测及组合分析

TaCwi-A1、TaGW2-6A及TaSus2-2B基因是调控小麦粒重的基因,目前已发现TaCwi-A1基因存在TaCwi-A1a和TaCwi-A1b两种等位变异,TaGW2-6A存在启动子区Hap-6A-A和Hap-6A-G及编码区一个T碱基插入等位变异,TaSus2-2B存在SUS2-2B-H和SUS2-2B-L两种等位变异。为了探究小麦粒重基因的综合效应,为粒重基因的分子辅助聚合育种提供方法依据与优异材料,本研究利用高分辨率熔解曲线分析(high-resolution melting curve analysis,HRM)技术分别检测了上述4个位点在262份小麦微核心种质材料中的变异类型,分析了不同变异及变异组合与粒长、粒宽和千粒重的相关性,并对变异组合在我国十个麦区的分布情况进行了分析。结果表明,TaCwi-A1a单倍型品种的千粒重显著高于TaCwi-A1b(P0.05);Hap-6A-A单倍型与Hap-6A-G单倍型品种的粒长、粒宽及千粒重均无显著差异,T碱基插入等位变异(命名为TT单倍型)材料的粒宽和千粒重显著高于无T碱基插入等位变异(tt)材料(P0.05);SUS2-2B-H单倍型品种的粒长和粒宽显著(P0.05)高于SUS2-2B-L单倍型品种,千粒重极显著(P0.01)高于SUS2-2B-L单倍型品种。对变异组合的分析表明,262份材料中仅出现了8种组合类型,变异组合与粒长及千粒重呈极显著相关(P0.01),与粒宽相关不显著,其中Ⅳ型组合(TaCwi-A1a/Hap-6A-G/tt/SUS2-2B-H)为最优组合,Ⅲ型组合(TaCwi-A1a/Hap-6A-G/TT/SUS2-2B-L)为最差组合。我国十个麦区中七个麦区Ⅲ型组合分布频率最高,仅青藏麦区Ⅳ型组合分布频率较高。     

小麦品种面筋强度、黄色素含量和PPO活性相关基因的分子检测

为给小麦品质育种筛选亲本材料,并进一步验证相关标记的有效性和实用性,利用5个小麦品质性状基因的分子标记[包括高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)Dx5和By8标记、1B/1R易位系特异性SCAR标记、位于7AL染色体与黄色素含量相关的八氢番茄红素合成酶(Phytoene synthase,PSY)基因 Psy-A1的标记 YP7A、位于2AL染色体的PPO活性基因 Ppo-A1的标记 PPO18]对157份小麦品种和优良新品系进行了基因等位变异检测.结果表明:(1)在所检测的小麦品种(系)中, Dx5、By8、1B/1R易位系、PSY和籽粒PPO活性基因等位变异存在一定差异.其中,含 Dx5的材料29份,占18.5%,含 By8和1B/1R易位系的材料分别为68和69份,占43.3%和43.9%,含低黄色素含量等位变异基因 Psy-A1b的材料42份,占26.8%,含低PPO活性等位变异 Ppo-A1b的等位变异材料78份,占49.7%;(2)157份材料中品质性状基因皆符合要求的只有一个品系(37042),聚合多个优良性状的品质改良工作急需加强;(3)本实验使用的标记均为基因特异性标记,重复性好、准确率高,可有效地应用于小麦品质改良的分子标记辅助选择.     

北部麦区新育成小麦品种重要农艺性状基因的等位变异

了解2017-2021年中国北部麦区新育成小麦品种在适应性、品质、产量和抗性相关基因上的育种选择以及与黄淮麦区主推小麦品种中在这些基因上的遗传差异,利用61个功能标记对来自这两个麦区的160份小麦育成品种进行分析,发现北部麦区新育成品种的遗传多样性高于黄淮麦区品种。聚类分析发现,北部麦区新育成的部分品种与黄淮麦区品种聚为一类,表明两个麦区的部分品种具有相同的血缘。两个麦区品种中与产量相关基因的优异等位变异频率相近,但北部麦区品种中与品质和穗发芽抗性相关基因的优异等位变异频率高于黄淮麦区品种。在北部麦区5个省份中,宁夏品种中与品质和产量相关基因的优异等位变异频率最高。     

江苏主栽小麦品种遗传多样性的SSR分析

为了从分子水平上明确江苏省小麦品种资源的遗传多样性水平,选用138对微卫星分子标记(SSR)对江苏省近40年来的90份主栽小麦品种的遗传多样性进行研究。结果表明,在90份主栽品种中,138个SSR位点共检测到542个等位变异,平均每个位点有3.93个等位变异,变化范围2~11;多态性信息含量(PIC值)变化范围为0.032 6~0.824 5,平均为0.415 1;基因组的平均等位变异及PIC值均为BAD;对90个品种按照所应用的麦区可分为淮北麦区品种(45个)和淮南麦区品种(45个),淮北麦区品种平均PIC值为0.428 7,淮南麦区品种平均PIC值为0.356 6,淮南麦区品种基因多样性和PIC值显著低于淮北麦区,并且不同时期淮北和淮南麦区品种的遗传多样性也存在不同的变化趋势。     

甘肃小麦品种(系)面制品色泽相关基因的分布规律

黄色素含量、多酚氧化酶、脂肪氧化酶和1B/1R易位系对小麦面粉和面团的外观品质影响很大。为明确甘肃省小麦品种(系)面粉色泽相关基因的分布状况,用Psy-A1、Ppo-A1、Ppo-D1、Ta Lox-B1和1B/1R易位系等特异性分子标记鉴定对应的基因。结果表明,甘肃省冬、春小麦品种(系)面制品色泽相关基因等位变异分布频率存在一定差异;Psy-A1 a(68.1%)在被检测小麦品种(系)中为优势的黄色素含量基因等位变异,且在春小麦中的分布频率低于冬小麦;2AL染色体上高PPO活性等位变异Ppo-A1 a,除天水麦区分布频率(58%)较低外,其余麦区的分布频率均较高(72.4%~82.3%);2DL染色体高PPO活性等位变异Ppo-D1 b在春小麦中分布频率较冬小麦低;2AL、2DL染色体PPO活性等位基因组合Ppo-A1 a/Ppo-D1 b(高活性)、PpoA1 a/Ppo-D1 a(中高活性)明显比Ppo-A1 b/Ppo-D1 b(中高活性)和Ppo-A1 b/Ppo-D1 a(低活性)分布频率高;甘肃省小麦品种(系)PPO活性从西部到东南逐渐增强。高活性LOX基因Ta Lox-B1 a分布频率在各麦区均较低;从甘肃省西部到东南部1B/1R易位系分布频率逐渐升高。色泽相关基因分布频率说明,甘肃省小麦品种(系)的优异色泽等位变异分布频率低,色泽品质状况较差,春小麦优于冬小麦。大部分材料仅适宜于加工普通馒头和面条。     

Lr1基因在四个小麦骨干亲本衍生系中的分布及选择效应

为了解Lr1基因在小麦育种中的利用情况,通过PCR分子标记技术检测了小麦抗叶锈病基因Lr1在小麦骨干亲本南大2419、阿夫、燕大1817和碧蚂4号及其328个衍生品种中的分布情况。结果显示,Lr1基因在4个骨干亲本衍生品种中的频率为:燕大1817(80.0%)阿夫(78.1%)南大2419(54.3%)碧蚂4号(32.4%);Lr1基因在各个亲本衍生后代的最高频率分别是:阿夫子三代90.0%,燕大1817子三代100.0%,南大2419子五代100.0%,碧蚂4号子三代45.0%。Lr1基因的分布频率呈现出从冬小麦区到春小麦区上升的趋势。研究表明骨干亲本的选用更注重其综合性状而非是否含有Lr1基因,环境条件、亲本和杂交方式的选择及其相互作用影响了Lr1基因在骨干亲本衍生品种中的分布形势,其基因的表现型可能与选择牵连效应有关。     

Characterization of the rate and duration of grain filling in wheat in southwestern China

ABSTRACT

Field trials were carried out during 2011–2013 in three locations on 10 wheat genotypes. Traits that were investigated included grain weight, grain-filling duration, grain-filling rates and the lag phase from flowering to the commencement of effective grain filling. The grain-filling duration and rate were fitted by Richard’s equation in thermal time (growing degree-days (GDD), base temperature 9ºC). A combined ANOVA across environments showed that the grain weight was mainly affected by genotype, while most of the other grain-filling characters were influenced by the environment and G × E interactions. Grain filling lasted between 362 to 400 GDD and included a lag phase that ranged from 67 to 86 GDD. Both the effective and maximum rates of grain filling ranged from 0.12 to 0.15 mg GDD^?1 and 0.18–0.22 to GDD^?1, respectively. The lag phase was positively correlated with grain weight and rates of grain filling, whereas days to anthesis were significantly negatively correlated with the lag phase and both rates of grain filling. Temperature during grain filling was negatively correlated with the lag phase. The variation in grain weight was positively associated with the rate of grain filling, which, in turn, was related to the grain number per unit area. A compensating variability existed among the genotypes in both the grain number and grain-filling rate. The study of genotypic stability demonstrated that Chuanmai42 and Chuanmai104 had high grain weight and stability among most of the grain-filling parameters, and also had high grain yield. Chuanmai42 and Chuanmai104 were the best genotypes for improving the yield potential and grain weight stability.     

水稻粒重及其相关性状的遗传解析

 应用292个 Lemont/ 特青F13重组自交系(RILs)和272个标记的遗传连锁图谱分析粒重及籽粒长、宽、厚、长/宽、体积和容重6个相关性状的遗传。所有性状在RILs中出现超亲分离。粒重与其他籽粒性状均呈显著正相关，而涉及籽粒品质的容重与粒宽、粒厚呈显著负相关。检测到影响粒重及其相关性状的主效QTL 48个和互作位点38对，这些QTL解释了各性状55%以上的表型变异。80%以上的主效QTL呈现一因多效或生理相关。QGl3和 QGl2等通过籽粒体积间接影响粒重， Lemont增效等位基因有利于籽粒品质的改良，而QGw5、QGt1和QGv7的特青增效等位基因增加粒重同时降低籽粒容重及品质。通过标记辅助选择进行不同QTL的重组，有望在增加粒重的同时改善籽粒品质。     

Development of rice introgression lines with brown planthopper resistance and KDML105 grain quality characteristics through marker-assisted selection

‘Khao Dawk Mali 105’ (KDML105), a Thai aromatic rice cultivar, has been accepted in markets as a prime jasmine rice with premium prices. It has been extensively used as a parental line to develop new cultivars for rainfed lowland areas in Thailand because of its favorable quality and fragrance. However, this cultivar is highly susceptible to brown planthopper (BPH), a phloem sap-feeding insect pest of rice. The main objective of this study was to combine KDML105 essential grain quality traits with BPH resistance from the donor cultivar, ‘Rathu Heenati’. The linkage drag between Bph3 and Wx^a alleles was successfully broken by phenotypic and marker-assisted selections. All introgression lines (ILs) developed in this study showed a broad spectrum resistance against BPH populations in Thailand and had KDML105 grain quality standards. Finally this study was revealed that the ILs can be directly developed into BPH resistant varieties or can be used as genetic resources of BPH resistance to improve rice varieties with the Wx^b allele in rice breeding programs.     

Effect of the three waxy null alleles on enzymes associated to wheat starch granules using proteomic approach

In bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), waxy genes are present at three loci (Wx-A1, Wx-B1 and Wx-D1) and are responsible for amylose synthesis in the grain. Near isogenic lines (NILs) of the agronomic cultivar Tremie with either one, two or three waxy null alleles were used to study the genome response to these null alleles through proteomic analysis of starch granule associated proteins of mature grain. Among the 352 spots that were revealed, 86 varied significantly between NILs. The main differences were observed for the granule bound starch synthase (GBSS), product of the waxy genes. A strong relation (R² = 0.94) between the amount of GBSS per gram of starch granule and the amylose quantity in the grain was revealed through quantification of the GBSS in each NIL. The analysis of GBSS quantity for each NIL invalidated the additive hypothesis for the expression of this enzyme in (Wx-A1a Wx-D1a Wx-B1b) (Wx-D1a Wx-B1a Wx-A1b) and the normal form of Tremie. In addition, four proteins identified as inactive GBSS were increased (+144.9%) in the triple null isogenic form compared to the normal form of Tremie. The quantitative variations of the proteins present in starch granules support the idea of regulatory mechanisms between genomes.     

Genetic studies for breeding of rice cultivars with superior grain appearance and lodging resistance from the rice cultivar ‘Emi-no-kizuna’

ABSTRACT

We conducted a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of grain appearance (GA) and agronomic traits of rice, using 128 recombinant inbred lines derived from ‘Emi-no-kizuna’ and ‘Tomohonami’. We detected two promising QTLs associated with GA: qGA4 on chromosome 4 and qGA8 on chromosome 8. qGA4 contributed highly to the greater percentage of perfect grains of the Emi-no-kizuna genotype. In the same region, we detected other QTLs associated with panicle number and spikelet number per panicle. In near-isogenic lines (NILs) in which Emi-no-kizuna alleles were introgressed in the genomic region of only the semi-dwarf 1 (sd1) locus (NIL_1) and both the sd1 locus and qGA8 (NIL_2), respectively, the percentage of perfect grains was significantly higher and the percentages of milky white, basal white, and white back grains were significantly lower than in Tomohonami; and the percentages of milky white and white back grains of NIL_2 were significantly lower than those of NIL_1. These results suggest that introgression in the sd1 region could improve GA, and that the addition of qGA8 could further improve GA. The culm lengths of the NILs were significantly shorter than that of Tomohonami, indicating improved lodging resistance. Grain weight of NIL_2 was significantly smaller than that of NIL_1, suggesting that the effect of qGA8 could be pleiotropic, or the gene that underlies qGA8 could be linked with genes associated with grain weight.

Abbreviations: ANOVA: analysis of variance; AT20: mean air temperature in the 20 days after heading; BW: basal white grain; CL: culm length; DAH: days after heading; GA: grain appearance; GW: 1000-grain weight; LOD: logarithm of odds; MW: milky white grain; NIL: near-isogenic line; PG: perfect grain; PL: panicle length; PN: panicle number; PTSN: putative total spikelet number; PVE: percentage of phenotypic variation explained; QTL: quantitative trait locus; RIL: recombinant inbred line; SN: spikelet number per panicle; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism; WB: white back grain     

Genetic Dissection of Grain Size Traits Through Genome-Wide Association Study Based on Genic Markers in Rice

Grain size plays a significant role in rice, starting from affecting yield to consumer preference, which is the driving force for deep investigation and improvement of grain size characters. Quantitative inheritance makes these traits complex to breed on account of several alleles contributing to the complete trait expression. We employed genome-wide association study in an association panel of 88 rice genotypes using 142 new candidate gene based SSR (cgSSR) markers, derived from yield-related candidate genes, with the efficient mixed-model association coupled mixed linear model for dissecting complete genetic control of grain size traits. A total of 10 significant associations were identified for four grain size-related characters (grain weight, grain length, grain width, and length-width ratio). Among the identified associations, seven marker trait associations explain more than 10% of the phenotypic variation, indicating major putative QTLs for respective traits. The allelic variations at genes OsBC1L4, SHO1 and OsD2 showed association between 1000-grain weight and grain width, 1000-grain weight and grain length, and grain width and length-width ratio, respectively. The cgSSR markers, associated with corresponding traits, can be utilized for direct allelic selection, while other significantly associated cgSSRs may be utilized for allelic accumulation in the breeding programs or grain size improvement. The new cgSSR markers associated with grain size related characters have a significant impact on practical plant breeding to increase the number of causative alleles for these traits through marker aided rice breeding programs.     

TaGW2-6A等位变异对青海省小麦育成品种千粒重的影响

已有研究表明, TaGW2-6A基因的等位变异与小麦千粒重呈正相关关系。为了明确TaGW2-6A基因的优异等位变异,以青海省育成的64份小麦品种为材料,测定了3个环境下千粒重表型数据,鉴定了 TaGW2-6A基因的等位变异,并评价了 TaGW2-6A基因各等位变异对千粒重的影响。结果表明,64份小麦品种中,Hap-6A-A单倍型材料有40份,Hap-6A-G单倍型材料有24份;在3个环境下,Hap-6A-G单倍型平均千粒重显著高于Hap-6A-A单倍型。说明在青海小麦育成品种中,单倍型Hap-6A-G是优异等位变异,可用于小麦高产品种的选育。     

Construction of Near Isogenic Lines for Pericarp Color and Evaluation on Their Near isogenicity in Rice

The inheritance of purple pericarp was studied through genetic analysis using F2, BC1F1 and F3 from a cross between a purple pericarp rice variety Zixiangnuo and a white pericarp rice variety Chunjiangnuo 2. Seven pairs of near isogenic lines (NILs) for pericarp color of rice were further constructed. Genetic analysis indicated that the purple pericarp was controlled by two complementary genes (Pb and Pp). Agronomic trait analysis and polymorphism analysis using SSR markers on these seven pairs of NILs were used in the evaluation of near-isogenicity. No significant differences in agronomic traits were found except 1000-grain weight between the NILs. The polymorphic SSR markers for the parents were only detected in target segments of the five pairs of NILs different in Pb, which revealed the ideal near isogenicity of them. However, for the two pairs of NILs different in Pp, the polymorphic markers for the two parents were detected as well as in non-targeted segments of chromosomes 11 and 12, respectively.