亚临界流体萃取油脂及微量成分研究进展

亚临界流体萃取（subcritical fluid extraction, SFE）作为一种高效提取技术,在油脂加工中的应用备受关注。本文介绍了国内外学者关于SFE用于油脂萃取的研究成果,详细综述了SFE在不同来源油脂及微量成分提取领域的研究进展,并就目前研究状况对其前景进行了展望。      

亚临界流体萃取高良姜活性物质的工艺研究

采用亚临界流体萃取技术提取高良姜粗提物,所得粗提物再经分子蒸馏技术获得精油和活性物质(以二苯基庚烷类物质为主)。通过气质联用技术及液质联用技术进行质量控制,结果表明：亚临界流体萃取技术所得挥发油提取率(1.513 %)高于传统水蒸气蒸馏法(0.802 %),其中指标成分1,8-桉叶素(0.170 6 %)约等于水蒸气蒸馏法所得(0.172 5 %),高于药典规定的0.15 %;亚临界流体萃取技术所得二苯基庚烷类物质约是常规工艺的4倍。该技术提取效率高,耗能少,开发前景广阔。     

响应面优化超声强化超临界CO_2萃取大豆胚芽油工艺

研究超声强化超临界CO2萃取大豆胚芽油的提取工艺,通过响应面分析法优化得到的萃取条件为:萃取时间为138 min,萃取温度为37℃,萃取压力为26.3 MPa,超声波功率为300 W,超声波时间为29 min.在此条件下大豆胚芽油萃取率为87.24%左右.且大豆胚芽清油的颜色浅黄透明,香气纯正.     

响应面法优化枇杷叶中熊果酸提取工艺及纯化的研究

采用单因素试验,考察乙醇浓度、时间、温度、液固比对枇杷叶中熊果酸提取率的影响。再通过三因素三水平的响应面分析法优化枇杷叶中熊果酸的提取工艺,建立二次项数学模型,验证模型的可靠性,并对熊果酸粗品进行纯化。结果表明：最佳提取工艺为乙醇浓度95％,温度85 ℃,时间2.8 h,液固比（mL ∶ g）15 ∶ 1。此条件下枇杷叶中熊果酸的提取率为95.4％。熊果酸粗品经纯化后,纯度可达54.6％。     

响应面法优化海南可可豆中原花青素的提取工艺

本研究采用响应面分析法确定海南可可豆中原花青素提取的最佳工艺条件,对提取得率的影响因素进行单因素分析后,探讨料液比、乙醇浓度、提取时间和温度间的显著性影响和交互作用。结果表明：可可原花青素的最优提取工艺条件为乙醇浓度67%、料液比1∶20（g/mL）、提取时间88 min、提取温度76 ℃。此工艺条件下,可可原花青素提取得率为6.21%。此结果为海南可可豆的开发利用提供基础理论依据。     

响应面法优化金柚皮渣中果胶的提取工艺

以硫酸-咔唑法为测定果胶方法,采用超声波辅助酸提果胶,并对提取果胶工艺进行优化,包括超声辅助酸提前处理及提取温度、提取时间、料液比和p H等提取条件对果胶提取效果的影响。结果表明,在单因素试验的基础上,采取响应面试验设计,确定优化参数为:提取时间88.7 min、提取温度75.5℃和p H1.44。在此条件下,从金柚果皮中提取果胶的得率为26.8%。     

响应面法优化竹叶青茶末中茶氨酸的提取工艺

本试验以粉碎过筛的竹叶青茶末为原料,采用离子交换层析法提取茶氨酸,分别以液料比、提取时间和提取温度作为单因素自变量探讨各因素对茶氨酸得率的影响;并利用Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计和三因素三水平的响应面分析方法,以茶氨酸提取率为响应值优化竹叶青茶末中茶氨酸的提取工艺.茶氨酸提取的最佳工艺参数为:液料比1:15、提取温度80℃和提取时间60 min.在此工艺参数下,茶氨酸提取率为44.12％,且纯度为91.23％(根据QB/T 4263—2011方法检测).说明响应面法优化茶氨酸提取工艺准确、可行,可用于竹叶青茶末中茶氨酸的提取.     

响应面法优化“紫娟”茶中花青素提取工艺的研究

利用响应面分析法(Response Surface Analysis,RSM)对紫娟茶中花青素的提取工艺进行了优化。在单因素试验基础上,根据中心组合(Box-Behnken)试验设计原理和响应面分析法选取试验因素与水平,采用三因素三水平的响应面分析法对各个因素的显著性和交互作用进行分析,优化紫娟茶中花青素提取工艺。结果表明,紫娟茶中花青素提取的最佳工艺条件为:采用酸性甲醇为提取溶剂,提取温度29℃,提取时间132 min,料液比1︰26;在此条件下浸提液中花青素的质量浓度可以达到5.94 mg/mL。     

Optimization of Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Tea Flower Polysaccharides by Using Response Surface Method

Polysaccharide production from tea flower （TFPS） was carried out using supercritical fluid extraction （SFE）.Response surface methodology （RSM）,based on a five level,four variable small central composite design,was employed to obtain the best possible combination of extraction time,pressure,temperature and ethanol content of modifier for maximum production.The optimum conditions were as follows：extraction time of 170 min,pressure of 45 MPa,temperature of 75 ℃,and 50％ aqueous ethanol solution as modifier.Under these conditions,the experimental yield was 6.56 ± 0.37％,which was similar to the value predicted by the model.Monosaccharide composition of TFPS was fucose,rhamnose,arabinose,xylose,galactose,glucose,mannose,fructose,ribose,galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid in a molar percent of 31.69,0.21,0.49,1.29,35.82,0.97,1.63,18.34,7.88,1.06 and 0.63.Compared to other extraction methods,SFE could achieve higher yield and gain more types of monosaccharide.     

Response Surface Methodology for Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis

Astaxanthin is a novel carotenoid nutraceutical occurring in many crustaceans and red yeasts. It has exhibited various biological activities including prevention or amelioration of cardiovascular disease, gastric ulcer, hypertension, and diabetic nephropathy. In this study, ultrasound-assisted extraction was developed for the effective extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis. Some parameters such as extraction solvent, liquid-to-solid ratio, extraction temperature, and extraction time were optimized by single-factor experiment and response surface methodology. The optimal extraction conditions were 48.0% ethanol in ethyl acetate, the liquid-to-solid ratio was 20:1 (mL/g), and extraction for 16.0 min at 41.1 °C under ultrasound irradiation of 200 W. Under optimal conditions, the yield of astaxanthin was 27.58 ± 0.40 mg/g. The results obtained are beneficial for the full utilization of Haematococcus pluvialis, which also indicated that ultrasound-assisted extraction is a very useful method for extracting astaxanthin from marine life.     

响应面法优化微波辅助提取山茶籽油的工艺研究

依据响应面法原理,使用SAS软件的中心组合设计建立提取数学模型,对微波辅助提取山茶籽油的液料比、微波功率、提取时间和提取温度进行优化组合.确定最优操作工艺参数为:时间45 min,功率244 W,温度40℃,液料比7∶1.在该工艺条件下,山茶籽油得率为38.47％.GC-MS定性定量分析山茶籽油中不饱和脂肪酸含量,其中油酸和亚油酸的含量分别为63.32％和18.22％.     

Optimization of Porphyran Extraction from Pyropia yezoensis by Response Surface Methodology and Its Lipid-Lowering Effects

Macroalgae polysaccharides are phytochemicals that are beneficial to human health. In this study, response surface methodology was applied to optimize the extraction procedure of Pyropia yezoensis porphyran (PYP). The optimum extraction parameters were: 100 °C (temperature), 120 min (time), and 29.32 mL/g (liquid–solid ratio), and the maximum yield of PYP was 22.15 ± 0.55%. The physicochemical characteristics of PPYP, purified from PYP, were analyzed, along with its lipid-lowering effect, using HepG2 cells and Drosophila melanogaster larvae. PPYP was a β-type sulfated hetero-rhamno-galactan-pyranose with a molecular weight of 151.6 kDa and a rhamnose-to-galactose molar ratio of 1:5.3. The results demonstrated that PPYP significantly reduced the triglyceride content in palmitic acid (PA)-induced HepG2 cells and high-sucrose-fed D. melanogaster larvae by regulating the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes, reducing lipogenesis and increasing fatty acid β-oxidation. To summarize, PPYP can lower lipid levels in HepG2 cells and larval fat body (the functional homolog tissue of the human liver), suggesting that PPYP may be administered as a potential marine lipid-lowering drug.     

响应面法优化超声波辅助提取薏苡仁低聚糖工艺的研究

采用响应面法优化超声波辅助提取薏苡仁低聚糖的工艺条件。在单因素试验基础上,选取液料比、超声波时间以及超声波功率3个因素结合Box-Behnken试验建立数学模型,分析考察3个因素对薏苡仁低聚糖响应值的影响程度,优化工艺参数。各因素对薏苡仁低聚糖提取率影响程度从大到小顺序依次为:超声波功率超声波时间液料比。响应面设计法优化出其最佳超声波提取条件为:超声波温度70℃,液料比33∶1(m L/g),超声波时间27 min,超声波功率450 W。在该条件下,薏苡仁低聚糖提取率为0.94%,与模型预测值0.98%接近。说明使用响应面法优化超声波辅助提取薏苡仁低聚糖的工艺条件是可行的。     

响应面法优化枇杷花总黄酮超声波辅助提取工艺的研究

采用超声波辅助提取枇杷花中的总黄酮,研究超声波功率、乙醇浓度、提取温度、提取时间、液料比及提取次数对总黄酮提取得率的影响。根据单因素试验,选择在超声波功率80 W、一次浸提条件下优化提取工艺;采用Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计原理,设计4因素3水平试验,以响应面分析法优化乙醇浓度、提取温度、提取时间及液料比4个因素对总黄酮提取得率的影响。结果表明：当超声波功率为80 W时,枇杷花中总黄酮超声波辅助提取的优化工艺参数为：乙醇浓度47.33％、提取温度58.42 ℃、提取时间12.01 min、液料比（mL ∶ g）45.56 ∶ 1,在此条件下枇杷花总黄酮一次浸提的提取得率可达10.48％。     

响应面法优化超声波辅助提取绿茶总黄酮工艺的研究

为优化超声波提取绿茶总黄酮工艺,在单因素试验基础上,采用Plackett-Burman试验设计对影响绿茶总黄酮得率的因素进行筛选,得出具有显著效应的3个因素—乙醇质量分数、液固比和提取次数。根据Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计原理进行响应面回归分析,以总黄酮得率为响应值,确定主要影响因素的最佳提取条件为乙醇质量分数77%、液固比42︰1和提取次数2次,提取率为3.76%,与模型预测值3.79%基本相符。结果表明,Plackett-Burman设计结合响应面分析法可以很好地对绿茶总黄酮提取工艺进行优化。     

响应面法优化香水莲花甾醇的超声提取工艺

为了分析香水莲花的植物甾醇含量并优化其超声提取工艺,采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定香水莲花中菜籽甾醇、菜油甾醇和β-谷甾醇的含量,再以上述3种甾醇提取量为评价指标,对液料比、超声提取温度和超声提取时间进行单因素试验,在此基础上,再采用Box-Behnken响应面法优化香水莲花甾醇提取工艺并进行验证。结果表明,影响香水莲花甾醇提取量的主次因素是液料比>提取时间>提取温度,其最优工艺条件为以95%乙醇为提取溶剂、超声功率100 W、液料比30∶1（mL/g）、超声提取温度60 ℃、超声提取时间30 min;在最优工艺条件下进行验证实验,得出香水莲花中甾醇含量为菜籽甾醇64.61 mg/100 g、菜油甾醇40.77 mg/100 g、β-谷甾醇99.04 mg/100 g,总甾醇204.42 mg/100 g,综合评分与预测值相比差异不显著（P<0.05）。研究结果为香水莲花资源的开发和利用提供参考。