Morphogenesis of lingual papillae of one‐humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) during prenatal life: A light and scanning electron microscopic study

This study was made on 24 camel fetuses of crown‐rump vertebral length (CVRL) ranging from 10.5 cm to 105 cm CVRL (94–352 days old). These camel fetuses were classified into three groups representing the three trimesters of prenatal life. During the first trimester (94–142 days), lingual papillae (circumvallate and lentiform papillae) were demonstrated on the lingual root, but lingual body and the apex were almost free of papillae except for some scattered epithelial projections especially near the lateral borders of the body. In the second trimester (152–229 days), the lentiform papillae covered the entire root of the tongue except for areas occupied by the circumvallate papillae. Taste buds with clear pores were observed for the first time in areas between the circumvallate gustatory furrow and surface epithelium of the tongue. In addition, short numerous filiform papillae were observed on the rostral part of the lingual body and the lateral parts of the apex. Fungiform papillae, however, were demonstrated amidst the filiform papillae. In this trimester, taste buds were also seen on the top of the fungiform papillae. In the third trimester (256–352 days), all lingual papillae were clearly demonstrated on the dorsum of the root, body and apex of the tongue. Both types of gustatory papillae (circumvallate and fungiform) had well‐developed taste buds. Mechanical papillae (filiform and lentiform) were well developed. Lentiform papillae occupied most of the dorsal aspect of the Torus linguae; they were larger in size with semicircular apices. Filiform papillae, however, were numerous and demonstrated heavily on the lateral and rostral parts of the body as well as on the apex of the tongue.     

Adverse effects associated with high-dose acetylsalicylic acid and sodium salicylate treatment in broilers

1. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and sodium salicylate (SS) are considered safe for poultry and often used in avian medicine. However, information on tolerance and specific side effects of these drugs in birds is lacking.

2. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of 14?d administration of high doses (200 or 400?mg/kg) of either ASA or SS on body weight gain, blood biochemistry, white and red blood cell counts and pathology in broilers. In addition, minimal plasma salicylate concentrations were determined on the 1st, 5th, 10th and 14th d of treatment.

3. The results showed that the dose of 400?mg/kg of either ASA or SS decreased weight gain and induced gizzard ulceration. Kidney to body weight ratio was increased in a dose-dependent manner, but serum concentrations of creatinine and uric acid were not affected. A time-dependent decrease in the minimal plasma salicylate concentration was evident.     

沙拉沙星对大鼠生殖毒性和致畸性的研究

本文报道沙拉沙星对Wistar大鼠生殖毒性和致畸性的研究，在孕鼠妊娠经7－15d，分别经口灌服5、50和500mg/kg b.w.剂量沙拉沙星溶液。试验结果显示，沙拉沙星对孕鼠的健康状况、行为和增重均无明显影响；各剂量组受孕鼠的活胎数、死胎数和吸收胎数均无明显影响；除500mg/kg b.w.剂量组胎鼠的体长明显低于对照组外，各组间的胎鼠体重、体长、尾长和胎盘重均未见明显差异；各剂量组和对照组均未出现外观畸形和内脏畸形，仅500mg/kg b.w.剂量组胎鼠的骨骼畸形出现率（36.3%）显著高于对照组（8.7%），但不存在剂量－反应关系。作者认为沙拉沙星对Wistar大鼠无明显的生殖毒性和致畸性。     

精氨酸对妊娠后期鄂尔多斯细毛羊胎儿生长发育的影响研究

旨在通过对鄂尔多斯细毛羊母羊颈静脉灌注L-精氨酸,研究其对鄂尔多斯细毛羊母羊妊娠后期（90-140d）胎儿生长与发育的影响。试验选择22只母羊,在90 d开始灌注115μmol L-Arg-HCl/kg体重（Arg1组）、155μmol L-Arg-HCl/kg体重（Arg2组）和生理盐水（对照组）,3次/d。妊娠第115天和第140天,进行实验母羊孕体检查,并记录胎儿体重、器官重量和体尺长度,收集母体及胎儿血浆测定血浆氨基酸浓度。结果表明,母羊妊娠第140天,Arg2组较Arg1组和对照组显著增加了胎儿心脏和肝脏重量（P〈0.05）。母羊妊娠第115天和第140天,灌注L-精氨酸显著增加母体血浆精氨酸和鸟氨酸浓度（P≤0.01）,增加胎儿血浆生糖氨基酸（苏氨酸、甲硫氨酸、苯丙氨酸和赖氨酸）浓度（P≤0.05）。     

Ultrasonographic monitoring of nuclear transferred fetal weight during the final stage of gestation in Holstein cows

Dystocia or stillbirth accompanied by Large Offspring Syndrome (LOS) occurs rather frequently in Holstein nuclear transferred calves. In regard to prophylaxes, nuclear transferred Holstein fetuses were monitored with ultrasonography during the final stage of gestation. Fetal weight was estimated weekly based on the fetal metacarpal width using ultrasonography. Fourteen Holstein cows pregnant with Holstein nuclear transferred fetuses were the subjects of this experiment. The fetal weight was estimated by measuring the fetal metacarpal width during the last month of gestation according to the expected date of parturition. Measurements were performed on a weekly basis. The ultrasound-estimated metacarpal width and body weight of 13 of the fetuses in the last week of gestation (30.2+/-2.2 mm, 50.0+/-4.7 kg) were similar to the actual measurement immediately after birth (30.0+/-2.1 mm, 51.2+/-5.5 kg). These results indicate that ultrasonographic monitoring within a week of parturition to is accurate for estimating fetal weight. Prediction of LOS with ultrasonography contributes to reliable a diagnostic method that minimizes syndrome-related gyneco-obstetric complications at parturition with the aid of appropriate treatments.     

Morphological Studies of the Tongue of the Egyptian Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and Their Lingual Papillae Adaptation for Its Feeding Habits

This work was conducted to describe the morphological characters of the tongue of Egyptian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). The lingual root and the dorsal middle region of apex and body in addition to the dorsal and ventral surface of lingual tip were devoided from any fungiform papillae. The lingual tip contains conical papillae only. The ventral surface of lingual apex was divided into two portions by the U‐shaped fungiform line into papillary and non‐papillary region. Histological investigation on the lingual surface epithelium and lamina propria submucosa reflects differences in these layers in different parts of the tongue. By SEM, there are two subtypes of filiform papillae: caudally directed papillae on dorsal surface and rostrally directed papillae on the lateral region of ventral surface of lingual apex. There are two subtypes of conical papillae: small slightly rostrally directed papillae on dorsal and ventral surface of lingual tip and large posteromedially directed papillae on dorsal surface of lingual root. The rounded circumvallate papillae consisted of round bulb surrounded by deep circular groove, which surrounded by circular pad. Higher magnification of filiform papillae indicates the presence of microcrests separated by microgrooves, and these microgrooves consisted of microrodes. The fungiform surface having micropores on the tip of elevated tubercle for taste buds pores. All these observed structures (microcrests, microgrooves, microrodes, tubercles, microridges) in a higher magnification allow animals to transport food particles through the oral cavity and help in the defensive behaviour. There are strong correlations between the tongue anatomical characteristics and its functions.     

猪不同生长阶段甲状腺结构的形态计量学研究

为观察猪不同生长发育阶段甲状腺的形态学变化,本研究选用大约克夏猪,分别于初生、体质量为20、40、80和100kg时屠宰,测定甲状腺质量、长度、宽度、增殖细胞数量以及血清中甲状腺素的表达,并对猪的甲状腺石蜡切片进行组织学观察,应用Nikon NIS-Elements Documentation图像分析系统对甲状腺滤泡腔以及滤泡上皮细胞进行形态计量学指标的测量,并在不同生长阶段进行比较分析。结果表明,随着猪的生长发育,甲状腺增殖细胞的数量、甲状腺素的表达以及滤泡腔数密度、上皮细胞高度均逐渐降低;滤泡腔截面积及其等效直径、滤泡腔截面积密度逐步升高;而上皮细胞核截面积及其等效直径、上皮细胞核数密度变化规律不明显。相关分析表明,血清中FT3的表达与甲状腺宽度存在显著的负相关、与上皮细胞高度呈显著正相关;FT4、TT4的表达与体质量、甲状腺质量、甲状腺长度、甲状腺宽度、滤泡腔截面积、滤泡腔截面积等效直径存在显著负相关,与上皮细胞高度以及上皮细胞核数密度存在显著正相关。上述形态学测量结果为深入研究猪甲状腺在不同生长发育阶段所发生的形态学变化提供了准确的定量资料。     

氯羟吡啶的特殊毒性——致畸作用

观察了国产氯羟吡啶对 Ｗ ｉｓｔａｒ 大鼠的致畸作用。氯羟吡啶以 ４、２０、１００、２００ ｍ ｇ／ｋ ｇ ４ 个剂量进行试验。结果,氯羟吡啶 １００、２００ ｍ ｇ／ｋ ｇ 组鼠妊娠率极显著低于阴性对照组 （ Ｐ ＜ ００１）, １００ ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ 的氯羟吡啶还对胎鼠平均窝重有显著不利影响,２００ ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ 组胎鼠平均身长及平均体重均显著小于阴性对照组 （ Ｐ ＜００５）。另外,２００ ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ 的氯羟吡啶可导致骨化迟缓增多和绝大部分胎鼠（１５／１６）多肋（１４ 对肋骨）,还引起母鼠体重下降,且胎仔平均畸形出现率显著高于阴性对照组。由此认为,氯羟吡啶有一定的致畸作用和胚胎毒作用。     

Scanning electron microscopy study of the lingual papillae in the European mole (Talpa europea, L., Talpidae)

The tongue in the adult European mole (Talpa europea L.) was examined by scanning electron microscope. The elongated tongue with a rounded apex is about 12-13 mm in length and 3-4 mm in width. On the apex the shallow median groove is present. On the dorsal surface of the lingual mucosa two types of mechanical papillae and two types of gustatory papillae were observed. Mechanical papillae are represented by numerous filiform papillae with a single process, covering the whole surface of the apex and body of the tongue, and massive conical papillae, found on the root of the tongue. The structure and density of filiform papillae varies in the anterior and posterior part of the tongue. A unique trait of the tongue in the European mole is the occurrence on the apex of the tongue of a single row of conical papillae. Gustatory papillae are represented by numerous fungiform papillae and one pair of vallate papillae. Dome-shaped fungiform papillae in the anterior part of the tongue are arranged linearly along both margins of the tongue, whereas in the posterior part of the body of the tongue flat fungiform papillae are distributed evenly among filiform papillae. Oval vallate papillae are surrounded by a continuous furrow and a single pad. In the posterior part of the root behind conical papillae the surface of the mucosa is flat with numerous orifices of lingual papillae located there. Observations on the distribution and structure of gustatory papillae in the common mole did not show the existence of special traits, differing them from those in terrestrial insectivores. The comparison of the morphology of the tongue, the distribution and structure of the lingual papillae in the European mole with those in the other species of Insectivores, indicated of a general similarity of features within the family Talpidae.     

长期饮酒对哺乳动物免疫器官生长发育的影响

利用未成熟小鼠进行酒精的毒性试验,研究了酒精对哺乳动物免疫功能的毒性作用。试验选用48只21日龄断奶未成熟小鼠随机分为3组,公母各半,试验组Ⅰ（啤酒组）自由饮用啤酒,试验组Ⅱ（白酒组）饮用稀释的白酒（5％）,对照组饮用自来水。试验期间定期测量体重;试验5周后对体重、脏器重等指标进行称量;同时对肝脏、脾脏和胸腺的组织学形态进行观察。结果表明：整个试验期啤酒组体重显著增加;脾脏和胸腺重受到不同程度的影响;脾脏组织学观察发现不同程度的病变,而胸腺没有发现明显的组织学变化;肝脏重量与形态学的观察也发现了酒精的毒性作用。由此可见,长期饮酒抑制了红细胞的生成与脾脏的发育,从而使免疫力下降,表明长期饮酒对小鼠的免疫功能和肝脏均有直接的毒害作用。     

Anatomical and histological structure of the tongue and histochemical characteristics of the lingual salivary glands in the Chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar,Gray 1830)

1. The aim of the study was to examine the morphology of the tongue and the histochemical features of the lingual salivary glands in this species.

2. The tongue was elongated, terminating in a rather sharp, dagger-like apex. On the surface of the tongue and situated between the body and root of the tongue, two rows of conical papillae, the sharp apices of which pointed towards the posterior part of the tongue, were observed. The keratinised epithelium lining the dorsal surface lacked typical gustatory papillae. However, it was observed that taste buds were present in the epithelium of the lingual body and root. The tongue was supported by a structure composed of hyaline cartilage, the paraglossum, which extended from the lingual root to the apex. Simple branched tubular glands, which were encapsulated by connective tissue, were embedded within the submucosa in the body (anterior salivary glands) and root (posterior salivary glands) of the tongue. It was observed that the secretion of the lingual glands contained neutral mucins, proteoglycans containing carboxylic acid, weak and strong sulphated groups, N-acetylated sialomucins, but lacked glycogen.

3. It was demonstrated that, the general morphological features, papillary distribution of the tongue and the histological structure of the mucosa epithelium and the supportive elements displayed similarity to those of other domestic avian species. It was also determined that, in view of the particular feeding types, in the partridge, the presence of the papillary crest was not correlated with diet.     

Analytical determination and pharmacokinetics of major metabolites of carbasalate calcium in broilers following oral administration

As a newer anti-inflammatory agent, carbasalate calcium is used in various animal species. In this study, the pharmacokinetics of carbasalate calcium was investigated in broilers. Broilers, with body weight of 2.0 ± 0.3 kg, were administrated carbasalate calcium soluble powder at a single dose of 40 mg/kg body weight orally. The plasma concentrations of its metabolites, aspirin (ASA), salicylic acid (SA) and gentisic acid (GA) were determined by LC-MS/MS method and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental analysis. After oral administration of carbasalate calcium, the plasma drug concentration for ASA, SA and GA reached a peak (C(max) ) of 8.88 ± 1.31, 42.6 ± 4.62 and 10.1 ± 2.16 μg/mL at 0.170, 2.00 and 2.00 h, respectively. The terminal half-life (t(1/2λz) ) of ASA, SA and GA was 11.2 ± 8.04, 23.7 ± 17.1 and 28.6 ± 4.90 h, respectively. In conclusion, analytical method for the quantification of ASA, SA and GA in plasma in the broilers was developed and validated. In broilers, carbasalate calcium is quickly metabolized in ASA and ASA is rapidly converted to SA and one of the metabolites of SA is GA.     

Morphogenesis of the Epithelium and the Lamina Propria of the Rumen in Bovine Fetuses and Neonates

Developmental changes in the mucous membrane of the rumen in bovine fetuses were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The ruminal epitheliums were obtained from 20 bovine fetuses and 4 bovine neonates. The samples were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 was examined in the epithelial surface by SEM. Group 2 was examined in the surface of the lamina propria and the reverse face of the epithelium by SEM, after having separate the epithelium from the lamina propria by Scallata's PBS-EDTA method. Group 3 was examined in histological aspect.
The ruminal papillae appeared first in early in the 5th month of gestation. On the other hand, the papillae of the lamina propria appeared first in early 4th month or late 4th month of gestation. It seemed that the formation of papillae in the lamina propria always preceded that of ruminal papillae. Meanwhile, some epithelial cells were exfoliated from the ruminal surface cells during late 4th month to early 5th month of gestation. Ruminal surface cells came to have keratohyaline granules from the 5th month of gestation onward.     

N-乙酰半胱氨酸对脂多糖刺激仔猪小肠黏膜免疫应激的影响

研究N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)对脂多糖(LPS)刺激仔猪免疫应激的影响。选取18头健康仔猪,随机分成3个处理(对照组、LPS组和NAC组),每个处理6个重复。对照组和LPS组饲喂基础日粮,NAC组饲喂基础日粮+500 mg/kgNAC。试验期为20 d。LPS组和NAC组于试验第10、13、20天腹膜注射100μg/kg BW的LPS,对照组注射相应剂量的灭菌生理盐水。第10、20天注射LPS后3 h采血,第21天屠宰,取小肠黏膜。结果表明:NAC缓解了LPS刺激导致的血浆和小肠黏膜中TNF-α、IL-6、PGE2含量的升高(P<0.05),缓解了小肠黏膜HSP70相对表达量的升高(P<0.05)。由此可见,日粮中添加500 mg/kg NAC可有效抑制LPS刺激导致的血浆及小肠黏膜中炎性因子的升高,缓解免疫应激。     

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Tongue in the Owl (Strix uralensis)

The dorsal lingual surfaces of adult owl (Strix uralensis) were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The length of the tongue was about 2 cm. The tip of the tongue of the owl was bifid. Three parts were distinguished in the tongue of the owl: the apex, the body and the root of the tongue. The conical region between the lingual apex and lingual root was a very wide area. There were thread‐shaped processes/cells of epithelium in the lingual apex. The small or large conical papillae were observed on the lingual body. The many openings of the lingual glands existed in the lingual body and lingual root.     

Investigations on the light and scanning electron microscopic structure of the lingual papillae in the angora goat (Capra hircus): II. Mechanical papillae

This study was conducted to examine the light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) structures of mechanical papillae on the tongue in the Angora goat (Capra hircus). As study materials, the tongues of four adult female Angora goats were used. The samples were collected from the dorsal surfaces of the apex, body, root and torus of the tongue and the ventral surfaces of the lingual apex for light and scanning electron microscopic examinations. Three types of mechanical papillae were seen in Angora goat tongue: papilla filiformes, papilla lentiformes and papilla conicae.The filiform papillae were detected in the dorsal surface of the tongue from lingual apex to lingual torus, and in the ventro-lateral of the lingual apex and on both sides of the lingual torus. The morphological differences were observed in filiform papillae according to their location in the tongue. The lenticular papillae settled on the centre of the lingual torus. Two types of these papillae, irregular-round and pyramid-shaped were identified. The conical papillae were scattered all over the lingual torus, except for the central part and were also seen on the root of the tongue. In the light microscopic examination, it was found that mechanical papillae had a stratified squamous epithelium and a varying degree of keratin layer on epithelial surfaces. In this study, by examining the light and scanning electron microscopic structure of the mechanical papillae in the Angora goat tongue, their similarities and differences with other domestic and wild ruminant species were determined.