溴敌隆防治农田黑线姬鼠效果观察

溴敌隆是近年来上海农药研究所合成的第二代抗凝血灭鼠剂。我们于1986年6至7月在白泥大坝进行了农田灭鼠药效试验,结果简报如下。 一.试验区概况 试验在白泥镇环城、子营两个村进行,海拔580米,溴敌隆试区205亩、杀鼠迷试区198亩,其中稻田占95％,西瓜、甘蔗、菜地占5％。两试区以公路为界、防前鼠种分布和鼠密度相似,鼠密度为15.75％,黑线姬鼠占85.71％,褐家鼠占14.29％。     

6种常用杀鼠剂对农区害鼠防效试验及推广应用

采用6种常用杀鼠剂进行田间和室内药效综合测试,结果表明:农田在以黑线姬鼠为优势种下,防效最好为氯敌鼠钠盐,其次为溴鼠灵和溴敌隆,再次为杀鼠醚、生物猫和敌鼠钠盐;农舍在以褐家鼠为优势种下,防效最好为溴鼠隆和氯敌鼠钠盐,其次为溴敌隆;城镇室内在以小家鼠为优势种下,防效最好为溴敌隆、其次为溴鼠隆和氯敌鼠钠盐。取得了田间害鼠日摄食量和死亡时间观察资料。在农田中等鼠密度下,每666.7 m²投饵量为:溴鼠隆75 g、氯敌鼠钠盐75 g、溴敌隆150 g、生物猫170 g、杀鼠醚200 g、敌鼠钠盐250 g。     

北京顺义地区褐家鼠对溴敌隆敏感性研究

采用5个浓度以急性无选择攻毒的方式对捕自北京顺义区褐家鼠进行溴敌隆敏感性检验。结果表明:各浓度的溴敌隆毒饵对褐家鼠的致死率均为100%,此地区褐家鼠对溴敌隆敏感,未检测出抗药性,且致死量与药饵浓度间相关性不显著(p>0.05),各浓度组试鼠死亡时间亦无显著差异(p>0.05)。测试表明在本地区仍然可以继续使用溴敌隆控制褐家鼠。建议采用低浓度以降低鼠防成本和延缓抗药性的产生时间从而延长溴敌隆的使用寿命。     

三种灭鼠剂适口性观察

目前我省推广应用的灭鼠剂有敌鼠钠盐、氯鼠酮和溴敌隆3种。本站在1989年3月下旬进行了三种灭鼠剂的适口性对比观察,现将结果报告于下: 材料和方法 一.材料与饵料配制 敌鼠钠盐为大连化工实验厂生产;0.5％氯鼠酮为江苏无锡洛社卫生用品厂生产;0.50％溴敌隆为上海泰和化工厂生产。     

生物猫(BIORAT)鼠药灭鼠效果试验

试验表明生物猫鼠药在农田对以黑线姬鼠为优势种 ,在室内对以褐家鼠为优势种的鼠类具有良好的杀灭效果 ,灭鼠效果与溴敌隆相近。生物猫鼠药是生物源杀鼠剂 ,不污染环境 ,对人畜安全 ,是一种较好的灭鼠剂 ,在农田具有一定的应用前景。     

抗凝血剂对山西果园害鼠的防控效果

为实现对山西省果园害鼠科学、高效的防控,通过试验研究了溴敌隆、溴鼠灵和氟鼠灵3种第二代抗凝血剂的摄食系数和防控效果。结果表明,3种抗凝血剂的室内摄食系数均≥0.5,在果园的校正防效均85%,且未发生非靶标动物的二次中毒现象,3种抗凝血剂的适口性与防效良好。     

进出境花卉苗木杀虫药剂筛选试验

在对３４种常规药剂和混配剂筛选试验中,发现速扑杀与机油乳剂１：１０混配后增效作用明显,对棉蚜毒力测定的共毒系数为１８０．２２１６,对花卉苗木上的红蜡蚧、红蜘蛛和棉蚜都有良好的杀虫效果。４００倍液对红蜡蚧的防效达９９．７５％,１０００倍液对红蜘蛛防效９９．６％,３５００倍液对棉蚜防效达９９％以上,是一种对进出境花卉苗木检疫处理的良好混配剂。     

海藻渣复配微生物菌剂防治黄瓜苗期枯萎病的协同增效作用

海藻渣资源化高效利用对环境保护具有重要意义.通过比较海藻渣与棘孢木霉菌剂、解淀粉芽胞杆菌菌剂单一和复配使用对黄瓜苗期枯萎病的防效和寄主防御反应的影响,明确海藻渣和复合菌剂协同增效作用.结果表明,1％海藻渣+3.0×105 cfu/g棘孢木霉菌剂+2.0×108 cfu/g解淀粉芽胞杆菌菌剂(T1)拌土处理对枯萎病防效达...     

3种抗凝血类杀鼠剂在喀什农区防治害鼠效果及对家禽的安全性评价

为确定适于防治南疆农区鼠害的抗凝血类杀鼠剂, 在喀什地区疏勒县采用夹捕法、食饵法、粉迹法评估了杀鼠醚、溴敌隆、溴鼠灵的防治效果, 并采用灌胃法给药测试3种杀鼠剂对家鸡Gallus domestiaus和鸽子Columba livia的安全性。结果表明, 连续投放毒饵10 d后, 与溴敌隆防治区相比, 杀鼠醚防治区的阳性粉块和无毒小麦取食量的下降幅度均无显著差异, 但无毒小麦取食量下降的农户比例更高;且防治后褐家鼠比例更低, 防治期间毒饵消耗量更高。连续单独投放溴敌隆30 d的灭鼠效果可达90.9%, 但10 d溴敌隆与20 d溴鼠灵联合防治防效仅为65.9%。灌胃法测试表明, 对当地家禽类的毒性从低到高依次为杀鼠醚、溴敌隆和溴鼠灵。因此, 建议优选毒性较低的杀鼠醚或溴敌隆用于南疆农区鼠害防治。     

高效氯氟氰菊酯与烯啶虫胺增效混配剂的筛选及其对小麦蚜虫的田间防治效果

为了延缓麦蚜抗药性和降低杀虫剂使用量,本研究筛选了具有增效作用的高效氯氟氰菊酯和烯啶虫胺的复配比例,并研究了增效复配剂对麦蚜的田间防治效果。浸叶法测定结果表明,高效氯氟氰菊酯对麦蚜的LC50为25.01 mg/L,烯啶虫胺对麦蚜的LC50为28.21 mg/L。通过最佳增效配比的筛选,发现高效氯氟氰菊酯和烯啶虫胺的有效成分比为1.3∶1、1∶1.1、1∶1.7、1∶10.2时,对麦蚜的毒效比分别为1.28、1.49、1.64、1.50,表现为增效作用。深入研究发现高效氯氟氰菊酯和烯啶虫胺的有效成分为1∶4.5、1∶7.5和1∶10.2的混配组合的共毒系数均显示了显著增效作用,其中,当高效氯氟氰菊酯与烯啶虫胺有效成分比为1∶7.5时,混配剂的LC50为5.22 mg/L,共毒系数达到532.61。按有效成分比1∶7.5,将10%高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂与20%烯啶虫胺可溶液剂混用后,进行田间试验,结果表明,在药后1、3 d和7 d,混配剂的防效与高效氯氟氰菊酯单剂的防效无显著性差异,在药后1 d,混配剂的防效高于烯啶虫胺单剂的防效,在药后3 d及7 d,混剂与烯啶虫胺单剂的防效没有显著差异。混配剂的防效在药后7 d内不断上升,其中药后7 d防效达到92.98%。混配剂的使用可以达到对高效氯氟氰菊酯减量的目的,同时保证了对麦蚜的防效。     

The influence of anticoagulant resistance on effective rodent control in the UK1

Widespread use of warfarin, and other multiple-dose anticoagulants, selected populations of warfarin-resistant rodents in the UK and in other countries. The effectiveness of rodent control was dramatically reduced when the resistant animals formed a large proportion of a population. The second-generation anticoagulants were developed to overcome these practical control problems with warfarin and were considered to be effective rodenticides against warfarin-resistant populations. In the UK, however, difenacoum showed reduced efficacy for controlling an established warfarin-resistant Rattus norvegicus population covering a substantial area of farmland in southern England. Continued use of difenacoum selected for difenacoum-resistant animals, so that the rodenticide is now ineffective for controlling rats in three counties. Brodifacoum was subsequently used to control some infestations and there is evidence that these treatments selected for animals with an increased level of resistance to brodifacoum. Anticoagulant resistance in Mus domesticus is less of a practical problem because of the availability of non-anticoagulant rodenticides for the control of this species. There is evidence, however, of bromadiolone resistance in M. domesticus trapped on farms in the UK. Recent investigations of the mechanism of anticoagulant resistance in R. norvegicus have indicated that vitamin K3 (menadione) is an antidote to anticoagulants in resistant animals. This form of the vitamin is included as a dietary supplement in poultry and pig food and would aid the survival, and therefore increase the selection, of resistant animals when anticoagulants are used exclusively.     

Exploring drivers of the usage of anticoagulant rodenticides on UK farms

Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are considered inhumane, show increasingly limited efficacy due to acquired resistance, and carry environmental consequences associated with non-target species uptake. In a questionnaire study of 499 UK farms that all deployed chemical rodenticide we found a high mean reliance (79%), on second generation ARs with just over half of the respondents using no other rodent control methods. Additional methods where deployed, alone or in combination, included predation (41%), kill-trap deployment (16%) and shooting (1%). Nearly 40% of all respondents deployed rodenticides year-round. There was no evidence to suggest that “tidy-farm” measures, such as clearing food spills and minimising on-farm rodent harbourage sites aimed at minimising rodent-associated problems, were associated with a lower likelihood of year-round deployment; in fact trends in our analyses suggested the opposite. We therefore encourage operators to fully evaluate the true necessity of rodenticide deployment before AR use.     

Bromadiolone,a New Anticoagulant Rodenticide1

A search for more effective anticoagulant rodenticides has brought about the development of a new compound, coded LM-637, and temporarily named bromadiolone. Results of efficacy tests on 10 rodent species are discussed in detail. The compound was found to be a very potent and highly palatable anticoagulant which is capable of achieving 100% mortality in Norway rats, Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout), with 1-day feeding. Efficacy was demonstrated on all 3 commensal rodents and several important agricultural rodent pests native to the United States. A relatively few feedings (1 to 5 days) of bait containing 0.005 % bromadiolone produced death in most species tested. These rodenticidal properties make bromadiolone a most promising control agent.     

Differential expression of cytochrome P450 genes between bromadiolone-resistant and anticoagulant-susceptible Norway rats: a possible role for pharmacokinetics in bromadiolone resistance

BACKGROUND: Anticoagulant resistance in Norway rats, Rattus norvegicus (Berk.), has been suggested to be conferred by mutations in the VKORC1 gene, encoding the target protein of anticoagulant rodenticides. Other factors, e.g. pharmacokinetics, may also contribute to resistance, however. To examine the involvement of pharmacokinetics in bromadiolone resistance in male and female rats, liver expression profiles of seven cytochrome P450 genes from a Danish bromadiolone-resistant rat strain (with an Y139C-VKORC1 mutation) were compared with profiles from an anticoagulant-susceptible strain. RESULTS: In the presence of bromadiolone, the Cyp2e1, Cyp2c13, Cyp3a2 and Cyp3a3 genes were significantly overexpressed, while Cyp2c12 expression was suppressed in resistant female rats compared with susceptible females. Relative to susceptible males, resistant males showed significant overexpression of the Cyp2a1, Cyp2e1, Cyp3a2 and Cyp3a3 genes. On exposure to bromadiolone, females had higher Cyp2e1 expression than males, which possibly explains why female rats are generally more tolerant to anticoagulants than male rats. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that bromadiolone resistance in a Danish strain of Norway rats involves enhanced anticoagulant metabolism catalysed by cytochrome P450-2e1, -3a2 and -3a3. This pharmacokinetically based bromadiolone resistance is to some extent sex differentiated, as female resistance furthermore seems to involve overexpression of cytochrome P450-2c13 and suppression of P450-2c12, whereas male resistance appears to involve P450-2a1 overexpression.     

Large-scale identification of rodenticide resistance in Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus in the Netherlands based on Vkorc1 codon 139 mutations

BACKGROUND

Resistance to rodenticides has been reported globally and poses a considerable problem for efficacy in pest control. The most-documented resistance to rodenticides in commensal rodents is associated with mutations in the Vkorc1 gene, in particular in codon 139. Resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides has been reported in the Netherlands since 1989. A study from 2013 showed that 25% of 169 Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) had a mutation at codon 139 of the Vkorc1 gene. To gain insight in the current status of rodenticide resistance amongst R. norvegicus and house mice Mus musculus in the Netherlands, we tested these rodents for mutations in codon 139 of the Vkorc1 gene. In addition, we collected data from pest controllers on their use of rodenticides and experience with rodenticide resistance.

RESULTS

A total of 1801 rodent samples were collected throughout the country consisting of 1404 R. norvegicus and 397 M. musculus. In total, 15% of R. norvegicus [95% confidence interval (CI): 13–17%] and 38% of M. musculus (95% CI: 33–43%) carried a genetic mutation at codon 139 of the Vkorc1 gene.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates genetic mutations at codon 139 of the Vkorc1 gene in M. musculus in the Netherlands. Resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides is present in R. norvegicus and M. musculus in multiple regions in the Netherlands. The results of this comprehensive study provide a baseline and facilitate trend analyses of Vkorc1 codon 139 mutations and evaluation of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies as these are enrolled in the Netherlands. © 2022 The Dutch Pest and Wildlife. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Non-invasive method for monitoring the exposure of Barn owls to second-generation rodenticides

Chemical analysis of rodenticide residues in regurgitated owl pellets has been shown to be a sensitive, non-invasive method for monitoring the potential exposure of Barn Owls to second-generation rodenticides in their prey. The method, originally developed for flocoumafen, has been extended to two other rodenticides. brodifacoum and difenacoum. The method was validated as part of a toxicity study in which Barn Owls were separately fed 40–130 μg day ^?1 of brodifacoum, difenacoum and flocoumafen in mice over 15 days. Each day an average of 25% of the consumed rodenticide was regurgitated in the pellets.     

Distribution and frequency of VKORC1 sequence variants conferring resistance to anticoagulants in Mus musculus

BACKGROUND: Emerging resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides may significantly impair house mouse (Mus musculus L.) control. As in humans and rats, sequence variants in the gene vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) of house mice are strongly implicated in the responses of mice to anticoagulants. This study gives a first overview of the distribution and frequency of such potentially resistance‐conferring sequence variants in house mice, based on tissue samples from 30 populations in Germany, Switzerland and the Azores. RESULTS: Except for one population from south Germany, sequence variants were found in individuals from all locations sampled (29 out of 30 sites surveyed), with less than 10% of the individuals matching the wild‐type genotype. The most frequent and widespread amino acid substitutions were Leu128Ser, Tyr139Cys and a group of linked sequence changes (Arg12Trp/Ala26Ser/Ala48Thr/Arg61Leu). Where these substitutions occurred as the sole variant, the proportion of homozygous individuals was 72–83%. CONCLUSIONS: An evaluation of published data revealed that the three most frequently found sequence variants are associated with a substantial loss of rodenticide efficacy of first‐generation anticoagulants (e.g. warfarin, coumatetralyl), as well as the second‐generation compound bromadiolone and most probably also difenacoum. Knowledge of the distribution and frequency of resistance‐conferring sequence variants will stimulate their further functional characterisation and facilitate the choice of effective active substances for house mouse control. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

我国杀鼠剂应用现状及发展趋势

杀鼠剂研究与应用是害鼠生物学研究的主要内容之一,化学治理则是鼠害综合治理的关键技术之一。本文针对我国主要杀鼠剂种类及特征,简要介绍了目前我国杀鼠剂应用技术现状以及存在的问题,提出在目前生态文明建设要求下,及以生态学理念为指导的鼠害综合治理的发展趋势中,在有效避免鼠类为害的前提下,如何有效降低杀鼠剂应用可能带来的负面效应,同时最大化发挥鼠类的生态学功能,将是害鼠生物学及杀鼠剂应用研究的基本发展方向。     

Monitoring the Exposure of Barn Owls to Second-Generation Rodenticides in Southern Eire

In an extensive field study conducted over five counties in southern Eire during the winter of 1988–89, 19 Barn Owl (Tyto alba) roosts and/or nests were located. The local farmers and landowners within about a one-mile radius of the Barn Owl sites were surveyed concerning their use of rodenticides and observations of any secondary rodenticide toxicity effects. Regurgitated owl pellets were collected: (a) for dissection and prey analysis, and (b) for chemical analysis to determine residues of the second-generation rodenticides, brodifacoum, difenacoum and flocoumafen. Most farmers interviewed used rodenticide baits (73%), and almost all (92%) stated that they took precautions to protect domestic and wild non-target animals. The four rodent species, brown rat, wood mouse, house mouse and bank vole provided 83% of the Barn Owl diet, and birds contributed another 12%. At least 97% of the 89 pellets analysed contained less than the limit of determination of the three second-generation rodenticides, 0·01–0·02 mg kg⁻¹ of each isomer. Apparent residues in the remainder were likely to be the result of interference from co-extracted material. These results indicated that during the monitoring period, none of the owls studied was exposed to significant residues of these rodenticides in their prey.