牛病毒性腹泻病毒两种目的基因核酸疫苗免疫效果的比较

为研究和比较牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)囊膜蛋白E0和E2基因作为核酸疫苗候选基因的免疫效果,本实验构建了真核重组表达质粒p VAX1-E0和p VAX1-E2,并转染至293T细胞中,通过RT-PCR和western blot方法检测目的基因在293T细胞中的转录和表达情况。同时将重组质粒联合基因佐剂p VAX1-IL-2免疫小鼠,ELISA检测其中和抗体,结果表明,p VAX1-E0免疫组能够有效的诱导特异性血清抗体的产生,而p VAX1-E2免疫组效果不明显。MTT检测显示两组均显著促进了特异性淋巴细胞的增殖,并且p VAX1-E2组效果优于p VAX1-E0组。由此表明,p VAX1-E0可以诱导较好的体液免疫,而p VAX1-E2在细胞免疫方面效果较好。     

金黄色葡萄球菌FnbA配体结合区基因核酸疫苗的构建与免疫试验

扩增了奶牛乳腺炎金黄色葡萄球菌纤粘连结合蛋白A(Fnb A)配体结合区基因,并将其克隆至真核表达载体p VAX1启动子下游,构建成真核表达质粒,通过体外细胞转染试验,运用IFA方法进行抗原性初步确认,所构建的重组DNA疫苗质粒能在真核细胞中表达外源基因并被金黄色葡萄球菌抗体特异性识别。为进一步评价侯选疫苗的免疫原性,进行了BALB/c小鼠免疫试验,分别检测免疫后的ELISA抗体水平、Th1/Th2类细胞因子水平以及T淋巴细胞增殖试验。结果表明,构建的核酸疫苗p VAX1-p Fnb A免疫小鼠后,ELISA抗体水平提高,Th1/Th2类细胞因子含量提升,T细胞增殖能力增强。     

重组α1-giardin减毒沙门菌口服DNA疫苗的构建与鉴定

以贾第虫的c DNA作为模板,进行PCR扩增得到目的片段,克隆入p VAX1载体,构建重组质粒p VAX1-α1-giardin;以电击转化的方式转入减毒沙门菌株SL7207,构建重组沙门菌SL7207/p VAX1-α1-giardin;通过体外连续培养测定重组菌株的载体携带稳定性;30只清洁级雌性BALB/c小鼠,随机分为3组,每组10只,分别以1×106的SL7207/p VAX1-α-giardin、SL7207/p VAX1和无菌1×PBS(p H 7.0)口服免疫小鼠,8周后处死,检测各组小鼠肠系膜淋巴结中α1-giardin的表达及血清中和小肠灌洗液中特异性Ig G和SIg A的水平。结果表明,重组减毒沙门菌SL7207/p VAX1-α1-giardin连续培养168 h后,质粒携带率为90%;口服免疫小鼠8周后,SL7207/p VAX1-α1-Giardin免疫组,肠系膜淋巴结可见α1-Giardin的高表达,血清中特异性Ig G抗体水平和小肠灌洗液中特异性SIg A水平均明显增高,分别为PBS组的3.6(P0.01)和5.7倍(P0.01)。本研究尝试了以减毒沙门菌为载体携带α1-giardin DNA的抗贾第虫口服疫苗的构建及免疫试验,为进一步的疫苗保护性试验和制剂研究奠定了基础。     

菊粉对铜绿假单胞菌flgE基因DNA疫苗的免疫增强作用

为研究菊粉对铜绿假单胞菌flgE基因DNA疫苗的免疫增强作用,本研究将铜绿假单胞菌的flgE基因克隆于真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)中制备DNA疫苗,分别以该DNA疫苗(100μg/只)和菊粉佐剂+DNA疫苗免疫BALB/c小鼠(质粒100μg/只,终浓度20%菊粉),同时设置菊粉灌胃对照组(600 mg/kg)以及灭活疫苗(100μL/只)、鞭毛蛋白(100μL/只)、pcDNA3.1(+)空载体(100μg/只)和PBS对照组(100μL/只)。每两周免疫一次,共免疫3次。利用间接ELISA检测免疫后血清特异性抗体水平,MTT法检测免疫小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖水平,双抗夹心ELISA检测IFN-γ分泌情况,计算强毒攻击后各组小鼠的存活数及保护率。结果显示,菊粉佐剂组和菊粉灌胃组小鼠产生的抗体水平与DNA疫苗组相比无明显差异(p0.05),且显著低于灭活疫苗组和鞭毛蛋白组(p0.05);菊粉佐剂组对小鼠脾淋巴细胞的刺激值(SI值)和IFN-γ水平与鞭毛蛋白组相当,明显高于菊粉灌胃组和DNA疫苗组(p0.05);菊粉佐剂组和菊粉灌胃组对小鼠的保护率均高于DNA疫苗组,但低于灭活疫苗组,表明以菊粉预先灌胃和以菊粉为佐剂均可在一定程度上提高flgE基因DNA疫苗对小鼠的保护效率,但仍不及传统的灭活疫苗。本实验为铜绿假单胞菌DNA疫苗的研究及菊粉在DNA疫苗中的应用奠定基础。     

以减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌运送的H5亚型禽流感病毒DNA疫苗的安全性与免疫效力

将运送 H5亚型高致病力禽流感病毒 DNA疫苗的重组减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌 X4 5 5 0 (p VAX1- HA)和 X4 5 5 0 (asd-p VAX1- HA )以 1× 10 1 0 CFU的剂量腹腔注射 1日龄 SPF白莱航雏鸡 ,结果表明 ,二者均具有良好的安全性。对 SPF白莱航鸡的免疫原性试验结果表明 ,这 2种细菌均能刺激鸡体产生高水平的肠道粘膜免疫应答 ,但是不能有效地激发血清抗体应答。对商品代伊莎褐蛋鸡的免疫效力试验初步结果显示 ,X4 5 5 0 (asd- p VAX1- HA)免疫鸡能够抵抗强毒的攻击 ,保护指数为 77.8% ,而 X4 5 5 0 (p VAX1- HA)则未产生免疫保护     

犬细小病毒VP2基因编码主要抗原表位区的核酸免疫及其免疫原性研究

为评价犬细小病毒(CPV)VP2主要抗原表位的免疫原性,本研究对CPV YZ株VP2的氨基酸序列进行分析,确定了主要抗原表位区域(VP2-228),通过PCR扩增相应的表位编码区域基因片段(700 bp),将其克隆于真核表达载体p VAX1中构建重组真核表达质粒p VAX1-VP2-228。Western blot结果显示VP2-228能够在COS-7细胞中正确表达。将该重组质粒免疫小鼠,利用血凝抑制试验检测不同时期的抗体水平,以MTT法检测免疫35 d时淋巴细胞的增殖活性。结果表明p VAX1-VP2-228能够诱导小鼠产生较高的抗体水平;淋巴细胞增殖试验表明免疫小鼠的淋巴细胞刺激指数显著高于对照组(p0.05)。本研究为开展CPV DNA疫苗的研究提供了实验依据。     

猪A组轮状病毒主要蛋白的编码基因DNA疫苗联合免疫的研究

为研究猪A组轮状病毒(PRV-A)血凝蛋白(VP4)、群抗原蛋白(VP6)和中和抗原蛋白(VP7)编码基因疫苗联合免疫的效力,本研究将表达PRV-AVP4、VP6、VP7蛋白基因的真核表达质粒pVAX1-VP4、pVAX1-VP6、pVAX1-VP7以pVAX1-VP4+pVAX1-VP7(B组)和pVAX1-VP4+p VAX1-VP6+pVAX1-VP7(A组)设计试验组,分别以100μg/只经肌肉注射途径免疫BLAL/c小鼠,间隔2周以相同剂量、途径加强免疫,共免疫3次,免疫后不同时间采血,采用ELISA检测血清抗体。结果显示,B组在免疫后14 d和42 d检测到RV抗体阳性(P/N≥2),A组在免疫后14 d、28 d、42 d均检测到RV抗体阳性(P/N≥2);脾脏免疫相关细胞测定结果表明,A组的CD4~+/CD8~+T淋巴细胞比值和CD19~+B细胞数量均高于B组,两组与对照组相比差异显著(p0.05);淋巴细胞转化试验显示A组的SI值均高于B组,并且42 d时A、B两组差异显著(p0.05)。上述结果表明,3组分联合免疫的DNA疫苗可以诱导小鼠产生较强的体液和细胞免疫应答,为PRV-A的核酸疫苗研究奠定了基础。     

猪干扰素α质粒-PLL聚合体对猪PRRSV弱毒疫苗免疫增强作用研究

本文探讨聚合体形式的猪干扰素α真核表达质粒(p VAX1-PIFNα)对猪PRRSV弱毒疫苗免疫作用的增强作用。在猪免疫PRRSV弱毒疫苗的同时,注射p VAX1-PIFNα重组表达质粒与多聚赖氨酸(PLL)的聚合体(PLL-p VAX1-PIFNα),以研究聚合体状态的干扰素对PRRSV免疫的增强作用。将分泌表达干扰素α的重组真核表达质粒p VAX1-PIFNα与PLL聚合,同时免疫PRRSV弱毒疫苗和PLL-p VAX1-PIFNα聚合体,使用ELISA试剂盒检测PRRSV中和抗体;另外,分离培养猪外周血白细胞(PBMC)进行体外试验,分析PLL-p VAX1-PIFNα聚合体刺激淋巴细胞后IFN-γ的分泌情况。中和抗体的结果表明,PLL-p VAX1-PIFNα的使用可明显提高PRRSV活疫苗诱导产生PRRSV中和抗体的能力;细胞试验的结果表明,经PLL-p VAX1-PIFNα刺激后,明显提高了淋巴细胞分泌表达IFN-γ的水平。在PRRSV疫苗免疫中,聚合体状态的猪IFNα重组表达质粒可有效提高机体的体液免疫和细胞免疫水平,这一结果也为干扰素或其他重组蛋白在疫苗免疫中的应用提供了新的思路。     

狂犬病病毒糖/核蛋白"二价"DNA疫苗田间免疫效果评定

以狂犬病病毒糖、核蛋白“二价“DNA疫苗pVGN免疫3月龄至8岁龄家犬302条,分为2组:Ⅰ组201条,两侧股内侧肌注;Ⅱ组101条,单侧股内侧肌加单侧耳廓皮内联合注射.免疫3次,剂量为每条犬每次300μg,于试验的0d和35d分别进行.三免后21d用间接ELISA检测特异性抗体,Western-blot分析抗体组成,间接免疫荧光和小鼠中和试验测定抗体中和效价.结果显示,三免后抗体阳转率为58%,组间抗体水平差异不显著(P＞0.05),机体产生了抗糖蛋白、核蛋白2种特异性抗体,抗体稀释8～512倍后,每50μL可以中和100TCID50狂犬病病毒SRV9,个别稀释到2048倍仍具有中和作用,抗体稀释8～16倍后每15μL可中和120MICLD50狂犬病病毒CVS,少部分犬三免后抗体稀释16～32倍后能中和300MICLD50狂犬病病毒CVS.说明该疫苗具有良好的免疫原性,且诱生的抗体能发挥病毒中和作用.     

垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽基因的合成及pIRES1-PACAP表达载体的构建

根据文献报道的垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽 ( pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide,PACAP)基因序列和信号肽基因序列 ,设计 10条单链寡核苷酸片段 ,通过 5次 PCR扩增获得 PACAP基因片段 ,同时两端设有 Sm a 和 Xba 酶切位点 ,酶切后将其克隆至 p IRES1- neo质粒中 ,经 PCR、酶切和测序鉴定 ,证明已获得 PACAP基因并构建了 p IRES1- PACAP表达载体     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -