多花黑麦草幼穗分化进程对种子生产性状的影响

多花黑麦草幼穗分化进程对穗部性状和种子产量有显著影响。幼穗分化的天数与每穗种子粒数是极显著正相关。播种愈早，幼穗分化天数愈多，种子产量愈高。南京地区留种的多花黑麦草的最佳播期8月20日19月10日。二棱期是多花黑麦草通过春化阶段的形态标志，也是幼穗能否分化完全的转折点。单棱至护颖分化期是影响种子粒数最关键的时期。     

品种类型与营养生长积温对小麦穗部性状的影响

大穗型，中间型和多穗型品种具有各自不同的穗、粒、重间的协调平衡关系。以高产为目标，最适穗容量平衡点呈多穗型＞中间型＞大穗型。营养生长基础对群体穗粒重的效应为多穗型＞大穗型＞中间型。穗粒数的增加是提高穗粒得的有效途径，增加小穗数／穗对高结实率品种 有效，减少不孕小穗数／穗对环境敏感型品种效应显著。     

高羊茅种子产量与主要农艺性状的通径分析

对高羊茅的7个农艺性状与单株种子产量进行了相关和通径分析.结果表明,7个农艺性状与单株种子产量均呈极显著正相关,其相关系数大小依次为单株穗数＞每穗粒数＞穗长＞千粒重＞茎重＞株高》叶片重.7个性状与单椿种子产量直接通径系数大小依次为叶片重＞株高＞单株有效穗数＞每穗粒数＞千粒重＞茎重＞穗长.叶片重、单株有效穗数和每穗粒对种子产量的贡献较大,茎重和穗长的效应较小,提高单株种子产量,要增加单株有效穗数和每穗粒数,并兼顾千粒重的提高.     

超级小麦种质资源农艺性状的鉴定与评价

通过田间观测和室内分析，对来自国外和国内420份超级小麦种质资源在山东泰安市连续二年进行了农艺性状的鉴定和评价。结果表明：在这些小麦种质资源中，单株成穗数、小穗数、穗粒数的变异系数较低，育种时容易选择。性状相关分析表明：随着穗长的增加及穗粒数和千粒重的增加，穗粒重有增加的趋势；随着穗长的增加，株高有增加的趋势；株高的增加有助于穗粒数的增多，但千粒重随之下降。在此基础上筛选出适合泰安生态条件、综合性状好的材料27份，其中抗病好的材料10份，大穗大粒类2份，优质类23份，早熟类12份，矮秆2份，抗寒3份，多穗多粒7份。     

超级小麦品种穗部性状间相关性分析及穗粒数改良途径的研究

以10个超级小麦品种（系）为材料，对株高与穗部性状间进行了相关分析及穗粒数的改良途径分析．结果表明．穗粒数与株高呈负相关。而与穗长、分化小穗、结实小穗均呈显著或极显著的正相关：穗长并口结实小穗数对小麦穗粒数的影响最大。均为极显著正相关：我国超级小麦的育种目标应是在一定群体的基础上通过增加穗粒数来提高小麦的单稳重。在穗粒数的改良过程中，应选育矮秆、大穗、结实小穗数多的品种。     

爪哇稻与其杂交种的性状相关性和超亲优势研究

爪哇稻在长沙表现为大穗、大粒、分蘖少、生育期长和植株高。培矮64S／爪哇稻组合在秆高、穗长、单株有效穗、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、单株产量、理论产量和实际产量方面存在正向超亲优势，在播始历期、结实率和千粒重方面存在负向超亲优势，杂种秆高与父本穗长、杂种穗长和父本穗长、杂种每穗总粒数与父本每穗总粒数和穗长、杂种每穗实粒数与父本每穗总粒数、杂种千粒重与父本每穗总粒数之间分别存在显著的线性回归关系。     

2011—2021年安徽省审定小麦品种育种特点与部分表型性状分析

根据2011—2021年安徽省小麦新品种审定公告，分析了211个小麦新品种的育种特点和199个小麦新品种农艺及产量性状，找出其中的规律和问题，以期为以后的育种工作提供参考。结果表明，品种间杂交仍是安徽省小麦育种的主要方法，系谱选育占比达到93.84%；种子企业已经成为安徽省小麦育种的中坚力量；育成品种在不断增加，但是种质资源利用较为集中，品种同质化相对严重，烟农19、济麦22、周麦16、扬麦158、淮麦20等亲本利用频繁；生育期缩短、株高降低、穗数减少、穗粒数减少、产量降低，其中半冬性品种的生育期缩短7.7 d、穗数减少9穗/m²、穗粒数减少2.4粒，春性品种的生育期缩短12.1 d、穗数减少16.5穗/m²、穗粒数减少1.6粒、株高降低3.4 cm、产量减少207.75 kg/hm²。     

小麦产量及主要产量性状演变的分析

该文对１９８３￣１９９４年南方冬麦区小麦良种区域试验毕节试点６轮参试品种（系）的产量及主要产量构成性状的演变进行了分析，结果表明，近期内育成小麦品种的穗粒数和穗粒重均较高，系丰产潜力提高的２个重要因素。灰色关联度分析结果表明，４个产量性状与数量的关联度大小依次为穗粒重〉穗粒数〉亩有效穗数〉千粒重，为小麦高产育种提供重要的理论依据。     

减氮对辽粳5号/秋田小町RIL群体茎秆维管束、穗部和产量性状的影响及其相互关系

以辽宁稻区典型的直立穗型品种辽粳5号与日本典型的优质米品种秋田小町杂交构建的重组自交系群体(recombination inbred lines, RIL)为试材,在高氮和低氮2种施肥模式下种植,调查RIL群体茎秆维管束、穗部和产量性状,分析减氮对三者的影响及其相互关系,探讨在减少氮肥施用量的同时维持产量稳定的可能途径。研究结果表明,不同施氮模式下,RIL群体的茎秆维管束性状、穗部及产量性状均呈现连续变异,符合多基因控制的数量性状遗传特点。氮肥减施后, RIL群体水稻的单茎穗颈和倒二节间维管束数目、单株穗颈和倒二节间维管束面积减少,一次枝梗数减少,一次和二次枝梗结实率、总体结实率和千粒重增加,单穗重增加,穗数减少,产量降低。茎秆维管束性状与穗部和产量性状关系密切,单茎维管束性状与穗颈粗、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、穗粒数、着粒密度、千粒重和单穗重大多呈显著至极显著的正相关,单株维管束面积与穗数和产量呈极显著正相关。氮肥减施后,RIL群体中不减产类型株系的主要特征是:低氮条件下仍能维持稳定的分蘖和茎秆维管束的分化,保证穗数和穗颈粗稳定,单茎穗颈和倒二节大、小维管束数目、单茎倒二节大维管束面积和单株倒二节大维管束面积无显著变化,一次枝梗数变化不显著。在减施氮肥的条件下,选用茎秆维管束发达,穗数和穗颈粗稳定的水稻品种,有可能实现减氮不减产的目标。     

春小麦在不同选择条件下主要农艺性状相关

研究了春小麦品种在选种圃密度条件下和农业生产种植密度下主要农艺性状相关。研究结果表明：株高、主穗粒数等性状在选种圃密度和大田农业生产密度下的差异极显著,它们之间的相关显著,据此,可用它们在世代中的表现为预测它们在生产上的表现。株粒重和株穗数对不同种植条件反应较为敏感,差别也大,即选种圃密度条件下株粒数高,株穗数多,大田 生产密度下株粒重则不一定高,株穗数不一定多,因此,在小麦良种繁殖多,应适当稀植     

两种类型蓖麻杂交种杂种优势的分析

为进一步了解蓖麻表型性状杂种优势表现特点及与亲本相应性状的关系.选用两种基因类型有明显差异的中高秆和矮杆蓖麻杂交组合的亲本CS-R6(♀)、CS-R181(♂)和CS-R63(♀)、CS-R268(♂)和它们的杂交种CS-R6.181F_1、CS-R6.181F_2、CS-R63.268F_1为研究材料.通过田间试验,测定了地上部干物质积累及在营养体和生殖体中分配速率和成熟期13个表型性状的杂种优势表现.结果表明:两种类型杂交组合的生育特点及杂种优势表现上有明显差别,CS-R6.181F_1属于生殖型为主、体质型为辅的杂种优势类型;而CS-R63.268F_1属于生殖型的杂种优势类型;中高秆杂交种CS-R6.181F_1收获期13个地上部主要性状杂种优势均表现为超高亲优势;而矮秆杂交种CS-R63.268F_1只是在籽粒产量、皮壳率和粗脂肪含量等7个性状表现为超高亲优势,百粒重等3个性状表现为超中亲优势,而营养体3个性状均表现超低亲优势,CS-R63.268F_1综合了母、父本突出的优良特性,生育期趋向父本,是适合密植和机械化栽培的杂交种;蓖麻杂种优势从杂种F_2开始出现衰退,不再适合在生产中应用.     

Effects of recurrent selection for resistance to scab (Gibberella zeae) in wheat

Summary Scab caused by Gibberella zeae Petch., in common wheat, is one of the most severe diseases in China. A source population C0, bred for scab resistance, was developed through three cycles of multiple-parent crossing and intercrossing by means of the dominant male-sterile gene Ta1 (Ms2), according to Wu's scheme. Phenotypic recurrent selection methods for increasing the resistance to scab-infection of spikelets and seeds with the male-sterile plants were carried out simultaneously in Nanjing and Shanghai and at Jianyang, Fujian Province, for three cycles. The generations from C0 to C3 and two check cultivars were evaluated, using a randomized block design, under conditions of an artificially induced epidemic of scab during 1988–1990. The results indicate that there were significant differences in the resistance to scab between these generations. On average, the percentages of diseased spikelets and seeds of the male-fertile plants were reduced by 9% and 10%, respectively. The frequency of resistant plants was distinctly enhanced by recurrent selection. Analysis of variance showed that no significant differences existed between cycles of recurrent selection in agronomic characters such as plant height, spikes per plant, spike length, numbers of spikelets and seeds per spike, weight of seeds per spike and 100-kernel weight, days to heading and to maturity. Except for plant height, most of these traits tended to be slightly improved with improvement of resistance in the gene pool. The variance for resistance in the generations was decreased under selection. Recurrent selection for scab resistance using the dominant male-sterile gene Ta1 (Ms2) was both an effective and feasible breeding method for producing this character in wheat.     

马卡小麦主要农艺性状分析

对29份马卡小麦主要农艺性状进行了考察与分析。结果表明,马卡小麦具有植株高大、分蘖力强和小穗数多等特点。偏相关分析表明,分蘖数与有效穗数,成穗率与有效穗数,千粒重与小穗数偏相关均达极显著水平。单株产量与穗长偏相关显著,与有效穗数、穗粒重偏相关达极显著水平。蛋白质含量与穗长偏相关显著。主成分分析揭示了粒重、有效穗数、成穗率、株高和穗长对变异的贡献率达90.32%。基于因子得分与主成分贡献率的遗传距离在0.62水平上可将供试材料分为四类。这些结果为进一步利用马卡小麦基因资源提供了一定的理论依据。     

矸酆恐?,垩白率与糙米率、蛋白

Χ灾绷吹矸酆康挠跋焓钦?,直接影响比间接影响大。Study on the correlation between rice quality and agronomic traits of quality riceNIE Cheng rong, WEN Yu hui, WANG Yun bo, CHEN Ming zhong,LI Mei, LIU Dao quan(Agronomy Department, Foshan University , Nanhai 528231,China)The correlative analy     

Einfluß des schwermetallhaltigen Bodens auf die Getreidekultur

Influence of metalliferous soil on grain cultivation
The effect of metalliferous soil (rich in Zn and Pb) over development and productivity of cultivated Triticum aestivum L. is considered. After statistical elaboration of the morphological parameters of the above mentioned species is concluded that the height of the plant, the length of spike, the number of seeds per spike, the weight of seeds per spike, the width and the length of seeds, are diminished.     

小麦高空诱变育种研究

高空处理的小麦种子ＳＰ１代基本无变异，ＳＰ２代在幼苗习性，抽穗期、株高、穗形、粒民穗数等性关均产生较明显的差异，这些变异一般在ＳＰ３代中，ＳＰ４代稳定，缩短了育种年限。通过对变异性状的选择已育出两个苗头品系。高空诱变为小麦中提供了一条新的育种途径，也为航天部门为农业服务开拓了一个新的领域。     

Seed Size and Water Potential Effects on Water Uptake, Germination and Growth of Lentil

Seed size is an important parameter for plant growth and yield. The effects of seed size and water potential on seed water uptake, germination and early growth of lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik. cvs. Jor-1 and Jor-2) were investigated. Rate of water uptake by seed size (small, medium and large) from solutions containing different water potentials (0, –0.5 and –1.0 MPa, as polyethylene gly-col-8000) was higher in large than in medium or small seeds of both cultivars, regardless of water potential. Rate of water taken into seeds was higher in Jor-2 than in Jor-1. Decreasing water potential (more stress) had adverse effects on rate of water uptake by seeds in both cultivars. In another experiment, with lentils grown in a greenhouse at different soil metric potentials (–0.03, –0.15 and –0.30 MPa), seed size or cultivar had no effects on germination percentage (GP), but GP was reduced as soil water potential decreased (more stress), in greenhouse soil, shoot dry matter (SDM), root dry matter (RDM), plant height, total root length (TRL) and number of primary branches per plant of 35-day-old plants from large seeds were larger than those of plants from medium and small seeds of both cultivars. Increasing soil water deficit progressively decreased each of these traits. Plants from large seeds had higher SDM, RDM and TRL than those from small seeds at intermediate soil water potential (–0.15 MPa) in comparison with the control (–0.03 MPa) or severe (–0.30 MPa) soil water potentials. Larger seeds produced larger plants than smaller seeds, and this appeared to be more pronounced under intermediate than well-watered or more severe water-stressed conditions. Faster early growth of plants from larger seeds may be advantageous in establishing plants under semiarid conditions.     

Culture selected somaclonal variation in five Triticum aestivum L. genotypes

Somaclones (R₃ and R₄ generations) regenerated from five winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were evaluated for variation in agronomic and morphological characters. Immature embryos were used as initial explant material. Comparisons for plant height, top internode length, spike length, number of seeds per spike and 100 seed weight were made between the somaclones and their parents. Some morphological variations of stem and spike characteristics were registered which demonstrate that plant height and spike length can be changed by using immature embryo culture. The results obtained may be considered a biotechnological contribution to wheat plant improvement. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

六倍体小黑麦灌浆期抗旱性分析

采用盆栽在六倍体小黑麦灌浆期控水模拟干旱,分析干旱对各个农艺性状指标的影响,然后采用模糊隶属函数与抗旱系数相结合的方法对品种灌浆期的抗旱性进行综合分析,再利用灰色关联度分析各个形态指标与抗旱性的关系,结果表明：（1）灌浆期水分胁迫下所有品种都表现出株高降低,穗长变短,单株粒重、千粒重下降,每穗总小穗数、主茎穗粒数减少,而且与对照之间达差异显著或极显著;（2）品种“Tornado”对灌浆期干旱具有强的抗性,可作为今后小麦抗旱育种的种质资源;（3）单株粒重、主茎穗粒数、千粒重与抗旱性关联度大,可作为灌浆期抗旱形态指标     

Sample size for collecting germplasms from natural plant populations in view of the genotypic multiplicity of seed embryos borne on a single plant

Summary A method to collect germplasms from natural plant populations (collection sites) has been investigated for the numbers of plants and seeds per plant to be sampled. It is derived that in predominantly selfing populations the success of sampling is primarily determined by the number of plants rather than seeds per plant, since the genotypes of seed embryos produced on a highly selfing plant are highly homozygous and homogeneous. The number of plants, however, does not need to be large. The drawback of a shortage in the plant number can be avoided by collecting sufficient seeds from each plant. Computations for some probable situations lead to the conclusion that a few plants per population may be enough if the plants bear a few hundred seeds each and are not highly selfing. This sample size is much smaller and more practicable than those proposed previously.