甘蔗良种侧枝苗快繁生产技术

利用甘蔗顶端优势，运用侧枝快繁技术，对良种进行一、二、三级侧枝处理，促使顶端侧芽抽发侧枝苗。试验结果表明，此项技术简便易行、成本低，且繁殖倍数高达15－30倍。     

甘蔗腋芽苗大田栽培技术要点

甘蔗腋芽苗是利用植物组织培养技术原理为依托，在人工控制条件下，以工厂化生产方式繁殖的甘蔗幼苗。与传统的甘蔗良种繁殖方法相比，甘蔗腋芽苗繁殖技术有如下优点：①繁殖速度快，一般一个甘蔗芽一年可繁殖生产10万株左右甘蔗苗，能使新育成的或新引进的、种源稀少的甘蔗良种在生产上迅速推广，从而充分发挥良种的经济效益和社会效益；②甘蔗腋芽苗无病健康，可减少病虫害的传播蔓延；③生产数量相等的种苗所占用空问及土地面积少，且不受季节的限制，全年都可生产。     

甘蔗侧枝快繁技术

甘蔗侧枝快繁技术是从日本引进，经消化，吸收、改进形成的一项良种繁殖新技术，该技术经多次去除蔗茎顶端优势，使腋芽抽发侧枝，通过假植培养生产出大田用种苗，繁殖倍数高达40倍，并保持良种种性，具有简单易行，经济实惠，繁殖速度快，周期短的特点，应用推广前景广阔。     

甜菜碱对甘蔗生长速、糖产量和耐霜性的影响

增加甘蔗生长速、糖产量和耐霜性将促进由霜冻引起的甘蔗品质下降，糖产量降低等边缘气候区的甘蔗生长。甜菜碱起渗透防护剂的作用，促进对水份的吸收和滞留，保护和稳定在胁迫务件下植物细胞中的大分子。本研究研究了甜菜碱对甘蔗生长速和糖产量的影响，研究了用甜菜碱处理甘蔗幼苗能否抵抗霜冻的危害。所用甘蔗品种有CP79—318，HoCP91—555，L,CP85—384和HoCP85—845。最初对植株任意喷洒一次甜菜碱(防冻)，或是每两周喷洒一次(促进生长)0．1M的加了表面活性剂的甜菜碱溶液。在随后的两次田间试验中，单独施用的甜菜碱的用量为1．25，2．5和5公斤，英亩。结果表明，甜菜碱使甘蔗幼苗在-1．0℃时的存活率增加了大约20％，每两周用甜菜碱处理一次的蔗苗的生长速是未处理蔗苗的两倍。用2．5公斤／英亩甜菜碱处理的甘蔗，其糖产量净增11．6％。所以，在温度和湿度条件适宜时，施用甜菜碱能使蔗苗积累显著增加，从而使其生长速和糖产量也显著增加。     

甘蔗宿根矮化病的危害与对策

甘蔗高产高糖生产，是一项综合性的系统工程，涉及到多方面的相关因素，如生长与环境条件的关系、品种生长特性、栽培技术措施、合理施肥方法、灌溉条件、病虫害防治等。近年以来，广东湛江甘蔗生产在实施良种良法，测土配方施肥，节水灌溉等方面取得了较快的发展。然而，甘蔗宿根矮化病对该区甘蔗的抑制作用也愈益显露。只有正确地认识该病害，合理做好防治，才能确保甘蔗生产的稳步发展。本文试通过对甘蔗宿根矮化病的处理对比试验，探讨其防治对策。     

江西省茶树良种繁育场为您提供国家级良种茶苗

江西省茶树良种繁育场是农业部在江西省定点的省级茶树良种繁育基地，江西省农业厅定点供苗单位，我场以江西省蚕桑茶叶研究所的科技优势为依托，技术力量雄厚，繁育的良种茶苗品种纯度高、生长健壮、根系发达、移栽成活率高、无检疫性病虫害。     

甘蔗愈伤组织、组培幼苗对抗生素的敏感性试验

以甘蔗愈伤组织、组培幼苗分别在附有卡那霉素、潮霉素、头孢霉素的培养基上进行培养，研究甘蔗对抗生素的敏感性。结果表明：甘蔗对卡那霉素敏感，在200－400mg/L的浓度范围内，愈伤组织失去分化能力，组培幼苗生长受到抑制，白化苗现象非常严重；甘蔗对潮霉素较敏感，在1－40mg/L的浓度范围内愈伤组织均有分化能力，但在20－40mg/L时幼苗不能存活；对头孢霉纱不敏感，在100－1000mg/L处理浓度中，愈伤组织均有分化能力，组培幼苗生长受抑制不明显。     

湛江甘蔗生产的若干问题

论述了稳定种蔗面积与提高单产的关系；甘蔗生产区域化布局；改善蔗地水、土、肥生产条件；合理甘蔗耕作制；挖掘宿根蔗增产潜力；甘蔗良种布局；病虫鼠害综合防治和原料甘蔗产质量的关系等6个问题。     

湛江蔗区甘蔗生产若干问题

本文论述了稳定种蔗面积与提高单产的关系；甘蔗生产区域化布局；改善蔗地水、土、肥生产条件；合理甘蔗耕作制；挖掘宿根蔗增产潜力；甘蔗良种布局；病虫鼠害综合防治和甘蔗产量与质量的关系等6个问题。     

不同温度下烯效唑对烟草成苗素质的影响

为明确温度对烯效唑壮苗效应的影响，采用两因素随机试验设计，研究了不同温度下不同浓度烯效唑处理对烟苗农艺性状的影响。结果表明：温度对烟苗生长有着重要影响，苗期温度越高越有利于烟苗生长和壮苗形成；烯效唑具有一定的壮苗效应，各浓度烯效唑处理除株高表现出随浓度增加抑制作用增强外，其余各项农艺性状指标均表现为促进作用，且都表现为随浓度增加先增加后略微降低。不同温度条件下，不同浓度烯效唑对烟苗的壮苗效应表现不一：当温度为13℃时，以5 mg/L烯效唑处理的烟苗表现较优；当温度为21.5℃时，以10 mg/L烯效唑处理的烟苗表现较优，当温度为30℃时，以20 mg/L烯效唑处理的烟苗表现较优。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.