含水量变化对米粒裂纹形成的影响与调控

稻米水分含量变化是引起籽粒裂纹发生、影响整米率的主要因素。潮湿米粒的快速干燥，干燥籽粒的浸水或回潮均会带来严重的裂纹。干燥后润谷可以减少裂纹的发生。生产、加工、贮藏过程中可通过合理处理稻米水分含量减少裂纹发生，提高碾米品质。     

含水量变化对米粒裂纹形成的影响与调控

稻米水分含量变化是引起籽粒裂纹发生和影响整米率的主要因素。潮湿米粒的快速干燥，干燥籽粒的浸水或回潮均会带来严重的裂纹。干燥后润谷可减少裂纹的发生。生产、加工、贮藏过程中可通过合理处理稻米水分含量减少裂纹发生，提高碾米品质。     

水稻裂纹米的成因及防治对策

水稻裂纹米的发生 ,降低了稻谷等级 ,也影响加工大米的品质 ,碎米多 ,整米率低 ,降低了水稻经济效益。水稻裂纹米 ,也称惊纹米 ,机米工艺上称“爆腰” ,是稻米加工过程中产生碎米的主要原因。裂纹米是因糙米表面和中心部的水分差而产生的 ,由于急激的干燥或吸湿所引起的。水稻灌浆优劣、收获期和稻谷入库前机械作用等与裂纹米发生有关 ,其次与水稻品种、成热期温度 ,水分等气候因子也有一定相关性。1　裂纹米发生的主要原因1 1　秆青籽黄的稻穗 ,裂纹米少、水稻早衰秆枯叶黄裂纹米显著增多。蜡熟期倒伏 ,水稻青枯贪青对裂纹米形成有一定影响…     

评价田间玉米果穗水分散失率的样本大小

评价田间玉米果穗水分散失率的样本大小Ｒ．Ｍａｇａｒｉ等籽粒干燥速率快的玉米杂交种可减少人工干燥费用。７０年代初，由于燃料价格的上涨和未来可能的能源短缺，对快速干燥的杂交种的需求增加。提高籽粒干燥速率的问题之一就是无法在田间评价籽粒的干燥速率。Ｋａｎｇ...     

不同水分管理方式对旱直播水稻产量和稻米品质的影响

【目的】研究旱直播模式下不同水分管理方式对水稻产量、光合生理特性和稻米品质的影响,以期为干旱气候条件下的节水栽培提供理论依据。【方法】采用大田小区试验,以杂交稻旱优73和常规稻黄华占为试验材料,通过设置全生育期内旱管和水管两种水分管理模式,综合考查旱直播模式下不同水分管理方式对水稻叶片光合特性、地上部干物质积累及分配、产量和稻米品质的影响。【结果】水稻旱直播模式下进行旱作栽培显著提高了水分利用效率和水稻产量,降低了稻米的外观品质和食味品质。与淹水灌溉相比,旱作处理显著提高了叶片SPAD值和齐穗期净光合速率,促进了地上部干物质的积累;增加了茎秆和叶片干物质转运量和对籽粒贡献率,进而提高了水稻有效穗和千粒重。其中,黄华占和旱优73产量分别增加14.0%和11.9%。旱作处理对加工品质没有显著影响,但显著降低了直链淀粉含量,增加了蛋白质含量;同时降低籽粒中重金属砷的含量,增加了重金属镉的含量。【结论】水稻旱直播模式为干旱气候条件下的水稻适应性栽培提供了可能,但稻米品质与产量协同提升因品种而异。因此,旱直播模式下高效优质栽培技术还需进一步研究。     

水稻灌浆期高温对天冬氨酸代谢酶活性及其家族氨基酸含量的影响

 选用粳稻越光和籼稻IR72为材料,研究了灌浆期高温对水稻籽粒中天冬氨酸转氨酶（AAT）、天冬氨酸激酶（AK）活性以及稻米蛋白质组分与天冬氨酸族氨基酸组分含量的影响。结果表明,水稻灌浆期高温下籽粒中AAT和AK活性、天冬氨酸、赖氨酸、苏氨酸、蛋氨酸和异亮氨酸相对含量均显著提高,籽粒中AAT和AK活性与天冬氨酸家族总氨基酸含量分别呈显著和极显著正相关,说明水稻籽粒中AAT和AK对于高温下稻米天冬氨酸家族氨基酸含量的提高具有重要作用。高温有利于稻米中蛋白质组分与天冬氨酸族氨基酸组分相对含量的提高,有利于单粒稻米中谷蛋白与天冬氨酸家族氨基酸组分的积累以及粗蛋白中部分氨基酸比例的改善,但高温降低了每穗稻米中蛋白质组分与部分氨基酸组分的含量。     

减少灌水次数对强筋小麦氮素积累转运和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响

为探究减少灌水次数对强筋小麦氮素积累、转运和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响,选用4个强筋小麦品种(津农7号、农优3号、师栾02-1和中麦998),在大田条件下设置3种灌水处理(CK:冬水+拔节水+开花水;W2:冬水+拔节水;W1:冬水),研究了减少灌水次数对强筋小麦植株各器官氮素的积累与转运、籽粒蛋白质及其组分的含量、蛋白质产量和籽粒产量的影响,并对协调强筋小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和产量的适宜灌水次数进行了探讨。结果表明,减少灌水次数后,强筋小麦营养器官氮素积累量明显降低,氮素转运量增加;籽粒蛋白质含量升高;蛋白质组分的变化表现为,清蛋白、球蛋白和谷蛋白含量升高,醇溶蛋白含量下降;籽粒产量显著下降,水分利用效率升高,但不同品种增幅不同。综上所述,减少灌水次数能促进强筋小麦营养器官的氮素向籽粒转运,使籽粒蛋白质含量升高,籽粒蛋白质品质得到改善。本试验条件下,W2处理(冬水+拔节水)可以有效协调强筋小麦产量和籽粒蛋白质含量的关系,同时提高水分利用效率。     

优良食味水稻品种籽粒蛋白质积累特征及其对氮素水平的响应

【目的】探讨优良食味水稻品种的籽粒蛋白质积累特征及其对氮素水平的响应。【方法】以食味值不同的常规粳稻和杂交稻为材料,在结实期设置不同氮素施用水平处理,分析不同类型品种在不同氮素水平下的蒸煮食味品质及其与稻米蛋白质及其组分含量的关系。进一步分析各品种在不同氮素水平下稻穗不同部位的氨基酸含量及籽粒蛋白质含量在结实期的动态变化,总结优良食味水稻品种的籽粒蛋白质积累特征及其对氮素水平的响应特征。【结果】优良食味水稻品种籽粒蛋白质含量较低,且随着氮素水平的增加而上升;优良食味水稻崩解值较高,消减值较低;蒸煮食味品质受氮素水平影响较小。优良食味水稻品种蛋白组分含量较低,且稻米蛋白质含量与食味品质呈显著负相关。在常规粳稻中,稻米食味值与清蛋白、球蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量均显著负相关;在杂交稻中,稻米食味值与醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量显著负相关。优良食味水稻品种籽粒充实过程中游离氨基酸含量较低,并呈现较低水平的蛋白质积累。而食味较差品种灌浆期籽粒的氨基酸含量较高,成熟籽粒蛋白质含量也较高,且氮素供应水平提升其籽粒蛋白质含量的效应更为显著。【结论】优良食味水稻品种的籽粒蛋白质含量较低,与其充实过程中蛋白质积累水平较低有紧密关系,且受氮素水平影响较小。     

氮肥对水稻胚乳淀粉品质、相关酶活性及基因表达量的影响

【目的】旨在为阐明灌浆成熟期氮素营养对水稻淀粉品质影响机理以及建立优质高产水稻栽培技术提供理论依据。【方法】选用4个籽粒直链淀粉含量差异显著的粳稻品种,通过盆栽试验研究氮素营养对稻米淀粉组分和蛋白质含量及稻米蛋白质水解对淀粉黏滞特性的影响,并分析氮素营养对灌浆过程中籽粒蔗糖合酶(SuSy)、蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)、蔗糖酸性转化酶(AI)活性及OsGBSSⅠ、OsISAⅠ、OsSBEⅠ、OsSBEⅡ基因转录表达量的影响。【结果】结果表明,籽粒支链淀粉含量对氮素营养很敏感,灌浆成熟期氮素营养能改变籽粒淀粉组分含量;施氮条件下,高直链淀粉含量品种蒸煮食味品质下降更加明显,去除稻米蛋白质可明显提高稻米黏滞特性,蛋白质对淀粉黏滞特性的影响很大;增加灌浆成熟期氮素营养能显著或极显著提高籽粒SuSy和AI活性,显著抑制籽粒SPS活性;灌浆成熟期氮素营养能改变灌浆不同时期籽粒OsGBSSⅠ、OsISAⅠ和OsSBEⅡ基因转录表达量,以致灌浆过程中这些基因的转录表达量变化动态发生改变,但OsSBEⅠ基因转录表达量不因氮素营养而发生改变;受氮素营养的影响,灌浆起始期籽粒OsGBSSⅠ基因表达量明显上调,而灌浆中后期明显下调;氮素营养明显抑制灌浆成熟期籽粒OsISAⅠ基因和灌浆中后期的OsSBEⅠ基因转录表达,显著提高灌浆前期和中期的籽粒OsSBEⅠ基因转录表达量;氮素营养能抑制灌浆起始期籽粒OsSBEⅡ基因的转录表达,而提高灌浆中后期的基因转录表达。【结论】灌浆成熟期氮素营养除了通过蛋白质含量对淀粉品质产生影响外,还通过调控淀粉合成相关的酶活性和基因表达量等生理环节对淀粉含量和精细结构起作用,最终改变稻米黏滞特性和食味品质。     

在高水分条件下收获和贮藏的高低单宁高粱对肥育中猪的营养价值

连续两年进行了两个独立的2×2完全随机区组试验,旨在评价贮藏方法(高湿与干燥)和单宁含量(高与低)对用于喂饲肥育中猪(28～96公斤)的粒用高粱营养价值的影响。当籽粒含水量为24～26％时收获高水分的高粱,并在厌氧条件下进行贮藏。贮藏六个月后,在与饲料日粮掺合以前,把高水分籽粒干燥(35℃)到含水量为11～12％。另外,收获含水量在18～20％时的干燥籽粒,干燥(40℃)到11～12％,然后贮于通风罐中。在每个试验中,每圈4头共48头杂种猪。肥育中的或已育肥的猪饲料日粮     

川南杂交中稻收割期与干燥技术对整精米率的影响

以杂交中稻组合川谷优642和蓉优1015为材料,在冬水田区大面积高产栽培技术条件下,研究了不同收割期、干燥时间与干燥方式对整精米率的影响。结果表明,品种、收割时期、干燥时间与干燥方式4个因子及其互作效应对整精米率有极显著影响。川谷优642的整精米率比蓉优1015高,干燥时间短的处理比干燥时间长的处理整精米率高,坝晒处理比用簸箕晒的处理整精米率高。籽粒水分含量在12.27%~14.67%之间时,整精米率与籽粒含水量呈极显著正相关关系。     

Mapping QTLs for milling yield and grain characteristics in a tropical japonica long grain cross

Percent milling yield is an economically important trait of commercial rice because it largely determines the price that farmers receive for their crop. Analyzing 22 trait variables including milling yield, grain dimensions, chemistry and appearance, we identified 43 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in a long grain japonica by long grain japonica cross. We report one QTL explaining 20% of the variation in brown rice recovery; two QTLs explaining 14% and 13% of the variation in milled rice recovery; and one QTL explaining 14% of the variation in head rice (HR) recovery. QTLs for the proportion of pre-broken brown rice kernels, seed density, amylose content, and kernel whiteness and chalkiness were found in the same region as the HR QTL. QTLs explaining up to 54% of the variation in grain shape measurements were identified and mapped to areas independent from those identified for milling yield. Analyses of grain appearance traits identified two QTLs for chalk in brown rice and one in head rice, and a QTL explaining up to 33% of the variance in green kernel area. Our results confirm previous findings on the multigenically complex nature of milling yield.     

Effect of Soaking on Wet-milling of Rice

Soaking is an essential step in wet-milling of rice flour. The effects of soaking duration and temperature (5 and 25 °C) on the properties of rice flour have been investigated. The uptake of water by rice kernels increased with temperature and reached a plateau at about 30–35%. Protein, lipid, and ash leached out during soaking. The moisture content after soaking appeared to be a key factor on loosening the structure of rice kernels, which resulted in the production of small particle flours with little starch damage. The particle size of flours did not alter the gelatinisation temperature (T_oand T_p) in DSC thermograms. Small particle and low lipid content flours appeared to have high peak viscosity measured by RVA. The change in microstructure of rice kernels during soaking was also examined by SEM.     

植酸和氯离子对稻米品质的影响

 以原丰早为材料进行了在不同时期施用植酸与氯离子的试验。在水稻抽穗至成熟期间叶面喷施植酸，能抑制水解酶类的活性，减弱淀粉酶分解淀粉的反应，提高淀粉合成酶的活性，有利于淀粉合成，改善稻米品质。水稻齐穗期叶面喷施50、100 mg/kg 两种浓度的植酸，碎米率的平均值比对照低2. 8～23. 1个百分点，整精米率上升5～7个百分点；垩白等级、垩白率降低，乳白米粒减少，与对照相比差异显著；对碱消值、直链淀粉含量亦有影响。氯离子作为淀粉酶的激活剂，喷施后能抑制淀粉合成酶的活性，对稻米品质呈逆向效应。     

Moisture distribution in rice grains used for sake brewing analyzed by magnetic resonance imaging

Water absorption in individual white-core and non-white-core grains of rice varieties used in sake brewing was observed during soaking by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Water was absorbed faster in white-core grains than in non-white-core grains and was pooled in the core. Moisture distributions were compared using the line profiles of nuclear magnetic resonance signal intensities (SI profiles) generated from magnetic resonance images of grains soaked for 2 h. SI profiles of white-core and non-white-core grains overlapped despite slight differences in the central and intermediate regions of the grains. A white-core-like structure with loosely packed starch granules was found to exist in the endosperm of non-white-core grains. SI profiles of grains polished to 70% of the yield weight of brown rice were similar in shape to those of grains polished to 90% of the yield, but their overall moisture content was higher after the removal of the hydrophobic grain periphery. A varietal difference in the thickness of the intermediate region, which may affect fissuring resistance in the polishing process, was detected in SI profiles. Differences in water absorbability between parents and their offspring were also apparent from their SI profiles. MRI enabled the detection of variety-specific water-absorption properties in grains.     

精度对稻米品质的影响

 以5个中至长粒形的籼稻品种为材料,研究了碾米精度对稻米品质的影响。结果表明,精度对以精米为对象的各项米质指标的影响十分显著,其中精度与精米的白度、胶稠度、糊化温度及直链淀粉含量等米质指标成正相关,而与精米的整米率、长宽比以及蛋白质含量等米质指标成负相关。     

水稻种子含水量与耐冷性的关系研究

试验选择18份水稻品种的休眠种子作为材料,其中具有耐冷性的水稻品种13份,不具有耐冷性的常规水稻品种5份。测定了每份种子样品中含水量,并将这项指标分别与水稻品种是否具有耐冷性以及耐冷性强弱进行相关性分析。结果表明：①水稻品种是否具有耐冷性与种子中含水量呈极显著负相关关系,即耐冷性品种含水量明显低于常规品种;②具有耐冷性的水稻品种,其耐冷性程度与种子的含水量没有显著的相关性。因此认为水稻休眠种子的含水量可以作为判断水稻耐冷性有无的参考指标,但不能直接用作判定水稻耐冷性强弱的指标。     

不同收获时期对超级稻沈农014主要稻米品质影响

以沈农014为试材,根据不同抽穗天数进行收获,研究水稻不同收获时期对产量和主要稻米品质的影响。结果表明,过早收获,稻谷的含水量较高,千粒重相对较低,严重影响了产量。从加工品质来看,过早收获对糙米率和精米率影响较小,对整精米率影响较大,过晚收获也会使整精米率下降。从稻米外观品质来看,过早收获使垩白粒率和垩白度增加。从营养和食味品质来看,收获期对蛋白质含量的影响不大,但对直链淀粉和脂肪酸影响较大,对食味值的影响则无明显规律。确定沈农014在9月30日至10月10日达到最佳收获期。     

Magnetic resonance imaging and analyses of tempering processes in rice kernels

This research involved a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that was applied to examine water distribution and migration in single rice kernels during the tempering process. The imaging experiments were performed in a Bruker 9.4T MRI system. Three-dimensional spin-echo (SE) imaging sequences were optimized by adjusting the scanning parameters of echo time (TE) and repetition time (TR) to obtain images with maximum contrast. The MR images showed that the moisture distribution in the rice kernel is non-uniform and compartmental. The embryo region exhibited much higher MR signal intensity than the starchy endosperm portion. The tempering process was analyzed with spatial-temporal signal intensities of the endosperm following the drying process of the rice kernel. The transient change of the signal intensities in the endosperm was well fitted with a double exponential function suggesting that both convection and diffusion contributed to the reduction of the moisture gradient within the rice kernel during tempering. This hypothesis was further supported by the experimental data of the insulated rice kernel whose convective mass transfer was excluded. The experimental results revealed that MR imaging of rice kernels could be used as an efficient tool to examine the mechanisms of moisture migration within cereal grains.