大连市普兰店湾污损生物调查

2010年4—11月,在大连市普兰店湾的3个采样点进行了春、夏、秋3个季节的污损生物调查。此次调查共获大型污损生物10种,优势种类有:猫爪牡蛎、纹藤壶、紫贻贝等。其中,猫爪牡蛎的单位湿重最大,为6 973 g/m2,个体密度为1 384个/m2,最大覆盖面积为100%;其次是纹藤壶,湿重为2 202 g/m2,个体密度为3 000个/m2。此次调查3个取样点的种类组成差异不大,但湿重差异比较大。普兰店湾的污损生物种类比较少,但优势种类突出,为典型的渤海污损生物种类。     

大连市沿海污损生物种类及分布的研究

1997 年9 月～1998 年9 月, 选取了大连市区沿海的3 个点进行了3 次污损生物调查。共获大型污损生物102 种, 其中优势种类有: 石莼、水螅类、紫贻贝、端足类、纹藤壶和海鞘类。最大双月湿重为2974 g/m2 , 最大覆盖面积为100 % 。3 个点的种类组成差异不大, 但湿重差别较大。     

船体藤壶附着模型的建立及清除藤壶的仿真研究

藤壶是中国周边海域一种常见的海洋污损生物,具有黏接强度高、难清除的特点.利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立藤壶附着的模型,模拟藤壶附着船体的情况并对其进行力学仿真研究,得到了达到清除效果时藤壶胞外分泌胶体的应力、应变以及应变能等数值模拟数据.本研究表明,当提供的外力(清除力)达到180 N时,该仿真模型中藤壶有被清除的趋势,模拟胞外分泌物(EPS部分)的应力强度约为0.2MN/m2,该胶体的黏性应变能为0.29 J/m3,在该模型中得出的清除藤壶所需力的数据与其他文献发表的实验结果基本相符,该模型可用于后续用强声法清除附着藤壶的仿真研究.     

大连市沿海污染生物种类及分布的研究

１９９７年９月～１９９８年９月,选取了大连市区沿海的３个点进行了３次污损生物调查。共获在型污损生物１０２种,其中优势种类有：石莼、水螅类、紫贻贝、端足类、纹藤壶和海鞘类。最大双月湿重为２９７４ｇ／ｍ＾２,最大覆盖面积为１００％。３个点的种类组成差异不大,但湿重差别较大。     

藤壶金星幼虫附着变态机制

藤壶属节肢动物门(Arthropoda)甲壳亚门(Crustacea)蔓足下纲(Cirripedia)围胸总目(Thoracica), 具备特殊的形态结构、生活史和种群生态特征,是最主要的海洋污损生物。其幼虫阶段通常经历6期无节幼体和1期不摄食的金星幼虫,从浮游的金星幼虫附着变态成固着的稚体是藤壶生活史中的一个关键环节。外界化学和生物因子中成体提取物、水溶性信息素、足迹、神经递质、激素、生物膜等均影响藤壶金星幼虫的附着变态;内在因子即金星幼虫的生理状态(能量储量和年龄)决定了其对外界因子的反应程度。概括了近年来藤壶附着变态生理机制和分子机制研究的进展,可为深入了解藤壶金星幼虫附着变态机制提供参考,也为开发新型、高效、环保的防污剂提供理论指导。     

海洋贝类养殖网笼污损生物类群的研究

１９９５年６月￣１９９６年６月,对大连大李家海水养殖场的养殖网笼的污损生物类群进行了挂板和整体取笼试验。总计有生物８２种,其中优势种类有海筒螅,端足类,盘管虫类,柄瘤海鞘、史氏菊海鞘,纹藤壶,紫贻贝等,附着盛期为７￣９月。     

紫海胆肠道真菌Aspergillus sp.HDf2次生代谢产物抗生物污损活性的研究

[目的]对紫海胆肠道曲霉菌Aspergillus sp.HDf2的次生代谢产物进行抗海洋生物污损活性研究。[方法]采用摇瓶液体发酵,运用柱层析等方法,从发酵液中分离、纯化获得4个γ-丁烯酸内酯类单体化合物(-)-spiculisporic acid、spiculisporic acids B–D和1个secospiculisporic acid B,并且对其进行了抗藤壶幼虫附着活性测试。[结果]化合物spiculisporic acid B和secospiculisporic acid B在浓度为25 mg/L时均具有抗藤壶幼虫附着活性,其中化合物secospiculisporic acid B活性最强,其他化合物无活性。[结论]该研究首次报道它具有抗生物污损活性。     

企鹅珍珠贝主要污损生物的季节变化及对贝生长的影响

在不同的季节,对企鹅珍珠贝[ Pteria penguin (R(o)ding)]污损生物的种类、感染率、感染部位及对企鹅珍珠贝生长情况的影响进行了统计分析.结果发现:①贝体上污损生物的种类和附着量均有明显的季节性变化,夏、秋两季的污损生物种类和生物量明显高于春、冬两季(其中夏季最高).夏、秋两季污损生物的优势种群均有...     

海葵的附着机理及其在网衣上的防除

海葵是东海区主要污损生物之一。本文首先阐述了海葵对海上设施的危害,然后从海葵的生物结构、所需的生活环境等方面分析了海葵的黏附机理,以及影响海葵附着的诸多因素,为防止海葵附着提供了生物学依据。重点介绍了有关防止海葵污损的挂海试验、环保型试验方法及试验效果。     

测试海洋污损生物附着强度的动态模拟试验装置

设计了一种测试海洋污损生物附着强度的动态模拟试验装置,该装置采用试样不动而海水流动的方式,模拟了航行中船舶的实际工况,可以方便地测试防污涂层表面污损生物的附着情况,为进一步测试防污材料的表面性能提供了依据。试验证明,该装置性能稳定,能满足测试的要求。     

Rate of intracellular diffusion as measured in barnacle muscle

The rate of intracellular diffusion of water, urea, and glycerol was measured in the giant barnacle Balanus nubilus. The calculated diffusion coefficients were not different from those values reported for dilute solutions.     

Petroleum lumps on the surface of the sea

Lumps of crude oil residue floating the sea surface have been observed widely. Samples were taken with surface-skimming nets in the Mediter-ranean Sea and eastern North Atlantic Ocean; their displacement volumes were as large as 0.5 milliliter per square meter. An isopod, Idotea metallica, appears to be associated with the lumps, and a barnacle, Lepas pectinata, grows upon them. Lumps were found in stomachs of Scomberesox saurus, a surface-feeding fish importanit in ocean food webs. Films on the lumps, presumably consisting mostly of bacteria, consumed oxygen at the rate of 4 cubic millimeters per hour per square centimeter of lump surface. Chemical analysis suggested that certain lumps had been at large for only a few weeks; data from barnacle size and growth rate suggested that other lumps were at least 2 months old.     

Juvenile hormone mimics: effect on cirriped crustacean metamorphosis

A synthetic juvenile hormone mimic has been shown to cause premature metamorphosis of the cyprid larva of an acorn barnacle in concentrations as low as 10 parts per billion in filtered seawater. The effect of a juvenile hormone mimic on a crustacean has not previously been demonstrated.     

Deuterium oxide: inhibition of calcium release in muscle

Calcium release, measured as luminescence of the protein aequorin, was measured simultaneously with membrane potential and isometric tension in single muscle fibers of the barnacle (Balanus nubilus). Deuterium oxide inhibited calcium release and isometric tension but did not affect membrane potential, a result consistent with the postulate that deuterium oxide inhibits the coupling between excitation and contraction.     

Current-voltage relations during illumination: photoreceptor membrane of a barnacle

In voltage clamped photoreceptor cells of the barnacle, light-induced membrane current varied nonlinearly with membrane potential and changed sign at about + 27 millivolts (reversal potential) independently of light intensity. Instantaneous current-voltage relations were linear and intersected the voltage axis at the reversal potential. Illumination increased membrane conductance that was dependent on membrane potential, light intensity, and time.     

Fish in offshore kelp forests affect recruitment to intertidal barnacle populations

Kelp forests along the coast of central California harbor juvenile rockfish that prey on the larvae of invertebrates from the rocky intertidal zone. This predation reduces recruitment to barnacle populations to 1/50 of the level in the absence of fish. The dynamics of the intertidal community are thus strongly coupled to the dynamics of the offshore kelp community.     

Heart activity and high-pressure circulation in cirripedia

Pulsating hemolymph pressures of remarkable magnitude for invertebrates are prevalent in the Pacific gooseneck barnacle. Mean pressures of 250 centimeters of water are common with pulse pressures up to 70 centimeters of water. The pulsations are distinctly rhythmical and the pulsation rate is highly temperature-dependent. The results strongly suggest that in cirripeds hemolymph is circulated by muscular contractions of a functional heart.     

Photoreception in a barnacle: electrophysiology of the shadow reflex pathway in Balanus cariosus

The photoreceptors in the median ocellus of the rock barnacle depolarize when illuminated. This depolarization spreads passively to the axon terminals in the supraesophageal ganglion. A small number of cells in the supraesophageal ganglion hyperpolarize when the median ocellus is illuminated and depolarize when it is shadowed. Nerve impulses are superimposed on the slow depolarization of the ganglion cells. Impulse activity in response to shadowing the median ocellus is recorded in a few fibers of the circumesophageal connectives. Picrotoxin blocks this shadow-induced activity. A model of the shadow reflex pathway is presented.     

Giant Muscle Fibers in a Barnacle, Balanus nubilus Darwin

Cross-striated muscle fibers of very large size have been found in the scutal-tergal adductor and depressor muscles of the large barnacle B. nubilus. Adductor muscle fibers are up to 2 mm thick. They are innervated by separate nerves, each supplying one end, but not the central region, with terminals; each fiber receives two or three excitor axons. Depressor muscle fibers are up to 1.4 mm thick and receive multiterminal innervation along their entire length; they are innervated by two excitor axons. Postsynaptic potentials are of small or large size and lead to small or large twitches; they do not show facilitation. The muscle fibers shorten to as little as one-sixth resting length.     

Tetrodotoxin and manganese ion: effects on action potential of the frog heart

Tetrodotoxin, which effectively suppresses the permeability of various tissues to sodium ions, has no effect on the calcium action potential of the fiber of barnacle muscle, which potential is produced by increase in permeability to calcium ions. Manganese ions, however, suppress the action potential. When applied to fiber of frog cardiac ventricle, tetrodotoxin suppresses the rate of rise of the action potential without affecting the overshoot; the suppressive effect of manganese ion is mainly on the overshoot of the action potential. This suggests that, in the action potential of the car-diac ventricle of the frog, the platealu phase is related primarily to the increase in permeability of the membrane to calcium ions.