梅花鹿生态学研究进展

对我国梅花鹿从其种群生态、栖息地、食性、活动习性等生态学研究进行了概述,指出目前国内学者对梅花鹿生态学的研究主要集中在栖息地的研究,并且阐明栖息地的减少与恶化是梅花鹿的种群濒危的主要原因之一。如何提高梅花鹿种群的密度与数量是今后梅花鹿研究的主要方向。     

Impact of bark stripping by sika deer, Cervus nippon, on subalpine coniferous forests in central Japan

We investigated the effect of bark stripping by sika deer, Cervus nippon, on forest regeneration in subalpine coniferous forests on Mt. Ohdaigahara and in the Ohmine Mountains of central Japan. Bark stripping by sika deer occurred in five major tree species: Abies homolepis; Abies Veitchii; Tsuga diversifolia; Picea jezoensis var. hondoensis; and Chamaecyparis obtusa. The percentage of damaged trees on Mt. Ohdaigahara was higher than in the Ohmine Mountains, probably because of the higher deer density. On Mt. Ohdaigahara, the DBH distributions of stems for P. jezoensis var. hondoensis, A. homolepis, T. diversifolia andC. obtusa were bell-shaped with fewer smaller and larger trees. On the other hand, in the Ohmine Mountains the distributions for P. jezoensis var. hondoensis and A. Veitchii showed a reverse-J shaped with more smaller trees. Larger overstory conifers on Mt. Ohdaigahara were killed by bark stripping when 100% barked, although in the Ohmine Mountains ca. 50% of the trees survived even when 100% barked. After the disappearance of the overstory conifers on Mt. Ohdaigahara, the dwarf bamboo, Sasa nipponica, expanded into the forest floor due to changes in light reaching the forest floor. Since S. nipponica is the main forage of deer in this area, this increase caused a corresponding increase in the deer population, which in turn, could cause a further decline in the coniferous forests.     

Development of height curves for Japanese larch in relation to GIS-derived site index

The objectives of this study were: (1) to relate the height growth pattern to the GIS-derived site index, (2) to construct various types of polymorphic height curves, and (3) to select the most accurate height curve for Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi). A total of 14 dominant trees were felled for stem analysis. Richards' function was first fitted to the height/age dataset recorded from stem analyses of 14 trees, and its parameters (i.e., A, k, and m) were then estimated for each sample tree. The relationship between parameter A and the GIS-derived site index was significant, while that of parameters k and m were not significant. The 12 height curve equation forms developed from the Richards' function were then fitted to the dataset consisting of 563 observations of height, age, and GIS-derived site index derived from 14 trees. All height curves were unbiased and provided an equally good fit. The shape of the height curves differed among sites of different site indices. These results indicated that Richards' function was sufficiently flexible to represent the polymorphic height growth pattern of Japanese larch. Finally, the best-fit height curve was selected so that accurate height growth predictions would be possible at any given age and site.     

运用Cytb 和12s rRNA 基因鉴别梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)和马鹿(Cervus elaphus)的研究

本研究介绍了运用细胞色素b基因和12s核糖体RNA基因部分序列的系统学和核甘酸距离分析来鉴别降解的梅花鹿和马鹿样品。采用PCR和直接测序技术获得了8份嫌疑样品402bp细胞色素b基因序列,并与来自GenBank数据库27份同源的细胞色素b基因序列进行比对。3份嫌疑样品与梅花鹿的核甘酸距离值相同(0.026±0.006),小于梅花鹿与东部马鹿间最小的核甘酸距离值(0.036)。并且梅花鹿和马鹿的系统学分析表明这些样品与梅花鹿聚为一枝,因此可以推测它们来源于梅花鹿。同样的方法得出另3份嫌疑样品来源于马鹿。该结果被387bp12s核糖体RNA基因序列的系统学和核甘酸距离分析进一步证实。该方法是有效的,花费的时间少,能帮助减少同类野生动物案件的发生。图2表1参13。     

日本落叶松冠层光合生理参数的空间异质性研究

目的]比较日本落叶松不同冠层和方位光合生理参数的差异,探讨冠层及方位变化对光合生理参数的影响,为构建冠层生产力模型及估算冠层生产力提供理论参考。[方法]以7年生和19年生日本落叶松单木为研究对象,将树冠分为上、中、下3层,东、西、南、北4个方位,测定冠层每一部位的光响应曲线、CO_2响应曲线和光合色素含量,并分析不同冠层及方位的光合生理特性。[结果]表明:垂直方向上,2种林龄样木冠层对大多数光合生理参数影响显著;最大净光合速率(A_(max))、光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸速率(R_d)随冠层的升高而增大;最大羧化速率(V_(max))、最大电子传递速率(J_(max))、磷酸丙糖利用率(TPU)和羧化效率(CE)均为下冠层最小,而CO_2补偿点(CCP)均为冠层下部最大;不同冠层针叶光合色素含量差异显著,且叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)和类胡萝卜素(Car)均随冠层的升高而降低。水平方向上,方位对2种林龄树木光合生理参数均影响不显著,南向和东向光合参数均值分别反映了7年生和19年生样木全冠层的光合特性。光合生理参数在林龄间无显著差异。[结论]日本落叶松冠层光合生理参数具有空间异质性,冠层对树木多数光合生理参数的影响显著,而方位和林龄对以上参数影响不显著。     

Stand structure and composition of a 60-year-old larch (Larix kaempferi) plantation with retained hardwoods

Tree retention is understood as a key practice in creating complexity, leading to heterogeneity in resources and habitats in managed stands. In this article, we clarify the long-term effects of tree retention on stand structure and tree-species composition in a 60-year-old Larix kaempferi plantation in central Japan. In our study plot (1.5 ha) there were 18 stems/ha of retained trees (determined by tree-ring analysis), mostly Quercus crispula. We conducted spatial analyses and tested the hypothesis that tree abundance, size structure, and species composition and diversity change with distance from the retained trees. Near the retained trees, L. kaempferi showed a reduction of 40%–60% in basal area, due presumably to the shading effect. In contrast, the nearby area showed greater species diversity in the canopy layer. The retained trees created patches of different species composition in the understory. The spatial gradient of shade and colonization opportunity provided by retained trees greatly affect the distribution of the colonized species, according to their shade tolerance and seed-dispersal ability, which resulted in the stand structure with a heterogeneous shrub-layer vegetation. Retention proved particularly important for the enhancement and long-term maintenance of structural and compositional complexity in L. kaempferi plantations.     

Use of GIS-derived environmental factors in predicting site indices in Japanese larch plantations in Hokkaido

The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the effects of environmental factors derived from GIS on tree-height growth of Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) and (2) to develop a best-fit regression model for its site index. Based on data from 40 sample plots situated in an even-aged (38 years), pure, and undamaged Japanese larch stand, multiple regression models for a site index of Japanese larch were constructed using environmental factors as independent variables. The average slope gradient, effective relief, distance from ridge, flow accumulation, degree of exposure, shading, solar radiation index, and gravitational water index were used as environmental factors and calculated on GIS using digital elevation model data. These factors were related to the Japanese larch site index through multiple-regression analysis. The result showed that the most effective factor for estimating site index was the degree of exposure. Through a backward stepwise procedure, the degree of exposure, shading, and average slope gradient were selected for a best-fit regression model. This model explained 72% of the variance in site index, with standard error estimates of 1.75 m. This strong relationship suggests that GIS-derived environmental factors can be used to predict site indices of Japanese larch. This study was supported by the experimental forest of Kyushu University.     

Development of a method for forest cafeteria tests for evaluating chemical deterrents against bark stripping by sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis)

Damage caused by sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) is a serious problem in commercial and environmental (non-harvested) forests in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Cafeteria tests in forests may be useful for evaluating the efficacy of chemical deterrents against bark stripping by deer. To develop a method for forest cafeteria tests in the continuous snow cover period, two experiments were carried out. In the experiments, logs were produced from tree trunks, and used as carriers of chemical deterrents. Carriers were installed in forests and fed to deer. The first experiment was to find suitable sites and installation methods for carriers. Criteria for the local suitability and the installation methods were as follows: a) Sites where deer are active should be selected; b) Carriers should be installed along actively used deer trails; c) Installation sites of carriers should be changed in response to deer movement; d) Carriers should be produced from tree species that deer naturally prefer; and e) Each carrier should be partially buried in the snow. The second experiment evaluated the feasibility of a cafeteria test method based on the results of the first experiment. The method was used for 13 sets of the cafeteria test, in which the deterrent effectiveness of 5 chemicals (wood tar, rosin, wood vinegar, and 2 pyroligneous liquors) was examined. We obtained results from all the sets. The chemicals tested did not deter bark stripping by deer. Nevertheless, the method used in the present study was practical for the cafeteria tests.     

日本落叶松种子萌发过程中18个miRNAs的表达变化

运用qRT-PCR技术,检测日本落叶松种子萌发过程中的5个阶段——干种子 (萌发培养0 d)、吸胀(1 d)、萌动(5 d)、胚根外露(9 d)和子叶展开(28 d),miR156、miR159和miR160等18个miRNAs在其种胚内的表达模式,并对其目标基因进行生物信息学分析,探讨miRNA在针叶林木种子萌发过程中的基因表达模式。结果表明:(1)从整个萌发过程分析,18个miRNAs的表达水平皆以干种子阶段最高,吸胀和萌动阶段迅速下降;干种子阶段的表达水平分别是吸胀、萌动、胚根外露和子叶展开阶段的4.8 43.5、17.2 1 000.0、45.5 1 000.0、62.5 1 862.2倍。(2)从各个阶段分析,miR894的表达水平在5个阶段均最高,miR408均最低;其余16个miRNAs在5个阶段内的表达水平各有变化,综合排序结果从高到低依次为:miR951、miR950、miR156、miR159、miR396、miR398、miR390、miR160、miR947、miR165、miR319、miR162、miR171、miR397、miR395和miR172。(3)miRNA目标基因预测结果显示:目标基因主要是ATP/DNA结合蛋白、ARF等转录因子、质膜和核糖体等细胞组分及MAP等激酶活性蛋白等蛋白编码基因。(4)miR160对其目标基因JR160237 具有切割作用,切割位点发生在miR160与目标基因互补结合位点第10与11位碱基之间。JR160237在种子吸胀阶段表达水平迅速升高,在萌动、胚根外露和成苗阶段有所回落。     

辽东山区日本落叶松生物量相容性模型的研究

基于60株辽东山区日本落叶松样木生物量的实测数据,分析不同林龄条件下立木各部分生物量的变化情况,并应用度量误差方法建立立木相容性生物量模型。结果表明:树叶、树枝、树皮生物量占总生物量的比值随林龄增长呈下降趋势,干材占总生物量的比值随林龄增长呈上升趋势。在筛选出总生物量与各分量最优独立模型的基础上,应用三级控制的方法建立生物量相容性模型,并采用加权回归方法消除总量和各分量模型的异方差。建立的总量、地上部分、树干、干材、树皮生物量模型,其R2均大于0.9;树根、树冠、树叶和树枝生物量的R2略低,介于0.7 0.9之间。通过独立样本对模型的相容性和预测精度进行检验,各分量预测值所占总生物量的百分比之和为1,模型完全相容;根、冠、叶和枝的模型预测精度略低于90%,其他部位模型的预测精度都在95%以上,模型的预测精度较高。     

甘肃小陇山日本落叶松人工林不同发育阶段土壤理化性质的变化

采用时序研究法对甘肃小陇山林区日本落叶松人工林不同发育阶段(6、15、23、35 a)的土壤物理性质、化学性质进行多因子综合比较,利用主成分分析的方法,以主成分特征贡献率为权重,计算土壤肥力综合指标值,分析土壤性质的演变规律。结果表明:日本落叶松人工林发育至近熟林阶段,土壤物理性质变差,表现为土壤密度最大1.62g·cm-3,毛管孔隙度和最大持水量降至最低,分别为29.69%、24.45%,并且土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾、镁、钙含量也明显降低;而到成熟林阶段,土壤理化性质有显著改善,土壤密度降低为1.21 g·cm-3、毛管孔隙度和最大持水量恢复至45.56%、42.65%,土壤养分含量也有了很大的提高,甚至超过了中龄林阶段的水平;同时幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林和成熟林土壤性质综合得分分别为-0.329、0.188、-0.565、0.739,也表明近熟林土壤性质最差,成熟林土壤性质最好。     

Effects of 13-year fencing on browsing by sika deer on seedlings on Mt. Ohdaigahara, central Japan

We examined the effects of fencing on deer browsing on seedlings 13 years after the building the experimental fence on Mt. Ohdaigahara, central Japan, where the sika deer (Cervus nippon) population is high. There was no difference in the species number of seedlings between 1991 and 2004. The density of seedlings in the fenced plot in 2004 was three times higher than in 1991. Although the unfenced plots had no seedlings higher than 20 cm, there were seedlings up to 120 cm in the fenced plot. These results suggest that 13-year fencing promoted regeneration of seedlings in this area.     

甘肃小陇山林区日本落叶松人工林单株生物量的研究

柯甘肃小陇山林区不同年龄的日本落叶松人工林单木各器官生物量进行了测定,并运用回归分析和模型选优的方法建立了日本落叶松人工林单株生物量估测数学模型.结果表明:日本落叶松幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林单株的平均总生物量分别为3.617、29.846、123.954、177.482 kg,各林龄段干、根、枝、皮、叶各器官生物...     

日本落叶松体细胞胚胎发生相关基因LaSERK1的克隆与表达分析

本研究克隆了日本落叶松体细胞胚胎发生相关受体类蛋白激酶基因 LaSERK1,并检测了在不同培养条件下LaSERK1的表达情况,发现LaSERK1与已发现的其他物种SERK1 基因有高度相似性,qRT-PCR结果显示： LaSERK1在体胚发生早期高表达。结果表明：LaSERK1可能在落叶松体胚发育早期起重要作用,LaSERK1 也可能成为早期胚性细胞的标记基因。     

日本落叶松纤维素合酶基因片段的克隆及单核苷酸多态性分析

[目的]纤维素合酶(cellulose synthase,CesA)在植物纤维素合成途径中发挥主要调节作用,是控制木材纤维品质和产量的重要基因.从日本落叶松中分离克隆与纤维素合成相关的LkCesA基因,并对其进行核苷酸多样性以及连锁不平衡分析,为在日本落叶松中开展基于LkCesA基因的连锁不平衡作图及其辅助日本落叶松木材纤维性状的分子育种提供理论依据.[方法]依据日本落叶松转录组数据库检测到的纤维素合酶(CesA)基因ESTs序列设计引物,从日本落叶松中分离获得LkCesA基因片段.在此基础上,利用DnaSP5.0软件对日本落叶松40株基因型个体的LkCesA序列进行核苷酸多样性和连锁不平衡分析.[结果]从日本落叶松中成功克隆了CesA基因片段:该片段长1 209 bp,包含部分开放阅读框,长度为1 053 bp,可编码350个氨基酸,所推导的蛋白质氨基酸序列与火炬松Pt-CesA2的蛋白质氨基酸序列同源性为95.4％.在日本落叶松40株基因型个体的LkCesA序列中共检测到83个SNP位点,SNP发生频率为1/21 bp,多样性指数πT为0.006 05.在这些SNPs中,69个属于转换,14个属于颠换,其中19个为常见SNPs,64个为罕见SNPs.在外显子区域,共检测到54个SNP位点,其中34个为错义突变,20个为同义突变.进一步的连锁不平衡分析显示,随着核苷酸序列长度的增加,SNP连锁不平衡程度逐渐减弱.[结论]克隆到的LkCesA为植物CesA基因家族中的一员.LkCesA基因的连锁不平衡在基因内部就已衰退,说明选择该基因作为候选基因,在日本落叶松中开展连锁不平衡作图用于指导日本落叶松的定向培育及木材品质改良是可行的.此外,在LkCesA基因中检测到多个常见SNP位点,为进一步开展该基因的连锁不平衡作图提供了材料.     

日本落叶松小RNA文库构建及其microRNA鉴定

以2年生日本落叶松实生苗为材料构建其小RNA文库,对283个克隆进行PCR验证后测序,通过生物信息学分析鉴定文库中的microRNA并进行qRT-PCR验证。结果表明:(1)小RNA文库的体积为50 mL,总库容量为5.25×106cfu,重组率为92.6%,插入片段长度约65 bp,与小RNA连接片段长度吻合。(2)去除rRNA(86个)、tRNA(14个)等非目的序列后,获得日本落叶松28个保守miRNAs,属于17个miRNA家族;其中,15个miRNAs(miR159c、miR160a、miR162a、miR164b、miR165a、miR166a、miR166a*、miR166b*、miR169a、miR169b、miR171a、miR171b、miR172a、miR319b、miR396a)的序列与其它植物完全一致,其余13个miRNAs(miR156a、miR159a、miR159b、miR164a、miR166b、miR168a、miR169b*、miR319a、miR396b、miR408、miR482a、miR2111、miR3701)则高度相似。(3)测序结果与本室落叶松转录组数据进行序列比对,新发现4个miRNAs(lle-miR1、lle-miR2、lle-miR3、lle-miR4)及其前体。(4)qRT-PCR验证表明,miR159a、miR159b等16个保守的和lle-miR1 lle-miR4等共20个miRNAs存在于日本落叶松中。(5)通过靶基因预测及UniProt数据库分析发现,32个miRNAs中有24个对应69个靶基因,其功能主要为转录因子、信号转导、胁迫抗性和代谢相关酶及未知功能蛋白。     

Comparative analysis of diterpene composition in the bark of the hybrid larch F<Subscript>1</Subscript>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Larix gmelinii</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">japonica × L. kaempferi</Emphasis> and their parent trees

The diterpene compositions in the bark of branches were investigated for two families of the F₁ hybrid, Kurile larch (Larix gmelinii var. japonica Pilg.) × Japanese larch [Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carr.] (hereafter F₁) and their parents clones. 13-Epimanool, larixol, larixyl acetate, 13-epitorulosyl acetate (not detected in L. gmelinii var. japonica), isopimaric acid, abietic acid, dehydroabietic acid, and neoabietic acid were detected. Larixol and abietic acid represented more than 50% of the diterpene content in L. gmelinii var. japonica and L. kaempferi, respectively. Larixol and abietic acid were the predominant diterpene components in the F₁, and the proportions of these diterpenes were between those of the parental species. Therefore, the diterpene compositions in the F₁ were hereditarily infl uenced by their parents. The ratios of labdane, pimarane, and abietane diterpenes suggested that the main diterpene biosynthesis pathway in L. gmelinii var. japonica was from copalyl diphosphate (CDP) to labdane-type diterpenes, and that in L. kaempferi was from CDP to abietane-type diterpenes via pimarane type. Furthermore, linear discriminant analysis suggested that the diterpene contents are effective indices for the discrimination of the hybrid seedlings. Part of this article was presented at the Annual Meetings of the Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry in Kyoto, March 2006, and in Tokyo, March 2007     

Tree Regeneration and Sapling Damage of Pedunculate Oak Quercus robur in a Grazed Forest in Galicia, NW Spain: A Comparison of Continuous and Rotational Grazing Systems

Forest grazing has been recognised as being a useful tool in fire-risk reduction, in addition to having the potential to preserve or enhance forest biodiversity if managed correctly. Concern for natural regeneration of forest trees in Europe has also prompted interest in the effects of large herbivores on seedling and sapling growth and mortality. An investigation was carried out into sapling damage and density of natural regeneration of oak (Quercus robur) in a mature, pony-grazed, Pinus radiata forest in Galicia, NW Spain under two different grazing regimes (continuous and rotational). In all treatments significantly more oak seedlings and saplings were recorded in areas of grass sward than areas dominated by taller ground flora species. Damage to oak saplings was assessed from the form (height and canopy) relative to stem diameter. The height and average canopy diameter of similar-aged saplings were found to be significantly greater in ungrazed (control) than both continuous and rotationally grazed treatments. Height and canopy diameters of similar-aged oak were not significantly different between the two grazing treatments. Significant differences were observed in tree form, with unbrowsed saplings having the greatest height to canopy width ratio and those in the continuously browsed plots having the smallest. An obvious decrease in the goodness of fit (R²) of regression analyses were found in continuously grazed areas compared to rotational and control plots for both height and canopy data. The differences in damage observed were not significantly different enough to suggest one method of grazing over the other as being better for minimising sapling damage. Management requirements are more likely to dictate grazing regime. Overall, stock density is likely to have a more significant effect on damage than stocking system.     

Resistance of larches to bark stripping by sika deer in Hokkaido,northern Japan

Resistance of the Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) (Lk), the Kurile larch (L. gmelinii var. japonica) (Lg), and their F₁ hybrid (Lg × Lk) to bark stripping by sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) were studied in a forest in Hokkaido by cafeteria tests. Several sets of logs prepared from Lk, Lg, and Lg × Lk were fed to the deer. The stripped areas of logs significantly differed between the Lk/Lg set and the Lk/Lg × Lk set (P 0.05). The resistances of Lg and Lg × Lk to bark stripping was stronger than Lk. This result was similar to those of previous studies on gray-sided voles and mountain hares in Hokkaido.