苏醒灵4号对兔心血管与呼吸系统的影响

苏醒灵４号是新型的动物麻醉拮抗剂。利用动脉插管技术探讨了该药对清醒兔和眠乃宁麻醉兔心血管和呼吸系统的影响，结果表明，苏醒灵４号对清醒兔心血管和呼吸系统无明显的影响，但能迅速拮抗眠乃宁对兔心血管和呼吸系统的抑制作用，表现为给药后１ｍｉｎＨＲ、ＳＰ、ＤＰ、ＭＡＰ和ＲＲ明显回升，３ｍｉｎ时ＳＰ、ＤＰ、ＭＡＰ和ＲＲ值达正常水平（Ｐ〉０．０５），而ＨＲ在３０ｍｉｎ时恢复至正常水平。眠乃宁对心电有明显的影响，Ｑ－Ｔ、Ｐ－Ｒ和ＱＲＳ间隙延长，给予苏醒灵４号后ｍｉｎ时开始回升，９０ｍｉｎ恢复至正常水平。     

二甲苯胺噻唑神经药理作用的研究

本实验对二甲苯胺噻唑(静松灵)的镇静、镇痛、肌松、安定和抗惊厥等中枢抑制作用进行了较为系统的研究;观察了该药对大鼠自发性脑电变化的影响;对该药的作用机理作了初步探讨。结果:(1)二甲苯胺噻唑具有良好的镇静、镇痛和松肌作用,较大剂量有一定的安定作用,但安全性差;(2)对戍四氮、士的宁和苦味毒所致惊厥反应无对抗作用;(3)对神经于神经冲动的传导具有阻断效应,(4)可诱导大鼠脑电出现高幅慢波,惊醒反应消失,妥拉苏林和育亨宾对此有拮抗作用;(5)妥拉苏林和育亨宾对二甲苯胺噻唑制动大有催醒作用,且可缓解该药的中毒反应。结果提示,中枢性α_2—肾上腺素能受体参与了二甲苯胺噻唑中枢抑制作用的产生过程。     

苏醒灵4号对速眠新麻醉犬的催醒作用

苏醒灵４号对速眠新麻醉犬的催醒作用梁德勇，阎章年，吴永奎（长春农牧大学军事兽医研究所长春，１３００６２）１前言苏醒灵４号是我所最新研制的动物麻醉拮抗剂，对眠乃宁、二甲苯胺噻唑都有理想的拮抗作用（１）。该药对速眠新（８４６麻醉合剂）的拮抗效果如何尚不清...     

苏醒灵4号对眠乃宁麻醉鹿临床催醒效果评价

苏醒灵4号是新近研制的特异性拮抗剂,能迅速翻转眠乃宁的中枢抑制作用,使麻醉动物的生理功能迅速恢复,临床上广泛用于眠乃宁麻醉动物的催醒[1].     

苏醒灵4号、苯恶唑和妥拉苏林对二甲苯胺噻唑麻醉犬催醒作用的研究

麻醉拮抗剂的研究是麻醉技术完善和发展的重要内容,并对麻醉剂作用机制的认识和麻醉药物的发展也具有重要意义.二甲苯胺噻唑(商品名:静松灵)是国内常用的动物麻醉剂.据报道,妥拉苏林等对二甲苯胺噻唑麻醉的犬和绵羊有明显的催醒作用.苯恶唑是高效α_2受体拮抗剂,国外有人报告该药对二甲苯胺噻唑的同类药物Xylazine有明显的拮抗作用.苏醒灵4号是本所新近研制的动物麻醉拮抗剂.本研究比较了上述三种药物     

盐酸氯丙嗪在畜禽生产中的应用

盐酸氯两嗪(Chlorpromazini Hydrochloridum),又名冬眠灵,是白色或微乳白色结晶性粉末,味极苦,有微臭,易溶于水和乙醇,其制剂有片剂和水剂两种。 盐酸氯丙嗪的作用主要是抑制大脑边缘系统和脑干网状结构向大脑皮层传递的苏醒冲动,使家畜对外界刺激的反应降低;盐酸氯丙嗪对丘脑、中脑及延脑也有抑制作用,能使丘脑下部的体温调节中枢     

保定宁的神经药理作用研究

本文对我校军事兽医研究所研制的马属动物全身麻醉药——保定宁的神经药理作用作了研究。试验表明,保定宁(5mg/kg和10mg/kg)对小白鼠自发活动有明显的镇静作用,对电刺激小白鼠所致攻击行为有安定作用,其安定剂量仅为静松灵的1/5～1/10;对用热板法和醋酸法致痛的小白鼠有明显的镇痛作用。保定宁(15mg/kg)还能减少戊四氮,士的宁、苦味毒所致惊厥小鼠的死亡数。这些作用均优于静松灵。保定宁有明显的肌松作用,作用部位在中枢。此作用通过以下几个实验被证实:(1)对雏鸡可产生松弛型麻痹,但这一作用不能为新斯的明所对抗;(2)保定宁对家兔最小垂头量为13.58mg/kg,该量为箭毒最小垂头量(0.37mg/kg)的36倍;(3)对电刺激大自鼠膈神经—膈肌的传递有抑制作用,这一作用仍不能为新斯的明所对抗;(4)对在位兔的胫总神经—胫前肌传递具有部分抑制作用,局部给药时,则出现完全阻滞现象;(5)对在位兔坐骨神经—腓总神经动作电位和坐骨神经—腓肠肌动作电位均有影响,其肌肉动作电位是随着神经动作电位的减小而降低,振幅均由20mv降至10mv,从而证明保定宁对整体动物的神经干传导有部分阻滞作用。但在本试验中,发现保定宁对蟾蜍坐骨神经—缝匠肌终板电位有非常明显的抑制作用,使终板电位的振幅由20mv降至18mv、10mv,直至最后完全     

眠乃宁麻醉马鹿效果分析

眠乃宁是二甲苯胺噻嗪（Ｘｙｌａｚｉｎｅ）和盐酸二氢埃托啡（ＤＨＥ）经优选配比组成的复合麻醉剂，具有强烈的中枢镇静、镇痛和肌松作用，并配有特异的颉顽剂（苏醒灵３号、苏醒灵４号）。笔者于１９９７年２月，在玛纳斯县某鹿场，对７６头天山马鹿、东北马鹿和杂交马...     

甲硝唑在乳牛临床上的应用

甲硝唑(Metronidazole)又称甲硝基羟乙唑,甲硝哒唑,灭滴灵。该药作为人医口服抗滴虫药于二十世纪五十年代末用于临床,后又发现对阿米巴病和兰氏贾第鞭毛虫病有良好效果。1962年发现该药有抗厌氧菌作用未引起人们注意,直至近几年来才引起重视,据实验室与临床试验报导,该药对各种厌氧菌感染有良好防治效果。不引起耐药菌株、不引起菌群失调与二重感染与常规抗生素合用无拮抗作用,广泛应用于阑尾坏死,穿孔;结肠、子宫切除;剖腹产等手术前后用本品栓剂或片剂,能有效的预防感染发生,对腹腔感染及由此引起的败血症、脓毒血症、厌气性坏疽、厌氧菌…     

氯胺酮与静松灵对雏鸡的麻醉

氯胺酮是一种作用快速的非巴比妥类麻醉药,对大脑中枢的丘脑-新皮质系统产生抑制,镇痛作用较强,但受惊扰仍能醒觉并表现有意识反应[1],苏醒过程不平稳,动物常出现一些兴奋现象[2].静松灵(2,4-二甲苯胺噻唑)为α-2受体激动剂,有安定、镇痛和中枢性肌肉松弛作用[3].     

Advantages and guidelines for using epidural drugs for analgesia.

The administration of drugs by the epidural route is a safe and effective method for providing analgesia before, during, and after a surgical procedure. Local anesthetics administered by this route block nociceptive input as well as providing excellent muscle relaxation for surgery. The use of local anesthetics may be associated with short-term motor dysfunction and hypotension as a result of sympathetic blockade. Morphine given by the epidural route also provides effective analgesia and has the advantages of giving more prolonged analgesia with no effect on either motor or sympathetic pathways.     

An investigation into the practices of dairy producers and veterinarians in dehorning dairy calves in Ontario

The objective of this survey was to describe the current state of dehorning practices by dairy producers and veterinarians in Ontario and to identify opportunities to improve on existing practices. Two hundred and seven producers and 65 veterinarians completed a survey on dehorning practices during the summer of 2004. Seventy-eight percent of dairy producers dehorn their own calves; 22% use local anesthetics. Veterinarians dehorn calves for 31% of dairy clients; 92% use local anesthetics. Pain management was the most common reason for use of local anesthetics for both groups, while time (veterinarians) and time and cost (producers) were the most common reasons for lack of use. Producers who used local anesthetics were 6.5 times more likely to have veterinary involvement in their dehorning decisions. Thirteen percent of producers were unaware of the options for pain management. These results suggest that veterinarians should take the initiative to educate their clients about the options for pain management.     

Local and regional anesthesia.

Local anesthetics have the unique ability to produce complete blockade of sensory nerve fibers and prevent or pre-empt the development of secondary (central) sensitization to pain. For this reason, local and regional anesthetic techniques are often used with opioids, alpha 2-receptor agonists, dissociatives, and anti-inflammatory drugs as part of a multimodal strategy to manage pain. Lidocaine and bupivacaine are the local anesthetics used most commonly in dogs and cats. Lidocaine has a fast onset (10-15 min) and an intermediate duration of action (60-120 min), and is used for short diagnostic and surgical procedures. Bupivacaine has a slow onset (20-30 min) and a long duration of action (240-360 min), and is used to control pain both preoperatively and postoperatively. Local anesthetics are relatively safe if they are administered correctly. Administration of an excessive dose and accidental intravenous administration are probably the most common causes of systemic toxicity in small animals. Doses of local anesthetics, especially those for cats and small dogs, should always be calculated carefully. In many animals, the most simple and elegant way to control pain perioperatively is to perform a local or regional anesthetic block. Veterinarians should not hesitate to incorporate local and regional anesthetic techniques into their pain management strategies for dogs and cats.     

The pharmacology of local anesthetics.

Understanding of the pharmacology of local anesthesia is important for selection of a local anesthetic for use in equine standing surgery. In general, the action potential is inhibited by local anesthetics by preventing the influx of sodium ions across the axonal membrane. The physicochemical properties of each local anesthetic determine the onset of action, potency, and duration of action. Procaine, chlorprocaine, lidocaine, and mepivacaine are the local anesthetics still used clinically in horses; lidocaine is the most widely used. The future of equine local anesthesia may see the introduction of longer acting, more potent drugs currently used clinically in humans and dogs as well as drugs not classified as local anesthetics--alpha-2 agonists and opioids--for use in epidural anesthesia.     

An influx of macrophages is the predominant local immune response in ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma

Infection with a retrovirus, Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), causes ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA). The excess production of surfactant proteins by alveolar tumour cells results in increased production of pulmonary fluid, which is characteristically expelled through the nostrils of affected sheep. The immune response to JSRV and the tumour is poorly understood: no JSRV-specific circulating antibodies or T cells have been detected to date. The aim of the present study was to obtain phenotypic evidence for a local immune response in OPA lungs. Specific-pathogen free lambs were infected intratracheally with JSRV. When clinical signs of OPA were apparent, the lungs were removed at necropsy and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on lung sections using a panel of mouse anti-sheep mAbs. No influx of dendritic cells, B cells, CD4, CD8 or gammadelta T cells was seen in the neoplastic nodules or in their periphery. MHC Class II-positive cells were found intratumourally, peritumourally and in the surrounding alveolar lumina. In the tumours, many of these cells were shown to be fibroblasts and the remainder were likely to be mature macrophages. In the alveolar lumen, the MHC Class II-positive cells were CD14-positive and expressed high levels of IFN-gamma. They appeared to be immature monocytes or macrophages which then differentiated to become CD14-negative as they reached the periphery of the tumours. A high level of MHC Class I expression was detected on a range of cells in the OPA lungs but the tumour nodules themselves contained no MHC Class I-positive cells. On the basis of these findings, it is proposed that the lack of an effective immune response in OPA could result from a mechanism of peripheral tolerance in which the activity of the invading macrophages is suppressed by the local environment, possibly as a consequence of the inhibitory properties of the surfactant proteins.     

局部静脉灌注技术在野生动物疾病治疗中的应用

局部静脉灌注最早用于局部灌注麻醉药物进行一些简单的局部外科手术,随后作为一种治疗骨关节感染的技术,近年逐渐应用于野生动物蹄部感染疾病的治疗中。该文对昆明动物园饲养的1只川金丝猴脚部感染的治疗过程进行分析总结,展望局部静脉灌注抗生素在野生动物外伤感染中的应用前景,也为野生动物的关节、骨髓以及局部组织感染类疾病提供新的治疗思路。     

Regional anesthesia

Organ toxicity from local anesthetic agents is rare. This makes these agents an attractive option in the high-risk patient. Complications associated with local anesthetics are related to overdosage. Overdosage with local anesthetic agents administered epidurally may cause motor paralysis and hind-limb weakness. Systemic signs of local anesthetic overdosage include changes in central nervous system activity (excitement or depression), muscle tremors, and hypotension. Because the dose required to produce these effects in the horse is high (12 mg/kg), this complication is uncommon. Few side effects and low cost justify the use of local anesthetic techniques in equine practice.     

鸡传染性法氏囊病单抗快速诊断试剂盒的研制及初步应用

以感染传染性法氏囊病病毒 ( IBDV)的鸡法氏囊组织制备免疫抗原 ,免疫 BALB/c系小鼠 ,取其脾细胞与 NS0浆细胞进行细胞融合 ;以 AC-ELISA筛选阳性细胞克隆 ,经 3次有限稀释克隆化及鉴定 ,获得 2株识别 IBDV不同抗原决定簇的高亲和力单克隆抗体株。以该 2株单克隆抗体制备快速诊断试剂 ,组装了鸡传染性法氏囊病快速诊断试剂盒。该试剂盒由若干 4 0孔酶标板 ,1号酶标液 ( HRP标记 IBDV单抗 )、2号洗涤液、3号显色液 ( TMD显色底物 )、4号显色液 (供氢体 )等反应液 ,0 .0 1 mol/L PBS( p H7.2 )阴性对照、IBDV阳性对照 (提取的 IBDV蛋白 )组成 ,并对试剂盒特异性、敏感性、重复性及稳定性等进行了鉴定。应用该快速诊断试剂盒对来源于不同地区的临床诊断疑似 IBD的法氏囊病料各 2 0份进行了检测 ,并与琼扩试验、常规ELISA检测结果作了比较 ,结果表明 ,该快速诊断试剂盒的检测结果与常规 ELISA的检测结果相似 ,操作程序简便 ,可在 1 0～ 1 5min内完成 ,适合于兽医临床推广应用     

Anesthesia and surgery of laboratory animals

This article reviews anesthetics and anesthetic techniques applicable to small laboratory animals. Anesthetic and analgesic dosage tables are presented for each species to guide the practitioner. The actions of the various agents are reviewed in the text, and key references are presented. Surgical considerations are also reviewed.