胚胎干细胞诱导分化研究进展

哺乳动物胚胎干细胞一般可从胚胎囊胚内细胞团分离得到 ,具有在体外保持不分化的无限增殖能力 ,在合适的培养条件下 ,胚胎干细胞可定向诱导分化形成多种细胞类型。人们对胚胎干细胞进行体外培养与定向分化可以得到大量同源细胞 ,以应用于患疾病的细胞或器官移植治疗等研究。文章概述了胚胎干细胞增殖与分化的信号调节机制、诱导分化方法 ,国内外研究概况及展望 4个方面的内容     

Gene for T-cell growth factor: location on human chromosome 4q and feline chromosome B1

T-cell growth factor (TCGF) or interleukin-2 (IL-2), an immunoregulatory lymphokine, is produced by lectin- or antigen-activated mature T lymphocytes and in a constitutive manner by certain T-cell lymphoma cell lines. By means of a molecular clone of human TCGF and DNA extracted from a panel of somatic cell hybrids (rodent cells X normal human lymphocytes), the TCGF structural gene was identified on human chromosome 4. In situ hybridization of the TCGF clone to human chromosomes resulted in significant labeling of the midportion of the long arm of chromosome 4, indicating that the TCGF gene was located at band q26-28. Genomic DNA from a panel of hybrids prepared with HUT-102 B2 cells was examined with the same molecular clone. In this clone of cells, which produces human T-cell leukemia virus, the TCGF gene was also located on chromosome 4 and was apparently not rearranged. The homologous TCGF locus in the domestic cat was assigned to chromosome B1 by using a somatic cell hybrid panel that segregates cat chromosomes. Linkage studies as well as high-resolution G-trypsin banding indicate that this feline chromosome is partially homologous to human chromosome 4.     

Tumor cell rejection through terminal cell differentiation

Leukemic cells cultured in the presence of various conditioned media differentiate into macrophages. This finding suggested that the maintenance of undifferentiated state and self-renewal in vivo may be related to the inability of the host to generate an appropriate level of differentiation factor (DF). Evidence for this hypothesis was derived from experiments in vitro and in vivo with myeloid leukemia of rat. The following results were obtained: (i) in vitro, the percentage of cell differentiation at a fixed concentration of DF was inversely related to the concentration of cells; (ii) leukemic cell inoculates that were lethal to 7-day-old rats were rejected by 21-day-old rats; (iii) leukemic cells in diffusion chambers underwent differentiation in 21-day-old rats but not in 7-day-old rats; (iv) organs from 21-day-old rats contained more DF activity than those of 7-day-old rats; (v) treatment of rats with DF in diffusion chambers resulted in leukemic cell differentiation inside the chamber; and (vi) the development of leukemia in 7-day-old rats was aborted by treatment with DF. These results show that the differentiation of rat leukemia cells requires the appropriate level of DF. The proliferation of transplanted leukemia cells in 7-day-old rats goes unchecked because of inadequate generation of DF. Conversely, in the 21-day-old rats, rejection is accomplished by differentiation of the transplanted cells.     

Growth regulation of human melanocytes: mitogenic factors in extracts of melanoma, astrocytoma, and fibroblast cell lines

Melanocytes derived from fetal or adult skin do not propagate in vitro unless cultured in the presence of factors such as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). In a search for physiological factors regulating the growth of melanocytes, extracts of various cultured cell types were tested. Factors produced by melanoma and astrocytoma cell lines support continued proliferation of melanocytes in the absence of TPA. WI-38, a fibroblast cell line derived from human embryonic lung, was the most active source of melanocyte growth factors. No melanocyte growth-promoting activity was found in extracts of cultured neuroblastoma, renal cancer, normal keratinocytes, or renal epithelium. Nerve growth factor, epidermal growth factor, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, transforming growth factor-beta, and platelet-derived growth factor did not have growth-promoting activity for melanocytes. The presence of melanocyte growth factors and TPA together resulted in the strongest mitogenic activity for melanocytes, permitting the recovery (at 20 days) of 4 to 20 times as many cells as in growth factor or TPA alone.     

单胚性二倍体为母本与异源四倍体杂交大规模创制柑橘三倍体

【目的】以单胚性的二倍体柑橘品种为母本与异源四倍体体细胞杂种杂交培育三倍体植株。【方法】选择亲本配置杂交组合进行人工授粉,授粉后70—100 d采幼果进行胚挽救,以流式细胞仪结合根尖染色体压片对再生植株进行倍性检测,最后进行SSR分子标记鉴定。【结果】2009—2012连续4年,以8个二倍体为母本、以4个异源四倍体体细胞杂种为父本,共配置14个倍性杂交组合,授粉花数3 347朵,坐果数678个,平均坐果率20.26%。实施胚挽救的果实数505个,培养种子12 357粒,经生芽、生根诱导培养共获得1 022个株系。通过对再生植株的倍性检测,共获得三倍体植株755个株系,四倍体19个株系。对华农红柚 × NH组合的三倍体、四倍体后代进行分子鉴定,表明三倍体和四倍体全部为双亲的有性杂种后代。【结论】本研究通过杂交获得的三倍体为我国无籽柑橘品种选育奠定了材料基础;同时获得的四倍体后代也为未来的柑橘三倍体育种提供了优良的亲本材料。     

Human T cell leukemia viruses use a receptor determined by human chromosome 17

Human T cell leukemia viruses (HTLV-I and HTLV-II) can infect many cell types in vitro. HTLV-I and HTLV-II use the same cell surface receptor, as shown by interference with syncytium formation and with infection by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudotypes bearing the HTLV envelope glycoproteins. Human-mouse somatic cell hybrids were used to determine which human chromosome was required to confer susceptibility to VSV(HTLV) infection. The only human chromosome common to all susceptible cell hybrids was chromosome 17, and the receptor gene was localized to 17cen-qter. Antibodies to surface antigens known to be determined by genes on 17q did not block the HTLV receptor.     

Induction of cellular senescence in immortalized cells by human chromosome 1

The control of cellular senescence by specific human chromosomes was examined in interspecies cell hybrids between diploid human fibroblasts and an immortal, Syrian hamster cell line. Most such hybrids exhibited a limited life span comparable to that of the human fibroblasts, indicating that cellular senescence is dominant in these hybrids. Karyotypic analyses of the hybrid clones that did not senesce revealed that all these clones had lost both copies of human chromosome 1, whereas all other human chromosomes were observed in at least some of the immortal hybrids. The application of selective pressure for retention of human chromosome 1 to the cell hybrids resulted in an increased percentage of hybrids that senesced. Further, the introduction of a single copy of human chromosome 1 to the hamster cells by microcell fusion caused typical signs of cellular senescence. Transfer of chromosome 11 had no effect on the growth of the cells. These findings indicate that human chromosome 1 may participate in the control of cellular senescence and further support a genetic basis for cellular senescence.     

北京油鸡骨骼肌卫星细胞的分离、培养、鉴定及成肌诱导分化的研究

【目的】探讨体外培养条件下北京油鸡骨骼肌卫星细胞分离、培养及鉴定的方法,建立适于北京油鸡骨骼肌卫星细胞体外扩增的培养体系,为今后进一步研究北京油鸡骨骼肌卫星细胞提供技术平台。【方法】以15日龄的鸡胚胸肌为材料,采用联合酶消化法分离骨骼肌卫星细胞,差速贴壁法纯化细胞,使用Pax7、Desmin、Myod等骨骼肌卫星细胞的特异性标志对所得细胞进行免疫荧光鉴定,随后进行成肌诱导分化,并比较了3种培养体系对骨骼肌卫星细胞增殖的影响。【结果】细胞免疫荧光鉴定结果呈阳性,证实所培养的细胞为北京油鸡骨骼肌卫星细胞;成肌诱导后,细胞相互融合形成多核的肌管,成肌特异性标志MHC表达呈阳性;对不同扩增培养体系比较,结果表明,培养体系DMEM/F12+15%FBS+2.5ng·mL-1bFG最有利于北京油鸡骨骼肌卫星细胞的增殖。【结论】该试验成功地分离并鉴定了北京油鸡骨骼肌卫星细胞,建立了适于北京油鸡骨骼肌卫星细胞体外扩增的培养体系,同时成功地进行了成肌诱导分化,为今后研究北京油鸡骨骼肌生长和发育的机理提供了技术平台。     

仔猪神经干细胞体外培养及鉴定

由仔猪脑部海马体齿状回分离得到神经干细胞,利用无血清培养基添加特定生长因子方式培养;采用RT-PCR鉴定神经干细胞和诱导分化后细胞生物特性;利用免疫荧光化学技术检测克隆的细胞抗原和分化后特异性成熟神经细胞抗原表达。由海马体齿状回分离的细胞群具有连续克隆能力;根据免疫荧光检测,脑神经干细胞表达巢蛋白、配对盒因子6和解整合素样金属蛋白酶10;体外培养下NSCs可被诱导分化为神经源性细胞,且表达微管相关蛋白2、胶质纤维酸性蛋白和髓鞘碱性蛋白。分离和培育NSCs细胞结果显示,其具有更新能力和分化为神经元和胶质细胞的潜能,可为干细胞移植提供基础数据。     

Tumorigenicity in human melanoma cell lines controlled by introduction of human chromosome 6

Chromosome banding analysis of human malignant melanoma has documented the nonrandom alteration of chromosome 6. To determine the relevance of chromosome 6 abnormalities in melanoma, a normal chromosome 6 was directly introduced into melanoma cell lines. The resulting (+6) microcell hybrids were significantly altered in their phenotypic properties in culture and lost their ability to form tumors in nude mice. The loss of the chromosome 6 from melanoma microcell hybrids resulted in the reversion to tumorigenicity of these cells in mice. The introduction of the selectable marker (psv2neo) alone into melanoma cell lines had no effect on tumorigenicity. These results support the idea that one or more genes on chromosome 6 may control the malignant expression of human melanoma.     

Murine leukemia virus: restriction in fused permissive and nonpermissive cells

Cultures of human cells nonpermissive for mouse leukemia virus replication could not be induced to support virus replication by homologous fusion in the presence of Moloney leukemia virus. Human cells were also fused with permissive mouse cells, and the fate of the virus in heterokaryons was determined by a simultaneous autoradiography and fluorescent antibody technique. Heterokaryons containing the full chromosome complement of both cells were likewise nonpermissive for virus synthesis, but hybrids of human and mouse cells, which lacked up to half of the human chromosome complement, were permissive for virus synthesis. The results suggest that human cell genes can direct a repressive control over mouse leukemia virus replication.     

北京鸭肝上皮样干细胞生物学特性研究

为了研究北京鸭肝上皮样干细胞(liver epithelioid stem cells,LESCs)生物学特性,对其进行分离、体外培养、鉴定,多向分化潜能等实验。取孵化17日龄健康鸭胚分离北京鸭LESCs,通过免疫荧光、RT-PCR以及流式细胞术等技术对北京鸭LESCs进行鉴定,同时诱导北京鸭LESCs分化,检测多向分化潜能。结果表明:从鸭胚中分离培养的细胞为北京鸭LESCs,并成功向成脂肪细胞和成软骨细胞分化,证明具有干细胞多向分化潜能的共性。北京鸭LESCs在体外具有较强的增殖与自我更新能力,并具有一定的可塑性,可以作为种质细胞进行保存,使这一品种遗传资源以干细胞的形式长期保存下来,同时也可以为北京鸭基因的改良提供参考。     

The fragile X site in somatic cell hybrids: an approach for molecular cloning of fragile sites

Fragile X syndrome is a common form of mental retardation associated with a fragile site on the human X chromosome. Although fragility at this site is usually evident as a nonstaining chromatid gap, it remains unclear whether or not actual chromosomal breakage occurs. By means of somatic cell hybrids containing either a normal human X or a fragile X chromosome and utilizing two genes that flank the fragile site as markers of chromosome integrity, segregation of these markers was shown to be more frequent if they encompass the fragile site under appropriate culture conditions. Hybrid cells that reveal marker segregation were found to contain rearranged X chromosomes involving the region at or near the fragile site, thus demonstrating true chromosomal breakage within this area. Two independent translocation chromosomes were identified involving a rodent chromosome joined to the human X at the location of the fragile site. DNA analysis of closely linked, flanking loci was consistent with the position of the breakpoint being at or very near the fragile X site. Fragility at the translocation junctions was observed in both hybrids, but at significantly lower frequencies than that seen in the intact X of the parental hybrid. This observation suggests that the human portion of the junctional DNA may contain part of a repeated fragility sequence. Since the translocation junctions join heterologous DNA, the molecular cloning of the fragile X sequence should now be possible.     

神经干细胞定向诱导分化条件研究

通过模拟体内分化诱导条件,在体外对神经干细胞(NSCs)进行定向诱导.结果表明,由添加2% B27 100 pg·mL-1 IL-1 0.05 g·L-1 Vc 5 u·mL-1 EPO的DMEM/F12的诱导液A和1份含2% B27的DMEM/F12 1份纹状体提取液混合组成的诱导液B均可以将中脑和大脑皮质的NSCs诱导分化为多巴胺能神经元,TH阳性细胞表达率随诱导时间的增加而提高,中脑来源的NSCs的TH阳性细胞诱导率极显著地高于大脑皮质来源的NSCs,诱导液A的诱导效果优于诱导液B.     

Chromosomal localization of the human homolog (c-sis) of the simian sarcoma virus onc gene

Nonrandom chromosome rearrangements of chromosome 22 have been identified in different human malignancies. As a result of Southern blot hybridization of a c-sis probe to DNA's from mouse-human somatic cell hybrids, the human homolog (c-sis) of the transforming gene of simian sarcoma virus was assigned to chromosome 22. Hybrids between thymidine kinase-deficient mouse cells and human fibroblasts carrying a translocation of the region q11-qter of chromosome 22 to chromosome 17 were also analyzed. These studies demonstrate that the human c-sis gene is on region 22q11 greater than qter.     

Retroviral DNA integration directed by HIV integration protein in vitro

Efficient retroviral growth requires integration of a DNA copy of the viral RNA genome into a chromosome of the host. As a first step in analyzing the mechanism of integration of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) DNA, a cell-free system was established that models the integration reaction. The in vitro system depends on the HIV integration (IN) protein, which was partially purified from insect cells engineered to express IN protein in large quantities. Integration was detected in a biological assay that scores the insertion of a linear DNA containing HIV terminal sequences into a lambda DNA target. Some integration products generated in this assay contained five-base pair duplications of the target DNA at the recombination junctions, a characteristic of HIV integration in vivo; the remaining products contained aberrant junctional sequences that may have been produced in a variation of the normal reaction. These results indicate that HIV IN protein is the only viral protein required to insert model HIV DNA sequences into a target DNA in vitro.     

阻断大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向脂肪细胞分化与肿瘤发生相关性研究

【目的】分析骨髓间充质干细胞在体外定向分化为脂肪细胞的适宜诱导条件.阻断正常干细胞的分化过程,探讨肿瘤发生机理.【方法】利用贴壁培养法获得大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs),通过地塞米松、胰岛素和吲哚美辛联合诱导大鼠BMSCs,使其分化为脂肪细胞.在细胞分化过程中利用3-甲基胆蒽(3-MC)阻断大鼠BMSCs的分化过程.【结果】大鼠BMSCs分化试验显示:诱导30d后经油红O染色,细胞内可见脂肪细胞特有的红色脂滴沉淀,并且随着诱导时间的延长,油红O阳性细胞比例增加,脂滴增大,表明大鼠BMSCs已成功分化为脂肪细胞.大鼠BMSCs分化阻断试验显示:诱导30d后经油红O染色细胞内红色脂滴沉淀明显下降,表明阻断后的细胞具有脂肪细胞的特性,但分化不完全;形态学鉴定表现出:细胞接触抑制消失,细胞核异常,微核畸变率高,核型异常,表明阻断后的干细胞发生恶性转变.【结论】通过地塞米松、胰岛素和吲哚美辛的联合作用,诱导BMSCs成功向脂肪细胞分化.在BMSCs向脂肪细胞分化的过程中加入阻断剂3-MC,阻断其分化过程,表明干细胞分化过程受到阻断,细胞停止在分化的中间阶段,有转化成肿瘤细胞的趋势.