玉米秸秆与饲料桑混合发酵饲料对肉羊生长性能的影响

目的将粉碎的饲料桑按15%比例与玉米秸秆共同发酵后制成混合发酵饲料,分析发酵产物的营养成分,评价饲喂混合发酵饲料对羔羊采食量、生长性能、营养物质表观消化率等指标的影响。方法选取健康的3月龄断奶肉羊100只,随机分为试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组和对照组,每组20只,各组试验羊初始体重差异不显著（P>0.05）。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组在基础日粮中分别添加15%混合发酵饲料（含15%饲料桑）、15%发酵玉米秸秆、15%饲料桑、15%玉米秸秆。试验期45 d。结果混合发酵饲料与发酵玉米秸秆和饲料桑相比,DM、Ash、EE含量差异不显著（P>0.05）,氨基酸总量、CP含量差异显著（P<0.05）;混合发酵饲料与饲料桑相比,CF含量差异显著（P<0.05）;混合发酵饲料与发酵玉米秸秆和饲料桑相比,NDF含量差异显著（P<0.05）;混合发酵饲料与发酵玉米秸秆相比,ADF含量差异显著（P<0.05）。试验Ⅰ组与试验Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组及对照组相比,采食量显著增加（P<0.05）;试验Ⅰ组的只均增重、平均日增重、粗饲料采食量及饲料转化率均显著高于其余各组（P<0.05）;各组的DM、EE表观消化率差异不显著（P>0.05）;试验Ⅰ组的NDF、ADF、Ca、P表观消化率与其余各组相比差异均显著（P<0.05）。结论由15%饲料桑与玉米秸秆制成的混合发酵饲料,营养价值较发酵玉米秸秆和饲料桑有所提高;与饲喂基础日粮相比,在基础日粮中添加15%的混合发酵饲料,可以提高肉羊的采食量和饲料转化率。     

饲料制粒对吉戎兔生长性能的影响

试验对颗粒饲料和粉状饲料饲喂吉戎兔效果生长性能的影响进行了初步探讨。试验选取胎次相同,初始体重无显著差异(P>0.05),60~66日龄健康吉戎幼兔100只,公母各半,随机分为2组,试验组饲喂颗粒饲料,对照组饲喂粉状饲料。试验期为30 d。试验结束测定2组平均日增重、平均日采食量以及料重比;测定日粮中的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维表观消化率。结果表明:颗粒饲料组与粉状饲料组日增重差异显著(P<0.05),颗粒饲料组比粉状饲料组提高了9.57%;颗粒饲料组与粉状饲料组料重比差异显著(P<0.05),颗粒饲料组比粉状饲料组降低了13.13%;颗粒饲料组与粉状饲料组的粗蛋白、粗脂肪消化率差异显著(P<0.05),分别提高了9.01%、5.00%,粗纤维消化率的差异极显著(P<0.01),提高了31.87%。     

柠条发酵饲料对宁夏滩羊生长性能及瘤胃微生物区系的影响

本试验旨在研究柠条发酵饲料对宁夏滩羊生长性能及瘤胃微生物区系的影响，探讨柠条发酵饲料在滩羊饲粮中适宜添加比例。选择健康、体重[(24.42±1.53) kg]相近的断奶滩羊公羔羊60只，按体重随机分为4个组，每组15只羊。对照组饲喂100%柠条饲料，试验1组饲喂75%柠条饲料+25%柠条发酵饲料，试验2组饲喂50%柠条饲料+50%柠条发酵饲料，试验3组饲喂25%柠条饲料+75%柠条发酵饲料。结果表明：1)试验2组的终末体重、平均日增重最高，显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。2)试验组的操作分类单元(OTU)数目均低于对照组，OTU数目顺序为对照组>试验3组>试验2组>试验1组。3)各组间ACE、Chao1、Shannon和Simpson指数差异不显著(P>0.05),其中试验2组的ACE和Chao1指数略高于对照组。4)门水平上，与对照组相比，试验1组滩羊瘤胃液中变形菌门的相对丰度显著提高(P<0.05),厚壁菌门和Patescibacteria的相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05);试验2组滩羊瘤胃液中厚壁菌门的相对丰度显著提高(P<0.05...     

发酵液态饲料:从肠道健康入手改善猪群健康

液态发酵饲料作为液态饲喂的一个重要部分,因其特殊的发酵工艺,可以抑制饲料中和动物肠道中有害微生物的生长,改善饲料适口性,又可以提高猪只采食量,对仔猪和中大猪生长性能发挥了积极地作用。     

全价颗粒饲料研究进展

全价颗粒饲料除营养全面外,还能提高动物采食量,并具有饲喂操作简便,减少粉料抛撒浪费,减少饲喂过程中的营养分级,以及能够有效利用多种饲料资源等优点.本文拟就全价颗粒饲料的研究进展做一综述.     

乳化剂对乳仔猪颗粒料品质影响的研究

试验研究乳化剂对乳仔猪颗粒料品质的影响。选取60头28日龄杜×长×大三元杂交断奶仔猪,按体重平均分为对照组和试验组,每组30头,分3栏饲喂,每栏10头。分别饲喂对照组颗粒料和试验组颗粒料。研究结果表明,试验组断奶仔猪在采食量、日增重和料肉比上都有明显的改观,其中采食量比对照组提高了9.61%,差异显著(P0.05),日增重提高了13.05%,差异显著(P0.05),表明试验组颗粒饲料在改善采食量的同时,还能提高仔猪对颗粒饲料营养物质的消化和吸收,从而表现出日增重的提高。从料肉比指标来看,添加乳化油的颗粒饲料可以降低料肉比(3.03%)。通过添加乳化油制备获得的颗粒饲料可改善颗粒饲料的适口性,能够提高颗粒饲料的口感和风味,从而提高断奶仔猪的采食量和日增重,降低料肉比。     

杂交构树在奶山羊生产中的应用

杂交构树是一种适应性强,生长速度快,粗蛋白含量高的新型饲料资源。该文从杂交构树的营养成分入手,分析杂交构树青贮技术的方式及优势,揭示其在TMR饲喂奶山羊过程中对奶山羊的采食量、产奶量、奶品质及免疫性能的影响,并提出相应的注意事项,以期为杂交构树发酵饲料奶山羊TMR饲喂技术提供理论支撑。     

南方地区奶牛场预防夏季热应激的营养调控措施

我国南方地区夏季热应激严重,给奶牛养殖带来严重影响,做好防暑降温,优化设计饲料配方,选择抗热应激的新型饲料添加剂,可以有效缓解热应激,提高奶牛养殖效益。1科学调制饲料热应激可明显降低奶牛的采食量,影响产奶量。提高干物质采食量,是夏季饲养管理工作的重点。根据调查,一些规模化奶牛场尚未饲喂TMR全混合日粮;饲喂全混合日粮,可以提高干物质采食量,缓解和防治瘤胃酸中毒。适当增加TMR含水     

全价发酵饲料在保育猪上的应用研究

本研究选取遗传背景相同、胎次、日龄及体重尽量一致、体况良好的乳仔猪32头（公母各半）,随机平均分入2个处理组的各4个重复中,饲喂全价颗粒饲料或全价发酵饲料。结果发现,与饲料全价颗粒料的保育猪相比,饲喂全价发酵饲料的保育猪具有良好的健康和皮毛状况,其平均日采食量提高15.03%、平均日增重提高19.08%、料肉比则降低3.61%,腹泻状况显著性改善。说明全价饲料经过发酵后饲喂仔猪,能起到改善仔猪肠道健康、减少腹泻以及促进其生长的功效。因此,使用全价发酵饲料饲喂动物的养殖方式值得推广。     

发酵饲料在鸡生产中的应用研究

发酵饲料作为一种新型无抗饲料,原料来源广泛,经过发酵后产生特有的酸香味,能改善饲料适口性,提高动物采食量和消化利用率,且能抑制有害菌生长,增强机体免疫机能。本文主要对发酵饲料技术及特点、发酵饲料和发酵中草药在鸡生产中的应用研究进行综述,以供生产应用参考。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein