Zur Überwachung des grünen Eichenwicklers,Tortrix viridana L. (Lep., Tortricidae) mittels synthetischen Sexualpheromons

In the period from 1986 to 1988 the synthetic sexual pheromone ofTortrix viridana L. and different types of traps were investigated in Slovakian oak forests. The dependence of male numbers per trap on the forest type groups was studied parallely as well as the attraction of pheromones for other moth species was tested, too. The pheromon TV83 (Z11-14: Ac+Z11-14: OH, 9∶1, 50 μg) and unsticky plastic trap with DDVP called “Mushroom” showed the highest effectivity. The pheromon monitoring confirmed the theory that the pest prefers the biotops with dominance ofQuercus pubescens andQ. robur. The optimum of pest was bound to forest type groups Carpineto-Quercetum und Ulmeto-Fraxinetum carpineum. The minimal number of other moth species was observed in traps with pheromons TV83 (?SFR) and Hoechst (FRG).     

Effects of accumulate dead and alive insects in trap on the capture ofTribolium castaneum (herbst)

In the trapping ofTribolium castaneum (Herbst), the activity of traps baited or not baited with aggregation pheromone 4,8-dimethyldecanal is influenced by the presence in the traps of accumulate specimens trapped. This fact has been observed both in trap containing alive or dead specimens. Interactions in the different substances produced by adults of Red Flour Beetle during their communication relationship are involved in this behaviour.The results obtained in the trials suggests that the presence of alive insects in traps is attractive for other free specimens, but under conditions of overcrowding quinone produced by them regulate population density by counteracting the effect of the aggregation pheromone, causing the insects to disperse or suppressing aggregation behaviour.The presence of dead insects in the traps, baited or not baited with pheromone, can be repellent for other free specimens ofT. castaneum, probably related to the presence of a residual alarm pheromone produced by the specimens before of death.With 10 figures and 3 tables     

Fängigkeit von differenziert bestückten Borkenkäferpheromonfallen in einem niedersächsischen Forstgebiet bei Hannover während der Jahre 1992 und 1993

In the years 1992 and 1993 blackTheysohn slit-traps were set up in a forest area near Hanover, Germany. The traps were baited with combinations of the synthetic bark beetle pheromones Pheroprax^®, Chalcoprax^®, Linoprax^®, and Cembrax^®. Their captivity was tested in comparison to singly baited and control traps without pheromone. Additionally, combinations of Pheroprax+Cembrax and Linoprax+Cembrax were tested. The captivity numbers obtained fromIps typographus, Pityogenes chalcographus, Xyloterus lineatus andX. domesticus were discussed in relation to the differently baited traps. In the latter three species, females and males were separated. The periods of flight activity of the four Scolytidae baited were ascertained for both years. Concerning the singly baited traps, Pheroprax captured the highest amount ofIps typographus per trap, its population increased 9% in 1993 related to that of 1992. ForP. chalcographus, the combination of the four pheromones resulted in a little higher number of individuals than in singly baited traps.Xyloterus lineatus preferred the four-pheromone combination, in which Linoprax was present showing a synergistic effect of baiting. In contrary, the baiting ofX. domesticus was lower by the combined pheromones than by Linoprax alone. The latter was found in lower numbers thanX. lineatus. The trapped amounts of both Xyloterus species were continuously reduced throughout the years 1989 to 1993. The Coleoptera species, not specially trapped, amounted yearly to 0.6–0.7% of the collected individuals.P. chalcographus was collected to 85–87%, andIps typographus to 11–14% of the total amount of Coleoptera trapped.     

First evidence of deuterotokous parthenogenesis in the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), originates from South America and is now considered to be one of the most damaging invasive pests of tomatoes in the Mediterranean Basin countries of Europe and North Africa. The preventing pest mating control methods include: (1) the use of synthetic pheromones for male attraction and annihilation inside insecticide-containing traps; (2) mating disruption by saturating the atmosphere with sex pheromones which alter the ability of males to locate females; and (3) massive applications of sterile males to alter the overall reproductive success of the pest population. However, all these methods achieve only a poor success rate in controlling T. absoluta populations under greenhouse conditions. Sex pheromone management and sterile insect techniques are both based on an important biological trait: the insect must breed through sexual reproduction. Here, we report for the first time laboratory evidence of deuterotokous parthenogenesis, an asexual reproduction where both males and females are produced from unfertilized eggs. We discuss the consequences for T. absoluta control strategies.     

Test von Monoterpenen als Zusatz zu Pheroprax® bzw. Chalcoprax® in Pheromonfallen zum Fang des Buchdruckers,Ips typographus L. bzw. des Kupferstechers,Pityogenes chalcographus L. (Col., Scolytidae)

Experiments on monoterpenes in combination with Pheroprax^® and Chalcoprax^® in pheromone traps for catching the bark beetlesIps typographus L. andPityogenes chalcographus L. (Col., Scolytidae) It is highly evident that monoterpenes of the host tree serve as olfactory stimulants for “pioneer-beetles” colonizing first a tree before any bark-beetle-produced aggregation pheromones can lure those beetles to the host. The findings ofRedemann (1993) about a significant increase of spruce engraver catches by addition of both (?)-alpha-pinen and (+)-limonen simultaneously to pheroprax-baited bark beetle traps (Pheroprax^R being the aggregation pheromone ofIps typographus) induced us to conduct field experiments testing the same host volatiles in comparable bark beetle traps baited with either Pheroprax^® or Chalcoprax^® (aggregation pheromone ofPityogenes chalcographus). Despite we used methods considering the influence of place and time on the bark beetle flight activities, in 3 experiments with 30 repetitions in total no monoterpene-induced enhancement oftypographus-catches could be found; the same was true withP. chalcographus (2 experiments, 18 repetitions in total). With respect to the important role of host volatiles also from a practical point of view, it is strongly recommended to repeat experiments like these under different conditions to reveal the reasons of the different findings.     

Landesweite Erhebung mittels Pheromonfallen zur Verbreitung vonProstephanus truncatus (Horn) (Col., Bostrichidae) in Togo

Between May and September 1989 a countrywide survey for the presence ofProstephanus truncatus was conducted by means of pheromone (“Trunc-Call I + II”)-baited traps. For this purpose the whole of Togo was divided into a grid of 175 squares each measuring 20×20 kilometers. Up to 6 pheromone traps were distributed in each square and left untouched for two weeks. Traps were placed on and around buildings as well as in forests but never directly on storage structures. Of the 139 squares surveyed, 94% showed the presence ofP. truncatus. The range of this storage pest is therefore now known to cover the production zones of the three most important subsistence crops in Togo: maize, manioc and sorghum. All three crops are subject to attack byP. truncatus after harvest.     

Untersuchungen über die Verwendung von Pheromonfallen als Befallsindikatoren bei einigen vorratsschädlichen Zünslerarten (Lep., Pyraloidea)

In the Summer of 1983 experiments were carried out on moth trapping by help of pheromone baited traps (Detia moth indicators) in seven warehouses in West-Berlin (stocks: cocoa beans, dried vegetables and spices).Ephestia cautella (Walker),E. elutella (Hübner),E. kühniella Z. andPlodia interpunctella (Hübner) were caught. The traps baited with the pheromone TDA caught many times more moths than control traps did. So they seem especially suited as indicators for a slight infestation.     

Zur Überwachung und Prognose bei der Nonne,Lymantria monacha L. auf Pheromon-Basis

The dynamic of a population of the nun moth (L. monacha) was monitored by the aid of pheromone traps for four years in a pine forest in Bavaria. During this time the population ofL. monacha came from the latency to an outbreak. In this way it was possible to show a correlation between the trapped moths and the density of the population for each phase of the gradation. From this results it could be concluded that about 60–70 males per trap and night (maximum) signify a critical threshold value. A method to predict the development of a nun moth population by pheromone traps is proposed.     

Beobachtungen über Nebenfänge von Pheromonfallen im Obstbau

Sticky traps baited with the synthetic sex pheromones ofLaspeyresia pomonella L.,Adoxophyes reticulana Hb.,Grapholitha funebrana Tr., andHedya nubiferana Haworth were operated in extensively cultivated orchards in the vicinity of Giessen, W.-Germany, in 1984. In addition to large numbers of the target species, males of other tortricids were captured. These species, belonging toCnephasia, Pammene, Laspeyresia andEpiblema, were attracted by the pheromone baits. Other non-target insects like honey bees and hover flies were captured most probably due to the white colour of the traps.     

Zur Flugaktivität der LärchenminiermotteColeophora laricella (Hbn.), untersucht mittels Pheromonfallen

The flight activity of the larch case-bearer mothColeophora laricella can be succesfully determined under natural conditions by pheromone traps baited with (Z)-5-Decen-l-ol. The activity starts in the middle of Bohemia (Czechoslovakia) at the beginning of June and ends at the end of June, with a short peak between the 2nd and 8th June.     

Comparison of lure-baited insecticide-treated tripod trap logs and lure-baited traps for control of Ips duplicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Two methods were compared for capturing the bark beetle Ips duplicatus Sahlberg (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae): lure-baited, insecticide-treated tripod trap logs (TRIPODs) versus Theysohn pheromone traps (TPTs). In 2008 and 2011 and at each of three clearcuts, five TPTs and five TRIPODs baited with ID Ecolure pheromone evaporators were installed with 10 m spacing. The pheromone evaporators were renewed every 8 weeks. The TRIPODs were treated with the insecticide Vaztak 10 EC in mid-April and then every 5 weeks thereafter. Trap logs and traps were inspected weekly during the entire period of I. duplicatus flight activity (April–September). Two to three times more beetles were trapped by the TPTs than by the TRIPODs. The TPTs captured more females than males, while TRIPODs captured equivalent numbers of males and females or more males than females on some dates. The TPTs and TRIPODs trapped approximately the same numbers of males, but the TPTs captured more females than the TRIPODs. Both traps captured more adults in spring than in summer. The higher numbers of entomophagous arthropods, including the predacious beetles Thanasimus formicarius L. and T. femoralis, were captured in the TRIPODs than in the TPTs.     

Schwärmverhalten und Abundanzdynamik der ErzwespeKarpinskiella pityophthori (Bouček) (Hym., Pteromalidae), eines Parasitoiden des Kupferstechers (Pityogenes chalcographus L., Col., Scolytidae)

During a mass propagation ofPityogenes chalcographus in Southern Bavaria the pteromalid waspKarpinskiella pityophthori Bou?ek, a parasitoid of the bark beetle which is not very well known, occurred in increased density. The wasps were attracted by the pheromone lure “Chalcoprax” which has kairomonal effect uponK. pityophthori. Investigations with the aid of pheromone baited traps and a new electronical instrument produced detailed knowledge about swarming behaviour and population density of this bark beetle antagonist. A high degree of correspondence between the pteromalid wasp andP. chalcographus could be shown concerning pheromone mediated activity, environmental thresholds and abundance dynamic. While parasitoids are not presumed to have considerable regulative potency during mass propagations of bark beetles, we found from investigations in laboratory and in the field thatK. pityophthori showed high productivity and parasitizing effectivity and so had significant influence on the density ofP. chalcographus. This effectivity was additionally increased by the fact that in the gradation area the population density of the wasp considerably adapted to the abundancy of the local bark beetle populations forming so-called “spot populations”. Because of this concentration of parasitoids in the areas of high bark beetle density we had high numbers of trapped wasps at the culmination point of the bark beetle propagation, which makes an extensive use of pheromone traps for monitoring or control ofP. chalcographus ecologically dubious.     

Studien über das Schwärmen und die Dichte-Abschätzung des Frostspanners,Operophthera brumata L. (Lep., Geometridae) mit Hilfe von Markierungen und Pheromofallen in Ungarn

A multiple mark-recapture study was carried out on the males of a population ofOperophtera brumata L. in Hungary using pheromone traps in order to estimate the home range and the population size. The number of males caught by traps set up 1 m above ground culminated after half an hour after the twilight and successively decreased. The delay of the first capture of traps set up different heights was about 1 h per 5 m. Decreasing number of males was caught in traps with increasing height. The flight range of one third of marked males was within 10 m after the 2–3 days period. The population density of males calculated by 3 estimators of open populations were 4,800–7,200 individuals per hectare.     

思茅松毛虫3个地理种群性信息素成分差异分析

[目的]分析思茅松毛虫雌成虫不同地理种群间性信息素成分、含量和比例差异,比较雄成虫触角敏感性和不同配比诱芯诱捕效果差异,开发不同地域有针对性的思茅松毛虫种群监测方法和诱捕防控技术。[方法]运用气相色谱(GC)分析思茅松毛虫湖南、云南和江西地理种群雌虫性信息素腺体提取物,利用触角电位仪(EAG)测定思茅松毛虫各地理种群雄蛾触角对性信息素标准品及其不同配比组分的电生理敏感性,然后进行林间生物测定,比较不同配比的性信息素成分诱蛾效果。[结果]思茅松毛虫性信息素腺体中含有顺5,反7-十二碳二烯乙酸酯(Z5,E7-12:OAc)、顺5,反7-十二碳二烯醇(Z5,E7-12:OH)和顺5-十二碳烯乙酸酯(Z5-12:OAc)3种成分,3个地理种群间这3种腺体成分含量和比例存在微小差异。3种成分以100:10:25或者100:10:10的比例配比,不同地理种群间均具有很好的触角电位活性和林间诱蛾活性。[结论]思茅松毛虫性信息素组分还没有发生明显的种下分化现象,3个地理种群间性信息素含量和比例的细微差异暗示着与地域差异、寄主植物差异和人为化学防控干扰等因素相关。     

舞毒蛾性信息素诱捕器应用技术研究

通过对舞毒蛾性信息素诱捕器应用技术研究表明:三角型粘胶板诱捕器、奶盒型诱捕器和圆筒型诱捕器对舞毒蛾的诱捕效果不同,三角型粘胶板诱捕器的诱虫效果最好,圆筒型诱捕器次之;诱捕器设置高度对诱捕效果有明显的影响,设置高度为5.5 m的诱捕器诱捕作用最强,3.5 m次之,1.5 m最差;雄蛾对人工合成信息素的昼夜反应节律发生在白天,从8∶00持续到22∶00,反应高峰在14∶00,反应模式为"单峰式-白天型"。     

Beifänge in Borkenkäfer-Pheromonfallen in Nord-Griechenland

13 Röchling Pheromone traps were used in a pine forest in Thessaloniki, N. Greece. The synthetic pheromones Pheroprax, Linoprax, CME 1986 519.66 and CME 1988 619.02 were placed in the traps. As side captures 24 species of insects were caught by the traps. Total 867 individual predators were captured in the 13 traps. In average 33 specimens ofThanasimus formicarius (L.) (Cleridae) and 30 specimens ofAulonium ruficorne (01.) (Colydiidae) were caught per trap.     

The response ofTeretriosoma nigrescens lewis (Col.: Histeridae) to the pheromone ofProstephanus truncatus (Horn) (Col.: Bostrichidae)

Adults of the histeridTeretriosoma nigrescens Lewis, a predator of the Larger Grain BorerProstephanus truncatus (Horn), were captured under field conditions in Costa Rica within the same pheromone traps as the stored product pest. Neither insect could be found in unbaited traps. The possible kairomonal importance of the prey's pheromone is discussed.     

Zum Geschlechtsverhältnis von Ips typographus (L.) (Coleoptera,Scolytidae) in Pheromonfallen

By means of barriere traps baited with two types ofIps typographus pheromone, Typolur and Pheroprax, nearly 240000 individuals were trapped between 1979 and 1981 in bohemian spruce stands. In the whole 64% (Typolur) resp. 61% (Pheroprax) of the beetles were females. At the beginning of the flying period the males predominated whereas some weeks later on the contrary the females were prevalent. The latter consisted of individuals founding sisterbroods. Up to 5.2% of females had lost their bristles showing that they already were through three egg laying periods.     

Untersuchungen zum Anflugverhalten des Kupferstechers (Pityogenes chalcographus L.) und einiger Beifänge an Pheromonfallen mit Hilfe eines neuartigen elektronischen Meßgerätes

The flight behaviour ofPityogenes chalcographus, Nemosoma elongatum, Epuraea muehli andKarpinskiella pityophthori (a bark beetle parasite) on pheromone traps depending on temperature and day time was studied by aid of a new electronic instrument. It could be shown that each of these species has a characteristical threshold of temperature for the beginning of its flight activity. Also the day time had a great influence on the swarm activity of the investigated species.P. chalcographus even showed significant differences between males and females in regard of their daily swarm time.     

Vergleich zwischen sechs verschiedenen Pheromonfallen bezüglich ihrer Fangleistung auf die Mehlmotte,Ephestia kühniella Zeller

Six different pheromone traps were tested in the laboratory to catch the Mediterranean Flour Moth,Ephestia kühniella. In 15 sets of experiments 2 traps were compared by pairs. The best results were achieved with the Detia Mottenindikator (Detia-Degesch GmbH, Laudenbach, Germany) and the Trappit Funnel trap (Biological Control-Systems Limited, England). The other 4 traps were: A-Trap Combi (Ciba-Geigy A. G., Switzerland), Trappit-Delta-Trap (Biological Control-Systems Limited, UK), Traptest^® (Istituto G. Donegani, Italy) and Mastrap^® (Istituto G. Donegani, Italy).