浙江省杉木实生林地位指数数量化得分表的编制与应用

地位指数表是世界各国广泛用来评定立地质量的工具数表。为推进森林立地质量评价工作,我院也编制了“浙江省杉木实生林地位指数表”。但是,该表只适用于有林地。为了科学地评价宜林地对于杉木实生林的立地质量水平,笔者在已编的地位指数表资料基础上,应用数量化力法,进一步编制了“浙江省杉木实生林地位指数数量化得分表”。它不仅可预测宜林地造林后杉木优势高的生长趋势,确定地位指数,同时定量地给出了各立地因子的单独作用,使有林地和宜林地的杉木立地质量评价标准统一起来,为适地适树提供科学依据。     

天然常绿阔叶林数量化地位指数表的编制

数量化地位指数表是评价森林立地质量、预测林地生产力的一种森林经营数表,在立地分类和评价、造林规划设计以及森林经营管理等方面已得到了广泛的应用。论文采用数量化方法,以常绿阔叶林树高为因变量,立地因子为自变量,建立回归模型,通过岭回归筛选出主导因子：腐殖质厚度、海拔、坡度、树龄、土壤类型5个因子,然后以主导因子与树高建立预测方程,编制出了南平市延平区天然常绿阔叶林数量化地位指数表,该地位指数表经检验符合精度要求。     

大青山阳坡油松人工林立地质量研究

评价林地质量,是适地适树、科学地进行营造林和预测森林生产力的基础。这项工作直接影响造林的成败和经营目标的确定。本文以呼和浩特市大青山地阳坡油松人工纯林为研究对象,以解析木数据求算油松高生长模型,编制《地位指数表》,以林分基准年龄时的优势木平均高作为进行立地质量分析的指标评价造林立地质量。研究结果表明:呼和浩特大青山阳坡油松的立地质量中优等级占6.7%;中等级占30.0%;劣等级占63.3%,造林立地质量总体较差。     

福建柏立地质量评价研究

应用数量化理论Ⅰ的原理和方法,研究影响福建柏林分优势高生长的立地因子,并利用主要立地因子编制了福建柏人工林数量化地位指数表,在此基础上进行立地类型的划分与立地质量的评价,提出福建柏最适宜的造林地。     

柳杉林地立地质量评价探讨

应用数量化理论Ⅰ的原理和方法,研究影响柳杉林分优势高生长的立地因子,结果表明:地势、坡向、坡形、土层厚度、腐殖质层厚度、土壤松紧度、土壤质地为主要立地因子,并利用其编制了柳杉人工林数量化地位指数表,在此基础上进行立地类型的划分与立地质量的评价,提出柳杉最适宜的造林地。     

西畴县杉木立地指数表及数量化地位指数方程

立地指数是衡量林分生产力和评价林地质量的客观标尺,也是各立地因子特定组合在林木生长上的反映。通过编制立地指数图表,对有林地进行林木生长与环境因子的调查,建立立地指数与立地因子的经验式—地位指数方程,估测各立地条件组合的立地指数,即可将有林地的调查结果应用于无林地,为造林地的规划设计提供依据。这是当前用材林基地建设中的一项急待开展的工作。     

基于投影寻踪的森林立地质量评价模型

选择土层厚度、腐殖质层厚度、土壤类型、坡度、坡位等立地因子,采用免疫进化算法建立投影寻踪无林地立地质量综合评价模型。以年龄和投影寻踪的投影值为自变量建立马尾松人工林地位指数模型,实现了无林地和有林地的立地质量评价的有机统一,为森林立地质量评价提供了新的技术途径。     

辽西河滩地杨树立地质量评价的研究

辽西河滩地杨树立地质量评价的研究刘明国，刘颖（沈阳农业大学林学系）为适地适树造林提供理论依据，对辽西河滩地杨树的立地质量进行了综合评价。表明，不同立地质量林地上的杨树高生长曲线为多形曲线，在此基础上，编制了北京杨、小青杨立地类型地位指数表。通过对各树...     

谈用数量化方法编制人工落叶松林立地指数表

利用70块标准样地资料,采用数量化的方法,对现有人工落叶松林进行了立地指数表的编制,并利用林分优势树高和立地环境因子准确评价有林地的立地等级和无林地的未来生产潜力。旨在为培育生长稳定的优质林分,为适地适树和评价林地生产潜力提供理论依据。     

立地指数—环境因子模型评价森林立地生产力研究进展

立地质量评价和林分生产力预估对于树种选择、森林经营决策至关重要。目前常利用优势高直接估测立地指数以评价同龄纯林立地生产力,而对于混交林、异龄林、无林地以及随时间不断变化的立地则很难用该方法进行立地质量评价,往往通过立地指数—环境因子模型模拟,应用环境因子预测立地指数。文中简述了环境因子与立地指数关系研究概况,从研究尺度、数据来源、关键环境因子选择、预测模型及其拟合评价等方面进行综述,并讨论和展望了立地指数—环境因子的未来研究重点,以期为我国人工林立地质量评价和科学经营提供参考。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.