Adenosine triphosphatase. Sensitive to DDT in synapses of rat brain

The insecticide DDT selectively inhibits the action of a Na(+), K(+), Mg(2+)-adenosine triphosphatase found in the nerve ending fraction of the rat brain. As judged by the concentrations of inhibitors that give 50 percent of enzyme inhibition, DDT was approximately 1000 times more toxic than its non-insecticidal analog, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene. The degrees of inhibition of this enzyme system by various toxic and nontoxic DDT analogs were closely related to a general toxicity in vivo of these compounds. Moreover, the extents of inhibition of this enzyme system by DDT were much higher at low temperatures, an indication of a causal relation between poisoning in vivo by DDT and the inhibition in vitro of the Na(+), K(+), Mg(2+)-adenosine triphosphatase system.     

NaCl胁迫对苇状羊茅离子吸收与运输及其生长的影响

 通过室内水培试验，探讨了NaCl胁迫对苇状羊茅离子吸收与运输及生长的影响及其随时间的变化。结果表明，NaCl胁迫浓度的增加使苇状羊茅茎叶和根系的K+含量、K+/ Na+、Ca2+/Na+、干物质重下降，而使Na+、Cl-含量、Cl-/Na+ 及对K+/Na+的吸收与运输选择性增高。茎叶Na+含量和Cl-含量增大的幅度大于根系，且Cl-大于Na+，茎叶中Cl-/Na+基本保持在1.6左右，而根系在0.8左右。胁迫时间对植株K+ 、Na+含量的影响最为显著。K+－Na+吸收选择性主要受环境盐分浓度的影响，而其运输选择性却主要受胁迫时间的影响。盐分对苇状羊茅地上部生长的抑制作用大于根系，且Cl-的影响程度大于Na+。     

野大麦耐盐适应性反应机制的研究

【目的】探讨野大麦的耐盐适应性反应机制。【方法】采用原子吸收和X-ray微区分析等方法分析野大麦[Hordeum brevisubulatum (Trin.) Link]在NaCl胁迫下幼苗生长、K+和Na+吸收、运输、分配及外排等生理响应。【结果】在NaCl≤350 mmol•L-1时，茎叶和根系的干重变化不明显，盐浓度的增加对根生长的抑制作用小于茎叶，根Na+含量增加的幅度小于茎叶、茎叶和根中K+含量均下降，但茎叶可维持较高的K+含量；野大麦具有较强的K+-Na+吸收选择性；低盐胁迫时Na+主要贮存于液泡和细胞间质；高盐胁迫时主要通过外排Na+来维持体内离子平衡。【结论】野大麦在NaCl≤350mmol•L-1时生长正常，其耐盐性与根拒绝吸收Na+及茎叶维持高K+含量有关，Na+区域化与外排可能是野大麦主要的耐盐适应性反应机制。     

金属离子对4PCA饲料酶中木聚糖酶活性的影响

[目的]为酶制剂的稳定性研究及其在饲料工业中的应用提供依据。[方法]选取K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Zn2+、Mn2+、Cu2+和Fe2+8种金属离子,浓度设计为1×10-4、1×10-3、1×10-2mol/L,研究金属离子对4PCA饲料复合酶中木聚糖酶活性的影响。[结果]浓度为1×10-4mol/L时,8种金属离子对木聚糖酶活性无明显影响。浓度为1×10-3mol/L时,Cu2+使木聚糖酶活增至125.8%,Mn2+使木聚糖酶活降至54.5%。浓度为1×10-2mol/L时,Zn2+使木聚糖酶活增至121.5%,Mn2+、Cu2+、Fe2+分别使木聚糖酶活降至40.6%、67.7%、88.9%。[结论]K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+对木聚糖酶活性无特别影响,Zn2+有激活作用,Mn2+、Fe2+有抑制作用,Cu2+随着浓度的增加有先激活后抑制作用,3种离子的抑制作用由大到小依次为:Mn2+>Cu2+>Fe2+。     

Na~+、K~+和Cl~-对玉米营养和毒性的比较研究

用NaCl、KCl、NaNO3和KNO34种盐处理非盐生植物玉米 (Zeamays)幼苗 ,比较Na+ 、K+ 和Cl- 的营养性和毒性。低浓度时 ,Na+ 、K+ 和Cl- 对玉米的生长都有促进作用 ,其中K+ 的促进作用明显 ;高浓度处理时 ,Na+ 、K+ 和Cl- 的效应有差异。NaCl和KCl处理时 ,Cl- 表现出明显的毒性 ;NaNO3和KNO3处理时 ,Na+ 表现出的毒害作用较K+ 强。低浓度的Na+ 和Cl- 促进玉米叶片叶绿素的合成 ;高浓度的Cl- 导致脯氨酸含量明显升高 ,植株干枯或黄化。     

对蚯蚓纤溶酶的性质和纤溶活性的研究

从蚯蚓组织中分离纯化出一种纤溶酶。研究表明,其最适pH值为80,最适温度为57℃,热稳定性较好,金属离子Na+,K+,Mg2+等可提高此酶的活力,而Hg2+,Ca2+等对此酶有一定的抑制作用。采用平板法测定此酶的血纤维蛋白溶解活性,证明此酶具有强烈的纤溶活性。     

金属离子·有机溶剂对黄鳝碱性磷酸酶的影响

在生物体内,碱性磷酸酶（Alkaline Phosphate,简称ALP）直接参与磷代谢,维持体内适宜的钙磷比例,同时参与角蛋白的分泌和DNA、RNA、脂质代谢,是一种非常重要的代谢调控酶。它对水生动物钙质吸收、骨骼形成、磷酸钙沉积都起着重要作用。作为金属酶,ALP的分子结构维持和催化活力表现都需要金属离子。研究金属离子以及其他效应剂对ALP的影响,对于探讨ALP的作用机理,促进黄鳝水产养殖等有重要意义。因此,笔者存前期研究的基础上,从动力学角度探讨不同金属离子、有机溶剂等效应剂对黄鳝内脏ALP活性的影响。     

四种金属离子对地图幼鱼淀粉酶活性的影响

以酶学分析的方法研究了4种金属离子Na＋、K＋、Ca2＋、Mg2＋分别在单因子和双因子条件下对地图幼鱼淀粉酶活性的影响。结果表明：在设定的浓度梯度内,单因子条件下,除Ca2＋对淀粉酶活性起强烈的抑制作用外,其余3种离子对淀粉酶活性均起促进作用,其中Mg2＋的促进作用最强。双因子条件下,Na＋和K＋互作对淀粉酶的激活作用高于2者单独作用,Na＋和Mg2＋在一定浓度下互作对淀粉酶的激活作用高于2者单独作用,而K＋和Mg2＋互作则会抑制Mg2＋的激活作用。     

Sodium and potassium effects on skeletal muscle microsomal adenosine triphosphatase and calcium uptake

The relationship between the (Na(+) and K(+))-activated adenosine triphosphatase enzyme system implicated in sodium-transport by cell membranes and the calcium-activated adenosine triphosphatase, which is generally associated with calcium uptake, was examined in microsomes from skeletal muscle. Whereas sodium and potassium did not modify the relatively low adenosine triphosphatase activity seen in the absence of calcium, a pattern similar to that of the sodium-transport enzyme system was seen afer the addition of CaCl(2). The calcium-activated adenosine triphosphatase was stimulated equally by sodium or potassium alone, but both the rate and extent of calcium uptake were enhanced more by potassium than by sodium at concentrations below 0.12 mole per liter. In the absence of either of these ions addition of calcium failed to activate adenosine triphosphatase although significant amounts of calcium were taken up by the microsomes.     

Widespread occurrence in frogs and toads of skin compounds interacting with the ouabain site of Na+, K+-ATPase

Amphibians of the family Bufonidae contain high levels of skin compounds that both inhibit Na+- and K+-dependent adenosinetriphosphatase and antagonize the binding of ouabain to the enzyme. In species of Bufo and Atelopus, these compounds are relatively nonpolar bufodienolides, whereas Dendrophryniscus and Melanophryniscus contain more polar compounds of unknown structure. Skin extracts from 30 of 48 species of frogs representing an additional eight families contained relatively low levels of compounds that inhibit binding of ouabain to Na+,K+-adenosinetriphosphatase. The widespread occurrence of low levels of inhibitory compounds is consonant with the role for these compounds as physiological regulators of Na+,K+-adenosinetriphosphatase in amphibian skin; high levels in the Bufonidae probably also serve as a defense against some predators.     

胞外ATP、H2O2、Ca2+与NO调控木榄根系离子平衡机理研究

运用非损伤微测技术(NMT),研究了短期盐胁迫下胞外ATP(eATP)、H2 O2 、Ca2 + 与NO 对非泌盐红树木榄根 系K+/Na+ 平衡的调控作用。NaCl(100 mmol/L,24 h)与等渗甘露醇处理的实验表明,木榄根尖对盐胁迫的响应具 有高度的离子特异性。盐胁迫增强了木榄根尖的Na+ 外流,但Na+ 外流被Na+ /H+ 逆向转运蛋白抑制剂Amiloride 和质膜H+ -ATPase 抑制剂Vanadate 抑制,表明Na+ 外流源于根尖表皮细胞质膜Na+ /H+ 逆向转运系统驱动的Na+ 外排。短期盐胁迫处理能诱导木榄根尖K+ 外流,但被氯化四乙胺(TEA,外向K+ 通道抑制剂)明显抑制,证明K+ 外流是由激活的去极化外向型离子通道KORCs 介导。胞外ATP(300 mol/L)、H2 O2 (10 mmol/L)、Ca2 + (10 mmol/ L)与SNP(NO 供体,100 mol/L)均能增加短期盐胁迫下的Na+ 外流,同时抑制K+ 外流。其中,促进Na+ 外流效果 较强的是H2 O2 和Ca2 + ,而Ca2 + 和NO 抑制K+ 外流的效果突出。这些实验结果表明,胞外ATP、H2 O2 、Ca2 + 与NO 这4 种盐胁迫信使是通过上调木榄根系细胞质膜Na+ /H+ 逆向转运体系(Na+ /H+ 逆向转运体和H+ 泵)活性,在促 进Na+ 和H+ 逆向跨膜转运的同时,抑制去极化激活的K+ 离子通道来减少盐诱导的K+ 外流。      

盐碱胁迫下羊草的生理特性与适应机制

[目的]探讨羊草在盐碱胁迫下的生理生化特性和K+、Na+含量的变化。[方法]在室内模拟不同pH盐碱土上种植羊草,并测定其生理生化指标和离子含量。[结果]随着土壤pH的逐渐升高和胁迫时间的延长,羊草体内的脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛的含量及氧化氢酶活性均随之增加,而后又逐渐降低。随着土壤pH的升高,羊草叶片的Na+含量逐渐增加,而K+含量逐渐减少,K+/Na+比值减小,但始终高于1。[结论]各项生理指标和K+、Na+含量的变化对维持羊草细胞的离子平衡起到了积极的调节作用。     

金属离子·有机溶剂对黄鳝碱性磷酸酶的影响(英文)

[Objective]The mechanism of alkaline phosphatase(ALP) was studied to promote rice-field eel aquaculture industry.[Method] The effects of effectors such as multiple metal ions and organic solvents on ALP in viscera of rice-field eel.[Result]Na+ and K+ didn’t generate big influences on enzyme activity;Mg2+ and Ca2+ could promote ALP while Li+,Cu2+ and Zn2+could restrain ALP enzyme activity.Both HPO42-and WO43-generated by enzyme catalyzing disodium phenyl phosphate possessed strong inhibitory effects on emzyme,and 9.5 mmol/L HPO42-would make enzyme activity decline by 13% while 9.5 mmol/L WO43-would make enzyme decline by 34%.The inhibition types of them were both competitive inhibition on enzyme activity.The organic solvents such as methanol,ethanol,ethylene glycol,isopropanol all generated influences on ALP and the order according to their inhibitory effects was isopropanol>ethanol> methanol>ethylene glycol.[Conclusion]The influences of various effectors on ALP activity of rice-field eel were studied from dynamics perspective to provide theoretical basis for further clarifying ALP mechanism.     

嗜热子囊菌JCM12803来源的阿魏酸酯酶FAE-2515酶学性质研究

阿魏酸酯酶广泛应用于食品、药品、饲料及造纸等行业,挖掘适用于工业化的阿魏酸酯酶至关重要。从嗜热真菌Thermoascus crustaceus JCM12803中克隆得到一个阿魏酸酯酶基因FAE-2515,经基因序列分析,FAE-2515 cDNA全长为1 581 bp,编码526个氨基酸和1个终止子,理论分子量大小为57 kDa,等电点为5.08。将FAE-2515成功地在毕赤酵母中实现高效异源表达,通过对重组蛋白进行酶活测定,比活为（53.653±3.451）U/mg,Kcat/Km值为1.423,最适pH为6.0,最适温度为55℃,60℃处理1 h之后还能保持60%的酶活,热稳定性较已报道的同类酶更为稳定。以阿魏酸甲酯为底物时酶活表现为最高,以硝基苯棕榈酸酯为底物时几乎没有酶活。金属离子K+、Ca2+、Na+对该酶有显著的促进作用,Fe3+、Zn2+对该酶有轻微抑制作用,Mn2+、Cu2+对该酶有显著的抑制作用。综上,该酶在造纸工业和动物饲料制备工业中具有一定优势。     

Tritiated digoxin binding to (Na+ + K+)-activated adenosine triphosphatase: possible allosteric site

Tritiated H(3)-digoxin specifically binds to a cardiac (Na(+) + K(+))-activated adenosine triphosphatase. In the presence of adenosine triphosphate and other nucleoside di- and triphosphates, binding is stimulated by sodium ion, the apparent rate constant being similar to that reported for phosphorus-32 incorporation from adenosine triphosphate and for the adenosine triphosphatase activity. In the presence of magnesium, manganese, inorganic phosphate, or other ions, sodium ion inhibits binding. The data support an allosteric type of sodium-potassium ion pump.     

DDT: inhibition of sodium chloride tolerance by the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans

Anacystis nidulans, a freshwater blue-green alga, has been found to lerate sodium chloride (1 percent by weight) and DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis chlorophenyl) ethane] (800 parts per billion) separately, but growth was inhibited in the presence of both compounds. This inhibition was reversed by an increased calcium concentration. It is possible that inhibition of (Na+,K+)-activated adenosine triphosphatase) by DDT causes this species to lose the ability to lerate sodium chloride.     

Responses of Contrasting Rice （Oryza sativa L.） Genotypes to Salt Stress as Affected by Nutrient Concentrations

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of applying different concentrations of the macronutrients K+,Ca2+,and Mg2+on the responses of contrasting rice(Oryza sativa L.)genotypes under salt stress.A solution culture experiment was conducted in a phytotron at the International Rice Research Institute(IRRI),under controlled temperature and humidity and natural sunlight.When subjected to salt stress of 100 mmol L-1 using NaCl,the salt tolerant genotypes FLA78 and IR651,accumulated less Na+and maintained lower ratios of Na+/K+,Na+/Ca2+,and Na+/Mg2+than the sensitive genotypes IR29 and Azucena.These tolerant genotypes also had higher concentrations of K+in their shoots and greater root and shoot biomass and green leaf area.Tolerant genotypes also maintained much lower concentration of Na+and lower and more favorable ratios of Na+/K+,Na+/Ca2+,and Na+/Mg2+in their active and developing tissues.Salt tolerance and shoot and root growth of both tolerant and sensitive genotypes were enhanced considerably when higher concentrations of Ca2+and Mg2+were applied in culture solution.The concentration of Na+and the ratios of Na+/K+,Na+/Ca2+.and Na+/Mg2+ in shoots also declined significantly.The beneficial effects of higher calcium were greater than that of magnesium and application of higher concentration of K+seems to have minor effects.Responses to salinity in rice can therefore be considerably enhanced through proper nutrient management,by increasing the concentrations of nu～ient elements that have favorable effects such as Ca2+and Mg2+Calcium is particularly more effective than both magnesium and potassium,and can be applied at relatively larger quantities in salt affected soils.     

蹄甲角蛋白酶高产菌株的紫外诱变及酶学性质研究

为了得到蹄甲角蛋白酶高产菌株,本试验对1株产角蛋白酶的黄杆菌(Chryseobacteriumsp.)N5菌株进行紫外诱变,筛选得到高产突变株U3-22,利用考马斯亮蓝法测定U3-22菌株的角蛋白酶发酵活力达69.9U/mL,比出发菌株的25.4U/mL提高了2.75倍。该角蛋白酶最适反应温度是70℃,最适pH是7.5;K+、Mg2+、Na2SO3对该角蛋白酶有较明显的促进作用,而Mn2+、Zn2+的抑制作用较为明显;突变株U3-22产生的角蛋白酶对蹄甲粉具有很强的分解能力,且具有较好的热稳定性和pH稳定性。结果表明,U3-22产生的角蛋白酶是一种新型的耐高温、耐酸碱角蛋白酶,在动物蹄甲、羽毛等废弃资源的利用中有巨大的应用前景。     

盐和水分胁迫对海蓬子、芦荟、向日葵幼苗生长及其离子吸收分配的效应

研究了NaCl和聚乙二醇6000(PEG 6000)处理对海蓬子、芦荟、向日葵幼苗生长及其离子吸收和分配的效应。结果表明，海蓬子幼苗的生长需盐，-1．76 MPa NaCI为其生长的最适浓度，其地上部积累的Na^ 和Cl^-分别是对照的6和8倍；但随着水分胁迫强度增强，其幼苗干物质积累显下降。在等渗透势胁迫下，向日葵和芦荟对水分胁迫的适应能力高于盐胁迫，与保持体内高的K^ ／Na^ 比率有关。盐处理下海蓬子维持K^ 稳态的能力较强；向日葵对盐分的适应主要取决于盐分在根系和茎杆的积累，对K^ 的选择性吸收、运输较强；而芦荟主要是对离子的选择性吸收和运输较强。     

白榆无性系生长特性及离子分布对NaCl胁迫的响应

白榆是滨海盐碱地最重要的潜在造林树种,以白榆无性系EC7和EC51为实验材料,采用盆栽实验的方法,研究5种NaCl浓度(0、50、85、120、155 mmol/L)下2个无性系生长状况及Na+、Cl-和K+在各器官的积累特点,以期探索白榆无性系各器官离子分布与积累特征及其对NaCl的响应,比较2个无性系的耐盐性,为白榆无性系在滨海盐碱地的引种栽培提供理论基础。结果显示:1)盐胁迫条件下,白榆无性系叶片黄化、干枯等盐害症状会随着浓度的增大而加重,在155 mmol/L的高盐浓度胁迫下,EC7植株死亡而EC51无死亡现象,且在相同NaCl浓度下EC7的盐害症状较EC51严重;NaCl胁迫明显抑制了白榆无性系生物量的积累,地上部位的抑制现象更加明显,在大于50 mmol/L的盐浓度胁迫下EC7各部分的生物量显著减少(P < 0.05),EC51的生物量变化更加稳定,适应性更强。2) EC7和EC51各器官Na+和Cl-含量随着盐浓度的增加而增加,Na+的分布特点为根>茎>叶。Cl-的分布特点为根>叶>茎。在大于85 mmol/L的盐浓度胁迫下,EC51各器官的Na+含量增加幅度较EC7小;EC51根中的Cl-积累较叶中多,而EC7在叶中积累较多。EC51的离子分配模式减少了盐害离子在光合器官的积累。Cl-含量在茎中最少,由此推断,茎器官可能只是一种传输通道。3) K+在各器官的含量与对照相比显著降低,EC7的降幅较大,在根和叶中尤为明显,EC51在大于85 mmol/L的盐浓度下K+含量变化较稳定,且EC51各器官中K+含量均高于EC7。EC51在茎和叶中K+/ Na+离子比值高于同浓度下EC7,表明EC51更能适应盐胁迫的高渗环境。研究表明,白榆无性系EC7和EC51均有一定的耐盐能力,能够在小于85 mmol/L的环境中良好生长,在盐浓度大于85 mmol/L的胁迫条件下,EC51较EC7有更强的适盐能力。