盐度对大银鱼受精卵孵化及仔鱼生长的影响

实验室条件下,观察、比较了盐度条件对来源于三个地区的大银鱼卵孵化率及不同规格鱼苗生长成活的影响。     

不同饵料对香鱼育苗生长成活的影响

本文介绍了用不同饲料作为香鱼开口饵料的试验情况。其结果：鸡蛋黄、对虾无节幼体饵料（ＢＰ）、丰年虫片进取有替代或部分替代轮虫作为香鱼开口饵料,其中（ＢＰ）效果较好,另外在育苗后期,用不同饲料对香鱼稚渔的生长和成活情况作了初步的比较。效果好坏依次是：桉角类＋桡足类〉卤虫幼体〉半年虫虾片〉鸡蛋羹＋蛏子肉。     

盐度对白虾生长和成活率的影响以及IHHN病毒与盐度交互作用的观察报告

本试验将平均初始个体重为１．６克的白虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｖａｎｎａｍｅｉ）幼体在盐度分别为５，１５，３５和４９ＰＰＴ的条件下养殖３５天，试验发现，当盐度和５和１５ＰＰＴ时，对虾试验末个体最重，增重率为２克／周，这二种盐度下，虾的试验末个体重差不多，但比其它较高盐度下的要重得多。２５和３５ＰＰＴ二盐度下，试验末平均个体重为１２．４克（５ＰＰＴ）；１２．２克（１５ＰＰＴ）；１０．８克（２５ＰＰＴ）；１１     

水深和盐度对河蟹苗种培育成活率的影响

通过对河蟹苗种(豆蟹)放养期间不同水深梯度和不同盐度梯度的对比试验,分析了水深与盐度对蟹苗成活率的影响。试验结果表明:在四个水深梯度(30cm、60cm、90cm、120cm)中,水深保持在60cm的池塘蟹苗成活率相对较高,为52.6%;水深保持在30cm的池塘蟹苗成活率相对较小,为34.4%。在四个盐度梯度(6‰、4‰、2‰、0‰)中,盐度为2‰的池塘蟹苗成活率相对较高,为53.6%;盐度为6‰的池塘蟹苗成活率相对较低,为22.6%。通过分析认为蟹苗放养的水深控制在60~90cm,盐度控制在3‰以内为宜。     

温度和盐度对褐菖鲉仔鱼心率和成活率的影响

为了研究温度和盐度对褐菖鲉初产仔鱼生长发育的影响,探索了海水比重1.010、1.020、1.030、1.040,以及水温15℃、18℃、21℃、24℃下仔鱼心率和成活率的变化。结果表明,在18℃时,比重1.010和1.030两组的仔鱼心率最高,比重1.040组36h全部死亡,比重1.030组96h死亡过半;在比重1.020下,15℃组和18℃组心率正常,15℃、18℃、21℃、24℃组96h的存活率分别为(31.11±4.16)%、(38.89±1.57)%、0%、0%。综合分析认为,褐菖鲉仔鱼适宜生存的海水比重为1.010~1.020,温度21℃以上已不适合其生存。     

盐度对黄鲷胚胎发育及早期仔鱼生长的影响

The effect of salinity on embryo and early larva development of Dentex tumiforns was discussed. Floating forms of egg in different salinities, optimal salinity for embryonic development and early larva growth was studied. The results showed: 1. In immobile condition, all eggs sank at salinity of 32.0, most of egg ssuspended in the middle of water at 34.0, and all eggs floated on the surface when salinity above 36.0. 2. Eggs did not hatch out at salinity of below 10.0 or above 60.0 and the death time of egg gradually moved up with increase or decline of salinity. Eggs hatched out at salinity range of 15.0 and 50.0, including abnormal larva. There was indistinct difference in speed of embryonic development (about 36-40h) within the salinity of 15.0 and 50.0. However the salinity had a great effect on larval survival after hatching and abnormal rate. The relation between hatching rate and salinity variation showed parabola but abnormal rate showed inverted parabola. The hatching rate was 81%-86% and abnormal rate of yolk sac larva was 27%-30% in suitable salinities of 27.0-39.0. The hatching rate was 89%-91% and abnormal rate was 13%-16% in optimal salinities of 33.0-36.0. The oil ball of abnormal larva was located in the central or front position. With increased extent of salinity, spondyle of larva bended and number of larva with arrhythmia increased. 3. The optimal salinities were 30.0-35.0 based on SAI. The test with SAI showed that SAI of early larvae was 41.25-47.53 at salinities of 30.0-35.0, the yolk and oil ball of 7-8 days larva was completely absorbed with a survival rate of 88%.     

温度、盐度对海捕口虾蛄暂养成活率的影响

本文通过海捕口虾蛄暂养的生产性试验,记录和分析在自然条件下不同温度和盐度对口虾蛄暂养成活率的影响,试验虾蛄均以100kg折算,以重量百分比反映成活率。结果表明浙南海捕口虾蛄暂养的最佳温度为4℃～17℃,最佳暂养盐度26‰-29‰。     

盐度对大黄鱼成活、生长和耳石金属元素的影响

为解决大黄鱼（Larimichthys crocea）面临着海水养殖病虫害感染加剧、海岸带土地局限性和水环境污染等问题,最终实现内陆工厂化低盐养殖,采用缓慢降盐法,将大黄鱼在室内不同盐度中养殖,研究不同盐度对大黄鱼成活率与温度、生长性能和耳石金属元素组成的变化的影响。试验周期6个月（180 d）,每个试验组设置3个重复,每组2万尾;海水盐度由24直接降至8,再以日均2的幅度将盐度降至6和4,然后以日均1的幅度继续将盐度降至2,最终将大黄鱼养殖在盐度分别为2、4、6、8、24的环境中;每天投喂2次颗粒饲料,每次投喂量为鱼体重的2%～5%,并视摄食情况酌情调整。结果显示,大黄鱼室内养殖成活率随着水温的升高而降低,水温28℃时,盐度24的海水养殖组全部死亡,水温30℃时,盐度2养殖组成活率（68.8±2.89）%极显著高于其他养殖组（P<0.01）;低盐养殖组的质量绝对增加率、绝对增长率、增积量和肥满度等生长指标在后期均优于盐度24养殖组;耳石金属元素锰（Mn）、钙（Ca）和锶（Sr）及Sr/Ca与盐度呈现正相关关系（P<0.05）,而Fe、Co和Ba元素变化者没有规律性。     

盐度变化对斑节对虾成活率的影响

斑节对虾(Penaens mond on Febricius)是广盐性动物，对盐度的适应能力很强。据报道班节对虾可耐盐度范围为0．2—70‰，变化范围在10-20‰之间对生长没有明显影响。但盐度变化对斑节对虾成活率的影响，没见到报道。盐度是影响斑节对虾成活率的主要因素之一，在斑节对虾养殖过程中，育苗场和养成场海水盐度往往不一致，     

温度和盐度对鞍带石斑鱼受精卵发育及仔鱼成活率的影响

研究了在8个盐度梯度(18.3‰、19.7‰、21.2‰、23.5‰、25.6‰、27.1‰、29.5‰和31.7‰)下鞍带石斑鱼Epinephelus lanceol受精卵和仔鱼在水中的分布状态、出膜率和仔鱼存活率;在9个温度梯度(18℃、20℃、22℃、24℃、26℃、28℃、30℃、33℃和35℃)下,其受精卵孵化率、畸形率和仔鱼成活率。结果表明:(1)在水温为25~26℃,当盐度≤25.6‰时,受精卵表现为沉性;当盐度≥27.1‰时,受精卵表现为浮性。仔鱼的分布与受精卵有相似的特点,当盐度≤21.2‰时仔鱼分布在底层水体;当盐度≥27.1‰时,仔鱼集中分布在上层水体。(2)以孵化率和成活率为指标,鞍带石斑鱼孵化的适宜盐度范围为21.2‰~31.7‰,最适盐度范围为25.6‰~31.7‰。在盐度为31.7‰时仔鱼成活率最高达到75.9%。(3)鞍带石斑鱼胚胎发育的适温范围是26~30℃。28℃时受精卵孵化率、仔鱼成活率均最高,畸形率最低。     

盐度对真鲷受精卵发育及仔稚鱼生长的影响

在室内水池以溢水法收集真鲷 (Pagrosomusmajor)受精卵 ,并置于不同盐度海水中静水孵化 ,孵出仔鱼以流水培育。设置盐度梯度为 17.0、2 2 .0、2 7.0及自然盐度 3 3 .0 ,水温分别为 19.5～ 2 1.5℃ (孵化 )、2 0 .5～ 2 3 .5℃(培育 )。结果表明∶①真鲷受精卵在自然盐度海水中发育很好 ,孵化率较高 ( 85 .0 %～ 97.0 % ) ,畸形率较低 ( 3 .2 %～ 2 3 .7% ) ;在低盐度条件下静水孵化 ,发育不好 ,孵化率为 4 8.0 %～ 1.0 % ,且盐度越低 ,孵化率也越低。充气孵化时 ,盐度低至 17.0 ,孵化率有时也可达 97.1% ,但畸形率高达 85 .7%～ 10 0 %。②孵化仔鱼中有 2类畸形 ,第 1类畸形表现为身体或尾部弯曲 ,油球位于卵黄囊中部或前部 ,油球数多于 1个 ,盐度越低 ,畸形率越高 ;第 2类畸形表现为仔鱼膜膨大、围心腔扩大 ,这类畸形只出现于低盐度条件下 ,盐度越低 ,畸形率越高 ,且往往与第 1类畸形症状并发。③不同盐度对真鲷仔稚鱼的生长速度没有显著影响 ,各盐度条件仔稚鱼经 3 1d的培养 ,其平均全长为 19.6～ 2 0 .7mm( P >0 .0 5 ) ,没有显著的差别。④海水盐度越低 ,仔稚鱼的存活率越高 ,各组的平均存活率为 ,盐度17.0时 ,3 6.3 % ;盐度 2 2 .0时 ,3 6.2 % ;盐度 2 7.0时 ,2 7.1% ;盐度 3 3 .0时 ,16.3 %。     

低盐胁迫对刺参存活、摄食和生长的影响

采用实验生态学的方法设置包括自然海水在内的4个盐度组,分别为31(自然海水,对照组A)、26(B组)、22(C组)、18(D组)。按逐步降盐(DG)与盐度突变(DS)两种盐度变化模式对各组刺参进行盐度胁迫实验。结果表明,B组仅个别较小个体出现死亡现象,C组和D组刺参个体的DG与DS实验组的成活率均出现显著差异(P<0.05),DS-D组的成活率最低,仅为45.67%。不同盐度胁迫的各实验组之间,摄食率与食物转化率存在显著差异(P<0.05);而各实验组内,DG处理和DS处理的刺参个体的FR和FCR差异均未见显著(P>0.05)。B组内的两种降盐方式在降盐后的前10d生长有显著差异(P<0.05),之后20d内差异不显著(P>0.05)。C组和D组的刺参个体在实验中均出现体重负增长,与其余各组的SGR差异显著(P<0.05)。     

盐度对鸭绿沙塘鳢幼鱼存活和生长的影响

在水温25.0℃～28.0℃下,将平均体重为(0.038±0.005)g的健康鸭绿沙塘鳢(Odontobutis yaluensis)幼鱼直接从淡水放入盐度9.0～14.0(梯度1.0)的水槽(45 cm×31cm×30 cm)中,其12、24、48、72和96h半致死盐度分别为13.56、12.76、10.41、9.92和9.74;放入盐度为28.2的海水中,其50%成活时间为37m in5 sec;经逐渐升盐、驯化后,在盐度0、2.0、4.0、6.0和8.0下饲养60d,结果表明,盐度为0时,鱼生长极显著地慢于其他盐度(p<0.01),盐度为2.0时生长最快,肠蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性高,鳃小片上细胞略膨大,球形,界线清晰,鳃充分张开,其它盐度间鱼的生长速度差异不显著(p>0.05),盐度8.0时鳃细胞萎缩变形,呼吸表面积减少。刚进入盐度2.0的头15 d里,鱼生长显著快于其他组鱼,之后差异不显著,即低盐水刺激鱼生长。     

低盐度对泥东风螺(Babylonia lutosa)稚螺生长与存活的影响

采用盐度渐变和突变2种方法试验低盐度对平均体重3.7 mg、平均壳高(2.24±0.24)mm的泥东风螺稚螺生长与存活的影响。结果表明:盐度28时,稚螺的生长速度最快,盐度降到24时,对稚螺的影响并不明显,摄食基本正常,但活力略有降低;变态7 d的泥东风螺稚螺能够适应高于21的低盐环境,存活基本正常,有比较高的成活率,但对其摄食和生长有一定的影响;当盐度突变至18时,泥东风螺稚螺仍能存活,突变至15时,则不能存活;而盐度渐变至15时,稚螺仍可存活;盐度逐渐降低只可扩大泥东风螺稚螺的存活盐度范围,但其对最适生长盐度范围影响有限。     

Effect of density on survival and growth of cyprinid fish fry

One of the bottlenecks in Israel's cold water ornamental fish industry is the large loss of fish during the post-larval stage. As a first step towards increasing survival rates, the optimal stocking density in earthen ponds for fry of each species should be determined. The results of five consecutive experiments with fry of goldfish (Carassius auratus), common carp and koi (respectively, edible and ornamental morphotypes of Cyprinus carpio) are presented here. The experiments were run in 18 cages of 1 m³ and 0.8 mm mesh size placed in a 0.02 ha earthen pond, stocked at 50,100 and 200 fry per cage. The variables analyzed were growth rate, harvesting weight, biomass and survival. Equations to estimate growth rates under different conditions are given. The three fish types present different growth rates and survival patterns in relation to stocking density and season, which lead to different management implications. Koi can be stocked up to 2 million fry per ha without showing negative density effects. Goldfish should be stocked at low density (500,000–1 million fry per ha) in spring and at higher rate (2 million fry per ha) in summer. Common carp stocking density should be adjusted to obtain the required fish size at harvest.     

Effects of incubation water hardness and salinity on egg hatch and fry survival of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus)

This study examined the effects of water hardness and salinity on yolk sac larvae and swim‐up fry survival of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Chitralada strain), eggs during artificial incubation. Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of hardness, salinity and the sources of saline incubation water. High water hardness treatments (500–4200 mg L^?1 as CaCO₃) resulted in higher yolk sac larvae and swim‐up fry survival than low water hardness treatments (50.0 and 132 mg L^?1 as CaCO₃); although yolk sac larvae and swim‐up fry survival did not differ among the high or low hardness treatments. Salinity of 4.0 g L^?1 using seawater, and 4.0 and 8.0 g L^?1 using unprocessed common salt resulted in the higher survival rate of yolk sac larvae and swim‐up fry than other salinity treatments. Yolk sac larvae and swim‐up fry survival was found to decrease with the increase in salinity and increase with the increase in water hardness. The present study demonstrated the positive effects of increased water hardness level (>132 mg L^?1) on yolk sac larvae and swim‐up fry survival. The study also showed that seawater salinity of 4 g L^?1 was the most appropriate salinity level for incubating Nile tilapia eggs.     

Influence of feeding rate and diet form on growth and survival of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry

Young Nile tilapia (12 mg mean body weight and 11 mm total length) were stocked at a density of 5 fish/l in twelve 50-l aquaria filled with 30 l of tap water. They were fed pellet crumbles containing 35% crude protein at various daily feeding rates expressed as percentages of fish biomass. Mean increases in body weight after 5 weeks were 63, 198, 232 and 228 mg for the 15, 30, 45 and 60% feeding rates, respectively, when ambient temperature ranged from 19 to 21°C. Corresponding survival rates were 53, 85, 87 and 84%. Growth and survival rates were enhanced significantly (P < 0.01) at the 30, 45 and 60% feeding rates.Two feeding trials were conducted to compare the growth and survival of fry fed pellet crumbles and an unpelleted form of the same diet. Results showed that growth and feed conversion were similar for both forms of diet. However, the survival rate of fry fed pellet crumbles was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than the survival rate of fry fed the unpelleted diet. Prior pelleting of the formulated diet for the tilapia fry given at 30% to 45% of fish biomass daily ensured high survival, fast growth and efficient feed conversion.     

盐度对凡纳滨对虾存活、生长和能量收支的影响

研究了盐度(0·5、5、10、15、20、25、30和35)对凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei(平均初始湿重0·776~0.781g)存活、生长和能量收支的影响。实验周期45d。结果表明,(1)对虾特定生长率、摄食量、饲料转换效率和吸收效率均以20盐度最高,而存活率以35盐度最高;(2)在0.5盐度下,对虾特定生长率、摄食量和吸收效率均最低。     

Effects of stocking density on survival, growth, size variation, and production of Tilapia fry

In aquaculture, controls of size (length and weight) and production of fish are two important tasks to meet the market demands, and increasing the stocking density is a way of dealing with the problem of land shortage. In this study, tilapia fry were stocked at the densities of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 fry I^?1 for an experimental period of 10 weeks. The size, size variation, percentage survival and production were found to be significantly affected by stocking density, but not for condition factor. The simple linear regression model, after the logarithmic transformation, was appropriate for the relationship between size and experimental period. The percentage survivals at all stocking densities were high (> 95%), especially at the stocking density of 0.4 fry I^?1 and less (100%). At the higher densities, percentage survival and experimental periods were anti-logistically related. At the end of the experiment, there was a negative relationship between the logarithms of size and the logarithms of stocking density, but a positive relationship between the logarithms of production and the logarithms of stocking density.     

盐度、密度和底质对双线紫蛤幼贝存活及生长的影响

采用单因素实验方法对双线紫蛤(Sanguinolaria diphos)幼贝的存活与生长进行了研究。实验设置了7个盐度梯度(10~40)、5个密度梯度(500~10 000 ind/m2)和5种底质类型(全细砂、90%细砂+10%细泥、80%细砂+20%细泥、70%细砂+30%细泥、全粗砂),研究了不同盐度、密度、底质对其存活、生长的影响。结果表明:盐度20、25和30组存活率、生长率差异不显著(P0.05);不同密度条件下幼贝存活率、生长率差异显著(P0.05);不同底质类型对幼贝生长影响差异明显。双线紫蛤幼贝最适生长盐度范围为20~25;最适养殖密度范围为500~1 000 ind/m2,最佳养殖底质为细砂底质。研究结果为双线紫蛤池塘人工增养殖提供参考。