Responses of Soil Acid Phosphomonoesterase Activity to Simulated Nitrogen Deposition in Three Forests of Subtropical China

Soil acid phosphomonoesterase activity(APA)plays a vital role in controlling phosphorus(P)cycling and reflecting the current degree of P limitation.Responses of soil APA to elevating nitrogen(N)deposition are important because of their potential applications in addressing the relationship between N and P in forest ecosystems.A study of responses of soil APA to simulated N deposition was conducted in three succession forests of subtropical China.The three forests include a Masson pine(Pinus massoniana)forest (MPF)-pioneer community,a coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest(MF)-transition community and a monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest(MEBF)-climax community.Four N treatments were designed for MEBF:control(without N added),low-N(50 kg N ha^-1 year^-1),and medium-N(100 kg N ha^-1 year^-1)and high-N(150 kg N ha^-1 year^-1),and only three N treatments(i.e.,control, low-N,medium-N)were established for MPF and MF.Results showed that soil APA was highest in MEBF,followed by MPF and MF.Soil APAs in both MPF and MF were not influenced by low-N treatments but depressed in medium-N treatments.However,soil APA in MEBF exhibited negative responses to high N additions,indicating that the environment of enhanced N depositions would reduce P supply for the mature forest ecosystem.Soil APA and its responses to N additions in subtropical forests were closely related to the succession stages in the forests.     

华南受干扰林和成熟林氮素流失对模拟氮沉降的响应

Current nitrogen (N) leaching losses and their responses to monthly N additions were investigated under a disturbed pine (Pinus massoniana) forest and a mature monsoon broadleaf forest in southern China. N leaching losses from both disturbed and mature forests were quite high (14.6 and 29.2 kg N ha^-1 year^-1, respectively), accounting for 57% and 80% of their corresponding atmospheric N inputs. N leaching losses were substantially increased following the first 1.5 years of N applications in both forests. The average increases induced by the addition of 50 and 100 kg N ha^-1 year^-1 were 36.5 and 24.9 kg N ha^-1 year^-1, respectively, in the mature forest, accounting for 73.0% and 24.9% of the annual amount of N added, and 14.2 and 16.8 kg N ha^-1 year^-1 in the disturbed forest, accounting for 28.4% and 16.8% of the added N. Great N leaching and a fast N leaching response to N additions in the mature forest might result from long-term N accumulation and high ambient N deposition load (greater than 30 kg N ha^-1 year^-1 over the past 15 years), whereas in the disturbed forest, it might result from the human disturbance and high ambient N deposition load. These results suggest that both disturbed and mature forests in the study region may be sensitive to increasing N deposition.     

中国南方红壤上作物产量和土壤性质对长期施肥的响应

A 15-year fertilization experiment with different applications of inorganic N, P and K fertilizers and farmyard manure (M)was conducted to study the yield and soil responses to long-term fertilization at Qiyang, Hunan Province, China. Average grain yields of wheat and corn (1 672 and 5 111 kg ha^-1, respectively)for the treatment NPKM were significantly higher than those (405 and 310 kg ha^-1)of the unfertilized control and single inorganic fertilizer treatments. Compared with the corresponding initial values of the experiment, all treatments showed a yield decline of 9 to 111 kg ha^-1 year^-1 in wheat and 35 to 260 kg ha^-1 year^-1 in corn, respectively, and a significant pH decline of 0.07 to 0.12 pH year^-1, except for the treatments PK and NPKM. After long-term fertilization, the soil organic C, soil available P, exchangeable Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ and available Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ contents were higher in the treatment NPKM than in the treatments applied with inorganic fertilizer only. Compared to the treatment NPK, the treatment NPKM, where manure partially replaced inorganic N, had a positive impact on arresting the decline of soil pH. This improved grain yields of wheat and corn, suggesting that application of NPK fertilizer in combination with farmyard manure is important to maintain soil fertility and buffering capacity in red soil.     

岳桦和暗针叶林两种植被类型下土壤碳氮元素的转化过程

Soil samples were taken from an Ermans birch (Betula ermanii)-dark coniferous forest (Picea jezoensis and Abies nephrolepis) ecotone growing on volcanic ejecta in the northern slope of Changbai Mountains of Northeast China, to compare soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) transformations in the two forests. The soil type is Umbri-Gelic Cambosols in Chinese Soil Taxonomy. Soil samples were incubated aerobically at 20℃ and field capacity of 700 g kg^-1 over a period of 27 weeks. The amount of soil microbial biomass and net N mineralization were higher in the Ermans birch than the dark coniferous forest (P < 0.05), whereas the cumulative C mineralization (as CO₂ emission)in the dark coniferous forest exceeded that in the Ermans birch (P < 0.05). Release of the cumulative dissolved organic C and dissolved organic N were greater in the Ermans birch than the dark coniferous forest (P < 0.05). The results suggested that differences of forest types could result in considerable change in soil C and N transformations.     

南亚热带三种典型植被土壤动物对模拟N沉降增加的早期响应

A field-scale experiment arranged in a complete randomized block design with three N addition treatments including a control （no addition of N）, a low N （5 g m^-2 year^-1）, and a medium N （10 g m^-2 year^-1） was performed in each of the three typical forests, a pine （Pinus massoniana Lamb.） forest （PF）, a pine-broadleaf mixed forest （MF） and a mature monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest （MEBF）, of the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve in subtropical China to study the response of soil fauna community to additions of N. Higher NH4^＋ and NO3^- concentrations and a lower soil pH occurred in the medium N treatment of MEBF, whereas the NO3^- concentration was the lowest in PF after the additions of N. The response of the density, group abundance and diversity index of soil fauna to addition of N varied with the forest type, and all these variables decreased with increasing N under MEBF but the trend was opposite under PF. The N treatments had no significant effects on these variables under MF. Compared with the control plots, the medium N treatment had significant negative effect on soil fauna under MEBF. The group abundance of soil fauna increased significantly with additions of higher N rates under PF. These results suggested that the response of soil fauna to N deposition varied with the forest type and N deposition rate, and soil N status is one of the important factors affecting the response of soil fauna to N deposition.     

保护地蔬菜轮作体系中两种不同复合肥对产量的影响及其氮素动态特征

Yield and N uptake of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) and pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) crops in five successive rotations receiving two compound fertilizers (12-12-17 and 21-8-11 N-P₂O₅-K₂O) were studied to determine 1) crop responses, 2) dynamics of NO₃-N and NH₄-N in different soil layers, 3) N balance and 4) system-level N efficiencies. Five treatments (2 fertilizers, 2 fertilizer rates and a control), each with three replicates, were arranged in the study. The higher N fertilizer rate, 300 kg N ha^-1 (versus 150 kg N ha^-1), returned higher vegetable fruit yields and total aboveground N uptake with the largest crop responses occurring for the low-N fertilizer (12-12-17) applied at 300 kg N ha^-1 rather than with the high-N fertilizer (21-8-11). Ammonium-N in the top 90 cm of the soil profile declined during the experiment, while nitrate-N remained at a similar level throughout the experiment with the lower rate of fertilizer N. At the higher rate of N fertilizer there was a continuous NO₃-N accumulation of over 800 kg N ha^-1. About 200 kg N ha^-1 was applied with irrigation to each crop using NO₃-contaminated groundwater. In general, about 50% of the total N input was recovered from all treatments. Pepper, relative to tomato, used N more efficiently with smaller N losses, but the crops utilized less than 29% of the fertilizer N over the two and a half-year period. Local agricultural practices maintained high residual soil nutrient status. Thus, optimization of irrigation is required to minimize nitrate leaching and maximize crop N recovery.     

茶树种植对中国东部黄棕壤酸化的影响

Soil acidification is an important process in land degradation around the world as well as in China. Acidification of Alfisols was investigated in the tea gardens with various years of tea cultivation in the eastern China. Cultivation of tea plants caused soil acidification and soil acidity increased with the increase of tea cultivation period. Soil pH of composite samples from cultivated layers decreased by 1.37, 1.62 and 1.85, respectively, after 13, 34 and 54 years of tea plantation, as compared to the surface soil obtained from the unused land. Soil acidification rates at early stages of tea cultivation were found to be higher than those at the later stages. The acidification rate for the period of 0-13 years was as high as 4.40 kmol H⁺ ha^-1 year^-1 for the cultivated layer samples. Soil acidification induced the decrease of soil exchangeable base cations and base cation saturation and thus increased the soil exchangeable acidity. Soil acidification also caused the decrease of soil cation exchange capacity, especially for the 54-year-old tea garden. Soil acidification induced by tea plantation also led to the increase of soil exchangeable Al and soluble Al, which was responsible for the Al toxicity to plants.     

南亚热带森林演替过程土壤水分、有机质和交换性阳离子的变化格局

Information on the distribution patterns of soil water content （SWC）, soil organic matter （SOM）, and soil exchangeable cations （SEC） is important for managing forest ecosystems in a sustainable manner. This study investigated how SWC, SOM, and SEC were influenced in forests along a successional gradient, including a regional climax （monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, or MEBF）, a transitional forest （coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, or MF）, and a pioneer forest （coniferous Masson pine （Pinus rnassoniana） forest, or MPF） of the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve in the subtropical region of southern China. SWC, SOM, and SEC excluding Ca^2＋ were found to increase in the soil during forest succession, being highest in the top soil layer （0 to 15 cm depth） except for Na^＋. The differences between soil layers were largest in MF. This finding also suggested that the nutrients were enriched in the topsoil when they became increasingly scarce in the soil. There were no significant differences （P = 0.05） among SWC, SOM, and SEC. A linear, positive correlation was found between SWC and SOM. The correlation between SOM and cation exchange capacity （CEC） was statistically significant, which agreed with the theory that the most important factor determining SEC is SOM. The ratio of K^＋ to Na^＋ in the topsoil was about a half of that in the plants of each forest. MF had the lowest exchangeable Ca^2＋ concentration among the three forests and Ca^2＋：K^＋ in MPF was two times higher than that in MF. Understanding the changes of SWC, SOM, and CEC during forest succession would be of great help in protecting all three forests in southern China.     

南亚热带森林干季期间土壤变湿后一氧化氮排放

Information about soil nitric oxide (NO) emissions from subtropical forests is quite limited, and even less is known about the pulse emission of NO when wetting soils after a long period of dryness. In this study, we measured NO fluxes following wetting of dry soil in a broadleaf forest and a pine forest in subtropical China. Large pulses of NO fluxes were observed after soil wetting in both forests. NO fluxes increased significantly within 0.5 h following wetting in both forests and reached peak 1 h and 4 h after soil wetting in the pine forest and the broadleaf forest, respectively. In the broadleaf forest, averaged peak flux of NO pulses was 157 ng N m–2 s–1, which was 8 times the flux value before wetting, and in the pine forest, the averaged peak flux was 135 ng N m–2 s–1, which was 15.5 times the flux value before wetting. The total pulses-induced NO emissions during the dry season were roughly estimated to be 29.4 mg N m–2 in the broadleaf forest and 22.2 mg N m–2 in the pine forest or made up a proportion of 4.6% of the annual NO emission in the broadleaf forest and 5.3% in the pine forest.     

亚热带气候环境条件下不同森林类型的土壤CO2通量的研究

The flux of carbon dioxide(CO2) from soil surface presents an important component of carbon(C) cycle in terrestrial ecosystems and is controlled by a number of biotic and abiotic factors. In order to better understand characteristics of soil CO2 flux(FCO2) in subtropical forests,soil FCO2 rates were quantified in five adjacent forest types(camphor tree forest,Masson pine forest,mixed camphor tree and Masson pine forest,Chinese sweet gum forest,and slash pine forest) at the Tianjiling National Park in Changsha,Hunan Province,in subtropical China,from January to December 2010. The influences of soil temperature(Tsoil),volumetric soil water content(θsoil),soil pH,soil organic carbon(SOC) and soil C/nitrogen(N) ratio on soil FCO2 rates were also investigated. The annual mean soil FCO2 rate varied with the forest types. The soil FCO2 rate was the highest in the camphor tree forest(3.53 ± 0.51 μmol m-2s-1),followed by,in order,the mixed,Masson pine,Chinese sweet gum,and slash pine forests(1.53 ± 0.25 μmol m-2 s1). Soil FCO2 rates from the five forest types followed a similar seasonal pattern with the maximum values occurring in summer(July and August) and the minimum values during winter(December and January). Soil FCO2 rates were correlated to Tsoiland θsoil,but the relationships were only significant for Tsoil. No correlations were found between soil FCO2 rates and other selected soil properties,such as soil pH,SOC,and C/N ratio,in the examined forest types. Our results indicated that soil FCO2 rates were much higher in the evergreen broadleaved forest than coniferous forest under the same microclimatic environment in the study region.     

Effect of Simulated N Deposition on Soil Exchangeable Cations in Three Forest Types of Subtropical China

The effects of simulated nitrogen (N) deposition on soil exchangeable cations were studied in three forest types of subtropical China.Four N treatments with three replications were designed for the monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest (mature forest):control (0 kg N ha-1 year-1),low N (50 kg N ha-1 year-1),medium N (100 kg N ha-1 year-1) and high N (150 kg N ha-1 ycar-1),and only three treatments (i.e.,control,low N,medium N) were established for the pine and mixed forests.Nitrogen had been applied continuously for 26 months before the measurement.The mature forest responded more rapidly and intensively to N additions than the pine and mixed forests,and exhibited some significant negative symptoms,e.g.,soil acidification,Al mobilization and leaching of base cations from soil.The pine and mixed forests responded slowly to N additions and exhibited no significant response of soil cations.Response of soil exchangeable cations to N deposition varied in the forests of subtropical China,depending on soil N status and land-nse history.     

Effects of nitrogen deposition on soil organic carbon fractions in the subtropical forest ecosystems of S China

Experiments were conducted between 2003 and 2008 to examine how N additions influence soil organic C (SOC) and its fractions in forests at different succession stages in the subtropical China. The succession stages included pine forest, pine and broadleaf mixed forest, and old‐growth monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest. Three levels of N (NH₄NO₃)‐addition treatments comprising control, low‐N (50 kg N ha^–1 y^–1), and medium‐N (100 kg N ha^–1 y^–1) were established. An additional treatment of high‐N (150 kg N ha^–1 y^–1) was established in the broadleaf mixed forest. Soil samples were obtained in July 2008 for analysis. Total organic C (TOC), particulate organic C (POC, > 53 μm), readily oxidizable organic C (ROC), nonreadily oxidizable organic C (NROC), microbial biomass C (MBC), and soil properties were analyzed. Nitrogen addition affected the TOC and its fractions significantly. Labile organic‐C fractions (POC and ROC) in the topsoil (0–10 cm) increased in all the three forests in response to the N‐addition treatments. NROC within the topsoil was higher in the medium‐N and high‐N treatments than in the controls. In the topsoil profiles of the broadleaf forest, N addition decreased MBC and increased TOC, while no significant effect on MBC and TOC occurred in the pine and mixed forests. Overall, elevated N deposition increased the availability of labile organic C (POC and ROC) and the accumulation of NROC within the topsoil irrespective of the forest succession stage, and might enhance the C‐storage capacity of the forest soils.     

Response of soil respiration to nitrogen addition in two subtropical forest types

Anthropogenic activities have increased nitrogen (N) deposition in terrestrial ecosystems, which directly and indirectly affects soil biogeochemical processes, including soil respiration. However, the effects of the increases in N availability on soil respiration are not fully understood. In this study, soil respiration was measured using an infrared gas analyzer system with soil chambers under four N treatments (0, 5, 15, and 30 g N m^-2 year^-1 as control, low N (LN), moderate N (MN), and high N (HN), respectively) in camphor tree and slash pine forests in subtropical China. Results showed that soil respiration rates decreased by 37% in the camphor tree forest and 27% in the slash pine forest on average on an annual base, respectively, in the N-fertilized treatments when compared with the control. No significant differences were found in the soil respiration rate among the LN, MN, and HN treatments in both forest types as these fertilized plots reached an adequate N content zone. In addition, soil microbial biomass carbon (C) content and fine root biomass declined in N-treated plots compared to the control. Our results indicated that elevated N deposition might alter the tree growth pattern, C partitioning, and microbial activity, which further affect soil C sequestration by reducing soil respiration in subtropical forests of China.     

三峡库区2种土地利用方式下土壤盐基离子及碳氮含量对氮添加的响应

为探究三峡库区2种土地利用方式下土壤交换性盐基离子及土壤碳氮含量对氮添加的响应,以湖北省秭归县的林地和果园土壤为研究对象,进行室内土柱淋溶模拟试验,研究4种不同氮添加量(0,50,120,200 kg/(hm²·a))下,土壤中交换性Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Na⁺、K⁺以及NO₃^--N、DOC的变化。结果表明：随着氮添加量的增加,林地土壤中的交换性盐基离子淋失量显著增加(p<0.05),而果园土壤中的交换性盐基离子淋失量无显著变化,且林地土壤中交换性盐基离子淋失总量与各盐基离子淋失量均高于果园土壤;经N1、N2、N3处理后,与对照组(N0)相比,林地土壤中的交换性盐基离子淋失总量分别增加1.78%,4.45%,8.49%,且NO₃^--N淋失量分别增加89.21%,77.73%,157.25%,说明氮添加通过加剧土壤中NO₃^--N的淋失带走土壤中交...     

基于不同林分类型下土壤碳氮储量垂直分布

以辽东大伙房水库周边防护林典型林分针阔混交林(落叶松-油松-刺槐混交林)、油松林、落叶松林、刺槐林为研究对象,对其土壤养分含量进行测定,研究了不同林分土壤剖面上有机碳、全氮、有机碳储量的分布规律。结果表明:随着土层深度的增大,4种林分的土壤有机碳、全氮含量均逐渐降低;4种林分土壤剖面有机碳含量大小顺序为落叶松林(24.16g/kg)刺槐林(23.07g/kg)针阔混交林(16.06g/kg)油松林(15.76g/kg);全氮含量大小顺序为刺槐林(5.23g/kg)落叶松林(4.57g/kg)油松林(3.45g/kg)针阔混交林(2.42g/kg);C/N平均值大小顺序为落叶松林(7.36)针阔混交林(6.51)油松林(4.67)刺槐林(4.57);4个林分0-40cm土层的有机碳储量大小为落叶松林(112.94t/hm~2)刺槐林(107.40t/hm~2)针阔混交林(105.42t/hm~2)油松林(89.89t/hm~2);4种林分土壤pH无明显差别,各土层土壤pH随土层深度增加而增大;4种林分土壤容重由高到低顺序依次为针阔混交林(1.73g/cm~3)油松(1.65g/cm~3)落叶松(1.64g/cm~3)刺槐(1.56g/cm~3)。4个林分土壤有机碳含量与土壤全氮含量互相间均存在极显著正相关关系,土壤有机碳、全氮含量与C/N之间则没有明显相关关系;在针阔混交林中,土壤容重、土壤全氮含量和土壤pH与土壤有机碳之间存在线性数量关系,而其他纯林则没有这种关系。