浙江茶情(2)

1 全省桑茶果工作会议提出＂十二五＂茶叶产业发展思路 为贯彻落实全省农业工作会议精神,组织实施＂十二五＂桑茶果转型升级方案,3月31日,省农业厅在杭州召开全省桑茶果工作会议。会议提出了＂十二五＂浙江茶产业发展思路,即以打造＂浙江绿茶＂品牌为主线,以现代茶叶园区建设为重点,以茶叶精深加工为突破口，培育四大优势区域（龙井茶产区、浙北白茶产区、浙南早茶产区和浙西优质茶产区），从基地、加工、产品、市场、品牌及主体提升入手，实施产业转型，推进产业升级，构建世界绿茶生产、加工、贸易和文化中心。     

时事·资讯

正2011年黎平县茶业十大新闻盘点1.省委书记栗战书和省长赵克志到黎平县视察茶产业7月1日和5月14日,贵州省委书记栗战书和省委副书记、省长赵克志分别到黎平县视察了茶叶产业。栗战书在黎平强调要做好茶叶后期的精深加工,提高产业链和茶叶附加值,并鼓励做好茶叶产业。赵克志在参观茶园时指出,茶叶产业是—个富民产业,黎平这样的山区和气候很适合种植发展茶叶,种植茶叶,不仅保护生态环境,而且可解决当地群众的就业,增加群众的收人,希望黎平多到茶叶产业     

"超微绿茶粉加工新技术及应用"通过鉴定

由中国农业科学院茶叶研究所主持完成的"超微绿茶粉加工新技术及应用"课题,系浙江省重点科技计划项目"茶叶资源产品精深加工技术研究与产业化"中的一项主要内容.经过两年多的实施,已超额完成了课题的各项指标,于2004年12月26日通过了由浙江省科技厅组织的验收,鉴定委员会由浙江大学、浙江省农业厅、安徽农业大学、浙江科技学院、浙江省茶叶产业协会和农业部茶叶质量监督检验测试中心等单位专家组成.     

茶叶精深加工产业链思考

在传统茶叶产大于销的背景下,延长茶产业链,提高价值链是解决当前茶叶综合利用率偏低的有效途径。茶叶深加工是提高茶资源利用率、茶产业规模与效益的重要途径。本文系统阐述了中国茶叶精深加工科研现状、产业概况,分析了中国茶叶深加工技术与产品的发展趋势。提出"三刀经济学"、"三个苹果"和"品质时空评价"三个解决茶产业发展的新路径。     

茶叶营销发展趋势探析

在考虑当前茶叶市场消费需求的基础上，介绍了茶叶营销的十种发展趋势。包括茶叶文化营销、品牌营销、旅游营销、绿色营销、网络营销、国际营销、体育营销、精深加工产品营销、事件营销和茶庄园营销。     

闽台茶叶产业价值链分工、整合与竞争力提升

随着台商在福建茶业投资规模的扩大,闽台区域茶叶产业价值链分工日益深化。其特点是：台资企业主导价值链高端环节和利润分配,价值链低端环节在空间布局上呈现产业集群趋势,价值链上利益相关主体形成了多元化治理机制,价值链运行环境存在着巨大的市场、政策和自然风险。为提升闽台茶叶产业国际竞争力,应当着眼于纵向延伸和横向拓展产业价值链,发展茶叶精深加工、综合利用和观光休闲茶园;实施产业策略联盟,发挥价值链协同效应;完善以物流、科技服务为重点的支持体系,提升茶业集群水平。     

犍为县:成长中的茉莉花茶产业

<正>四川犍为是全国茉莉花主产区之一,具有悠久的种植和加工历史,目前茉莉花种植面积达到8.2万亩,茶叶种植面积达到23.6万亩,被誉为"中国茉莉之乡""中国茶乡""中国茉莉茶之都",我县按照全产业链发展思路,推进茉莉花、茶叶规模种植、茉莉花精深加工、茉莉花产业融合发展,形成"两基地两环线,两市场两园区"的产业布局。     

茶产业融合发展对茶农收入的影响分析

茶作为我国得天独厚的资源,发展前景广阔。探究如何优化茶产业融合路径对增加茶农收益意义重大。本文在分析茶产业融合于涉农产业投入、生产、加工、流通各环节时对茶农收入影响的基础上,针对当前我国茶产业发展中的茶园建设水平欠缺、茶叶质量不稳、茶产业结构单一等问题,结合经济形势和政策支持,提出建设标准生态茶园,设置茶叶质量标准,推进茶叶精深加工,融合茶文化拓宽茶叶销售渠道等措施,以期促进茶产业深度融合发展,为茶农拓展增收渠道。     

浙江茶情(3)

<正>1省政府召开振兴浙江茶产业会议8月4日,黄旭明副省长主持召开会议专题研究浙江茶产业发展工作。会议听取了省农业厅关于茶产业发展有关情况汇报,并就我省茶叶品牌建设、龙头企业培育、茶叶市场与出口、茶叶标准与质量安全、茶叶精深加工与科技创新、相关政策支持等进行     

计算机对茶叶生产自动化的影响

现阶段,我国总体茶叶加工水平还处于传统的半手工、半机械化水平阶段,茶叶加工设备陈旧、生产自动化水平不高,没有实现标准化生产,制约了茶叶生产加工效率和管理水平的提高。计算机技术的应用带动茶叶生产自动化的发展,产业自动化生产系统是实现产业自动化生产、控制茶叶加工工艺、保证产业加工管理的重要平台,以下探讨计算机对茶叶生产自动化的影响。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.