不同海拔高度引种秃杉试验初报

在福建省德化葛坑国有林场不同海拔高度的山地引种栽培秃杉,并与杉木、柳杉、福建柏进行造林对比试验。结果表明:18年生秃杉在海拔550 m8、00 m9、80 m与1 650 m的生长差异达显著水平;在不同海拔高度,秃杉与杉木、柳杉、福建柏的生长差异显著,秃杉的单株材积增幅达19.3%~49.3%。说明秃杉宜在海拔500~1 000 m引种,其生长量最大,效益最好,是福建省中高海拔山区杉木采伐迹地的优良更新树种。     

秃杉和台湾杉引种试验初报

台湾杉属的秃杉和台湾杉是我国特有的珍稀树种。 1 992～ 1 993年在浙江省遂昌县对两树种进行引种造林试验 ,结果表明 ,两树种速生 ,适应性良好。秃杉 6年生平均树高达 3 .6m ,地径 8.4cm ;台湾杉 5年生平均树高 2 .5m ,平均地径 5 .0cm ,与当地主栽树种杉木速生林生长速度相仿。引种取得初步成功。     

秃杉、江南桤木引种造林试验与生长效果分析

在杉木采伐迹地上 ,引进秃杉、江南桤木进行造林试验 ,结果表明 :2个树种都很适合引种区的生态环境 ,表现出良好的生长态势。秃杉、江南桤木造林成活率与保存率平均达到 98%以上 ,两项指标与杉木 (对照 )相比 ,平均高出 34.1～ 4 0 .6个百分点 ;试验还表明 ,江南桤木年平均树高生长达到 1.5m、秃杉达到 0 .5m以上 ;平均胸径生长也分别达到 0 .98cm和 0 .4 4cm ,而同期营造的杉木平均树高与平均胸径仅为 0 .3m和 0 .16cm ;由于江南桤木年凋落物总量可达 16 .2t·hm-2 ,为土壤有机质的积累提供了丰富的物质基础。     

2003年干旱对1～3年生杉木林生长的影响

通过2003年干旱对1～3年生杉木幼林生长影响的研究,结果表明,2003年的杉木造林成活率、1～3年生杉木地径和树高当年生长量显著低于降水量正常的年份(2000～2002年)。干旱期间1年生杉木林平均造林成活率为81 5%,下降11 5%,平均地径当年生长量为0 70cm,下降54 3%,平均树高当年生长量为0 53m,下降36 4%;2年生杉木林地径和树高当年生长量分别下降38 8%和34 2%,3年生杉木林地径和树高当年生长量分别下降36 0%和43 1%。     

秃杉引种造林试验研究

尤溪县经营林场1980进行秃杉引种育苗,1982年营造试验林2hm~2.试验结果表明:秃杉适应性强,生长好,生长量大于同龄杉木林,无冻害.病虫害少,是理想的优良用材和庭园观赏绿化树种.     

立地管理措施对2代8年生杉木林生长的影响研究

在福建省南平峡阳国有林场选择20地位指数级、29 a生第1代杉木人工林建立固定标准地并调查其生长量,随后采伐,设置5种不同立地管理措施进行试验并营造第2代杉木林,开展杉木人工林连栽后的生产力变化研究.研究结果表明,加倍保留采伐剩余物处理的8 a生2代杉木林生长最好,平均胸径、平均树高、平均立木蓄积生长量分别为13.01 cm、9.20 m、16.23 m3/(hm2.a),而炼山(火烧采伐剩余物)处理的生长最差,其生长量分别为11.68cm、8.61 m、11.61 m3/(hm2.a).炼山处理的8 a生杉木林立木蓄积生长量分别为不炼山(保留采伐剩余物)和加倍保留采伐剩余物处理的90.03%和71.50%,但各处理杉木生长量均无显著差异.8 a生第2代杉木林立木蓄积量与采伐前的第1代的无显著相关,但与第1代的地位指数有极显著的正相关.     

不同立地条件下引种秃杉试验初报

在杉木采伐迹地不同的立地条件下开展秃杉与杉木、柳杉、福建柏造林对比试验,结果表明:19年生秃杉在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ立地级的生长与Ⅳ立地级的生长差异达显著水平;秃杉在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ立地级的生长好于杉木、柳杉、福建柏,其差异达显著水平;秃杉的单株材积增幅达26.0%～49.3%。表明秃杉可作为福建省杉木采伐迹地的优良更新树种,宜在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ立地级造林,其生长量大,效益好。     

秃杉引种造林试验

为了保护国家Ⅰ级珍稀濒危树种———秃杉,丰富溧水县农村造林和城市园林绿化树种,于1986~1987年连续2 a引种秃杉进行造林试验。结果表明,秃杉树高年均生长量0.55 m,最大胸径22.3 cm,胸径年均生长量0.73cm,高于同等立地杉木的生长指标。秃杉生长的速生期在5~14 a,树干尖削度小,干形通直圆满,出材率较高,树形饱满优美,表明引种秃杉造林试验是基本成功的。     

杉木不同苗龄苗木造林效果分析

通过采用不同苗龄杉木苗木进行造林试验,结果表明:2年生苗造林具有较大生长优势,造林2年平均树高生长量为2.99 m,平均地径为4.74 cm,是1年生苗木造林树高生长量的1.73倍、地径生长量的1.80倍,存在着极显著差异;2年生苗造林2年生长量是1年生苗木造林3年平均树高、地径生长量的1.11倍和1.05倍。在郁闭成林投入成本对比上,2年生杉木苗造林每667 m~2投入成本为1 884元,比1年生苗林造林成本每667 m~2节约了124元。     

秃杉扦插试验

我省盆周中山地带,有宜林地面积40多万公顷,因地形复杂,气候恶劣,冬季严寒,夏季炎热,营造高山树种不能渡过夏季,栽植低山树种又易遭雪折、雪压.为解决该地区的造林树种.我们从70年代开始,收集云南、贵州两省的秃杉种子,在邛崃县国营林场开展引种试验,截至目前为止,经过引种试验、示范、推广已造林400公顷,生长普遍良好,年平均树高生长量,0.8～1.0m,年平均胸径生长量1.0～1.5cm,与杉木、柳杉相比,树高生长量分别大15%,10%,在引种过程中,未发现雪折、雪压现象.但秃杉种源缺乏,种子价格昂贵,为加快造林速度,我们进行了秃杉扦插试验,扦插成活率在90%以上,现将试验结果总结于后:     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.